The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis is a member of the Cyanophyceae class and the Oscillatoriaceae family. It has fibers and can make its own food through photosynthesis. S. platensis is grown all over the world and used as a dietary supplement because it has a lot of biologically active compounds, such as proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids and phycocyanins (Ibrahim et al., 2018; Bin-Juma et al., 2021; Al-Obaidi  et al., 2022). S. platensis has many health benefits, such as lowering cholesterol, protecting cells and changing how the immune system works. It also protects the liver, especially when it is under a lot of stress (Khalil et al., 2020). Diabetes mellitus is a major health issue around the world that affects everyone. This happens when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or when the insulin isn’t working. Chronic hyperglycemia modifies physiological characteristics and frequently impairs the functionality of essential organs (Al-Hakeim et al., 2016). The liver and kidneys are very important for breaking down fats, carbs and proteins (Alankooshi et al., 2023). Diabetes can make problems with the kidneys and liver worse According to Almuttairi et al., (2023) articulate apprehension regarding reduced insulin levels, which may require expedited mobile interventions, potentially leading to metabolic complications. Researchers frequently inject alloxan into laboratory animals to reduce insulin levels and induce diabetes. Alloxan selectively influences pancreatic β-cells, resulting in expanded blood glucose concentrations and the emergence of persistent metabolic problems that mimic the early indications of organ failure in diabetic patients (Fajarwati et al., 2023; Al-Dulimi  et al., 2025; Mohammed et al., 2025). Alterations in tissue architecture and biochemical signs suggest that the liver and kidneys are functioning suboptimally as compared to their preceding kingdom. The intention of this observation is to discover how Spirulina platensis impacts liver and kidney problems in diabetic rats that have been given alloxan. This is because S. platensis has been shown to have certain organic results and liver and kidney tissues are recognised to be sensitive to adjustments in metabolism in diabetes. This study aimed to discover if treating S. Platensis may induce the functional and histological modifications that appear in experimental diabetes at the physiological level, without implying that the underlying diabetic state could be constant.
       
Spirulina platensis is a photosynthetic cyanobacterium (Cyanophyceae, Oscillatoriaceae) widely used as a dietary supplement due to its rich content of proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids and phycocyanins (Ibrahim et al., 2018; Bin-Juma  et al., 2021). It exhibits hypolipidemic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective properties (Khalil et al., 2020).
       
Diabetes mellitus, characterized by insulin deficiency or resistance, leads to chronic hyperglycemia and progressive dysfunction of vital organs, particularly the liver and kidneys (Al-Hakeim  et al., 2016; Alankooshi et al., 2023). Alloxan is commonly used to induce experimental diabetes by selectively destroying pancreatic β-cells, resulting in sustained hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances that resemble early diabetic organ damage (Fajarwati et al., 2023).
       
Given the metabolic sensitivity of hepatic and renal tissues in diabetes, this study aimed to evaluate whether Spirulina platensis can ameliorate functional and histopathological alterations in the liver and kidneys of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Animals
 
This study included forty male Wistar albino rats with weights ranging from 200 to 225 grams.
       
The local ethical committee gave its okay to all of the procedures and they followed NIH rules for taking care of animals. The rats lived in a high-tech lab where they could eat and drink whenever they wanted.


 
Experimental designs
 
Following an acclimatization period, the animals were randomly allocated into four experimental groups (n = 10 per group).
       
At the end of the experimental period, all animals were euthanized by intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital for sample collection.
 
Sample
 
At the end of the experiment,rats were euthanized by intravenous administration of excess dose of sodium pentobarbital. Blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava into serum tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min to separate the serum, which was stored at -18°C until further biochemical analysis.
       
Kidney tissues were excised, weighed and homogenized using a potter-elvehjem homogenizer in ice-cold 1.15% KCl prepared in 0.01 mol/L sodium-potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) to obtain a 10% (w/v) tissue homogenate. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 20 minutes at 4°C and the supernatant was collected for subsequent enzymatic analyses.
 
Biochemical assessment
 
We bought diagnostic kits from Spectrum Diagnostics in Cairo, Egypt, for colorimetric assays assessing liver, kidney and lipid profile functions. We collected samples and fixed them in Bouin’s solution and subsequently performed serial sectioning. These were stained by the using hematoxylin and eosin and examined using a light microscope (Al-Khuzaay  et al., 2024; Hameed et al., 2025).
 
Statistical analysis
 
Every treatment was executed in fair tests and all measurements were replicated twice. Results are shown as means ± standard errors (SE). We ran a one-way ANOVA in SPSS 17 to assess the differences. The duncan multiple range test (DMRT) was conducted to explain the differences between treatments in cases of significant differences. The P-value for significance was taken as <0.05.

Impact of spirulina platensis on body mass
 
According to Table 1, the weight of the diabetic rats that received alloxan was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05). The diabetic rats treated with Spirulina platensis had a significantly higher weight gain compared to the diabetic rats with no treatment (p<0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in weight between the control group and the non-diabetic rats treated with Spirulina platensis.


 
Impact of Spirulina platensis on hepatic function metrics
 
Table 2 shows how Spirulina platensis affects liver enzymes in the blood. Diabetic rats showed a significant rise in serum ALT and AST levels when compared to controls (p<0.05). Giving Spirulina platensis to diabetic rats caused a substantial drop in ALT and AST levels compared to the diabetic group that didn’t get any treatment (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the control group and the group that received Spirulina treatment.



Impact of Spirulina platensis on renal function metrics
 
Higher levels of urea and creatinine in serum were observed in alloxan-treated diabetic rats compared to the control group, as shown in Table 3 (p<0.05). Urea and creatinine levels in diabetic rats were even lower in those who were administered Spirulina platensis with other medications compared to those who did not receive additional medications (p<0.05). Serum parameters of kidney functions in the non-diabetic group who received Spirulina platensis were not different compared to the control group.


 
Findings from renal histopathology
 
Fig 1 (A-D) displays representative histological sections of the renal cortex stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Sections from the control group (G1) and the Spirulina platensis-treated group (G2) showed standard kidney structure, with glomeruli that were still intact and tubules that were well-organised (Fig 1 G1, G2). In contrast, alloxan-induced diabetic rats (G3) demonstrated significant histopathological damage, characterised by tubular degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear pyknosis and focal atrophy (Fig 1 G3). Diabetic rats that were given Spirulina platensis (G4) had a significant drop in degenerative tubular changes, with only minor changes in vacuoles left over (Fig 1 G4).


     
The results support previous studies that say a lack of insulin leads to high blood sugar levels, leading to a systemic catabolic state. This makes it difficult for metabolically active organs, such as the liver and kidneys, to do their job (Alankooshi et al., 2023). When Spirulina platensis was given to diabetic rats, their functional indices were greatly improved and the damage to their kidneys from diabetes was reduced. These studies suggest that Spirulina platensis can help treat liver and kidney disease by changing the way the body works. It corrects the problems associated with experimental diabetes without attacking the diabetes directly (Khalil et al., 2020; Bin-Juma  et al., 2021; Alyasiri et al., 2025). The weight of diabetic rats decreased significantly during treatment with alloxan. This means his insulin levels were very low, putting him in a very catabolic state. This made it more difficult for the body to use glucose, but it accelerated the breakdown of fats and proteins (El-Tantawy and Abouzeid, 2020; Al-Saeedi  et al., 2026). This metabolic imbalance can make the liver no longer work as nicely due to the fact liver cells are important for maintaining glucose and lipids in take a look at. The diabetic rats on this have a look at had higher ALT and AST in their blood than normal, which means that that their liver cells are not operating properly. This is likely due to the fact having excessive blood sugar for a long time can positioned pressure at the frame’s metabolism and damage cells (Abdelkhalek et al., 2017; El-Bialy  et al., 2019; Al-Obaidi  et al., 2022). The patient’s liver characteristic stepped forward after taking Spirulina platensis. Their blood transaminase levels also went down and that they lost weight. The blessings listed above ought to suggest that the membranes of liver cells are stronger and that metabolism is better managed. This is backed up via in advance studies that used Spirulina platensis but failed to look at diabetes (Gaurav et al., 2010; Khalil et al., 2020). The kidneys of diabetic rats that have been given alloxan didn’t paintings properly due to the fact the blood tiers of urea and creatinine went up. When blood sugar is high for a long time and insulin tiers are low, it is harder for the kidneys to clear out and do away with waste (Mistry et al., 2023). This examine observed that these changes in feature were linked to serious damage to the kidney tissue, like tubular degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear pyknosis. These signs imply that the cells in the kidneys aren’t doing what they’re speculated to do. The problems with the structure are similar to those that happen in experimental models of kidney damage caused by diabetes (Gamde et al., 2023; Aljazzaf et al., 2023; Abd El-Rahmana  et al., 2024; Tousson et al., 2024). Giving Spirulina platensis to diabetic rats lowered their blood urea and creatinine levels by a lot and at the same time protected their tubular cells. The data suggest that Spirulina platensis improves the structural and functional integrity of the kidneys in diabetic individuals; however, it does not consistently prevent or treat diabetic nephropathy (Khalil et al., 2020; Bin-Jumah  et al., 2021; Razooki et al., 2025). New studies show that Spirulina platensis may change how the liver and kidneys work in people with alloxan-induced diabetes. The changes in functional markers and the decrease in structural problems in the kidneys suggest that the organs are more stable in people with diabetes, rather than the high blood sugar level being permanent. It is important to note that the present study focused on functional and histopathological outcomes without direct assessment of molecular or oxidative stress-related pathways, thus limiting mechanistic interpretation. Even so, the fact that liver and kidney parameters keep getting better supports the idea that Spirulina platensis could help with organ problems caused by diabetes. More research that looks at molecular, metabolic and translational endpoints is needed to better understand how these results came about and how important they are for clinical practice.

Giving Spirulina platensis significantly reduced the hepato-renal damage caused by alloxan induced diabetes in the rats and it can be suggested to be used in diabetes with further research.
 
Funding
 
None.

The authors warrant that there is no conflict of interest among them.