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Full Research Article

Nephrotoxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Male Mice

Rawa Faris Hussein Al-Saeedi1, Raghad Khalid Mwafaq1, Noor Adel Jasim2, Zina F.H. Al-Obaidi3, Ahmed Flayyih Hasan4,5,*, Hany M. El-Wahsh6
  • 0009-0007-9208-5046
1Collage of Science, AL Karakh University of Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq.
2Department of Forensic Evideetnce,College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, 10072, Iraq.
3Department of Medical and Molecular Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
4Biotechnology Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
5Department of Biology, Al-Farabi University College, Baghdad, Iraq.
6Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACT

Background: The current study was conducted at Al-Nahrain University’s Biotechnology Research Center. This study’s objectives were to synthesize and characterize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) and investigate the effects of varying concentrations on lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant defense system, biochemical parameters and kidney histology in male mice.

Methods: Twenty male Albinos Mice weighing between 25 and 30 g were utilized. The mice were split up into four groups of ten. Group II, Group III and Group IV received oral treatment with Tin oxide NPs at doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg BW/day for four weeks, whereas the first group served as a control. Blood and kidney samples were taken for the examination of various parameters at the conclusion of the experiment.

Result: Creatinine and urea levels dramatically rose following treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying doses. Treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of AST, ALT and ALP in mouse kidney homogenates, as well as a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Histopathological changes were noted, confirming the biochemical perturbations caused by iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying concentrations in mice kidney.

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is growing quickly. The growing use of nanotechnology goods, particularly in biomedical applications, has sparked worries about the possibility of unanticipated negative health consequences after exposure. Comprehending the toxicological profiles of engineered nanomaterials is essential to guaranteeing their safety for use and responsible development, which maximizes advantages while minimizing hazards. However, the creation of toxicity data is not keeping pace with the research and manufacturing of artificial nanomaterials (Dhakshinamoorthy et al., 2017; Di Bona et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017; Yaseen et al., 2025; M Obaid et al., 2025). These organizations have published official documents addressing the need for focused research on suitable methodological tests for determining the toxicity of manmade nanomaterials (Yang et al., 2015; Radu et al., 2015; Yaseen et al., 2024). Iron oxide  nanoparticles (IONs) possess significant promise for a range of biological and biomedical uses, including tissue engineering, targeted drug or gene delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement, biological fluid detoxification, cancer treatment-induced hyperthermia, cell labeling, cell sorting and immunoassay (Ying et al., 2022). Few toxicological investigations have recently documented the changes in IOMNs’ tissue distribution, toxicokinetic characteristics and gene expression in mice or rats following different exposure routes (Kolosnjaj-Tabi et al., 2015; Obaid et al., 2020). The manufacturing process, surface features and particle size are all strongly correlated with the hydrodynamic size of IONs, which in turn influences the magnetic and biological properties, biodistribution, toxicokinetics, elimination and toxicity (De Barros et al., 2014; Obaid et al., 2020). The location of Fe3O3 MNPs in the vital organ tissues and their in vivo metabolic processes inside the body are still unclear, nevertheless. We used imprinting control region (ICR) mice as an experimental paradigm to synthesize Fe3O3 MNPs by chemical coprecipitation. Given the application viewpoint of Fe3O3 NMPs, the mice were administered the NMPs intragastrically. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to assess the amounts of Fe3O4 MNPs in various organs and tissues at certain time points (Sharma et al., 2018; Salimi et al., 2020; Kareem et al., 2023).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemicals
 
The following agents were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA).
 
Animals and experimental design
 
The experimental protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee and Animals Research and twenty male Albino mice weighing 25-30 g were acquired from the Al-Nahrain University animal house.
 
GP1: Control rats were orally for a period of 4 weeks.
 
GP2: Fe2O3-NPs were administered orally to mice for four weeks at a rate of 50 mg/kg BW/day.
 
GP3: Mice were treated orally with Fe2O3-NPs at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW/day for a period of 4 weeks.
 
GP4: Mice were treated orally with Fe2O3-NPs at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW/day for a period of 4 weeks.
       
Mice were fasted overnight, put to sleep and then dissected at the conclusion of the experiment. For biochemical tests, blood samples were extracted from the aorta and placed in glass tubes devoid of anticoagulants. Each rat’s abdominal cavity was opened and the kidney and liver were removed. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed on these tissues.
 
Blood and serum samples
 
Each rat’s aorta was used to draw blood, which was then inside glass tubes that have not been heparinized. Centrifugation was used for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm to separate the serum. Before being examined, the collected serum was kept at -18oC.
 
Tissue samples
 
The kidneys of the scarified mice were immediately removed and cleansed with cold saline. After that, they were weighed and cleaned using a cooled saline solution at a concentration of 0.9%. The tissues were chopped and homogenized (10% w/v) in a Potter-Elvehjem-type homogenizer with 1.15% KCl in ice-cold sodium phosphate buffer (0.01 M, pH 7.4). For 20 minutes at 4oC, the homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000 xg. The various enzyme activity, free radicals and biochemical parameters were analyzed using the resulting supernatants.

Determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content
 
The technique was used to quantify thiobarbituric acid-reactive compounds (TBARS) in liver and kidney homogenate of Ohkawa et al., (1979).
 
Determination of hydrogen peroxideand educed glutathione content concentration 
 
In an ice bath, 100 mg of sample tissue was extracted using 5 ml of TCA (0.1%, w/v) and it was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 12,000 × g in order to determine the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration (Velikova et al., 2000; Altemeemi et al., 2021).
 
Determination of urea and creatinine concentration
 
A commercial kit provided by Diamond, Egypt, was used to measure the levels of creatinine and urea in the serum. The Patton and Crouch technique was used to estimate urea (1977).
 
Histopathological examination
 
Hematoxylin and eosin stain (Bancroft and Stevens, 1990) was used to prepare serial paraffin slices of kidneys that had been preserved in Bouin’s solution for histological analysis. These sections were then seen under a light microscope According to (Al-Khuzaay et al., 2024; Yahya et al., 2024; Hameed et al., 2025; Abd El-Rahmana et al., 2024).
 
Ethical approval
 
This research was initiated after receiving the consent of the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Al-Nahrain University/Biotechnology Research Center.
 
Statistical analysis
 
Each measurement was performed twice in different experiments for each treatment. The data were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE). SPSS 17 was utilized to perform the statistical analyses, which included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of different concentrations of Iron oxide nanoparticles in mice kidney
 
According to the data in Table 1, the kidney homogenate of male rats treated with varying concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrated a concentration-dependent significant increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) when compared to the control and other iron oxide nanoparticle groups. However, compared to the control, the reduced glutathione level (GSH) was much lower.

Table 1: Effect of different concentrations of Iron oxide nanoparticles in mice kidney.


 
Effect of different concentrations of Iron oxide nanoparticles in mice kidney
 
Table 2 displays information on the activity of the kidney antioxidant SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST enzymes. In comparison to the control group, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in a number of rat groups treated with iron oxide nanoparticles.

Table 2: Effect of different concentrations of Iron oxide nanoparticles in mice kidney.


 
Effect of different concentrations of Iron oxide nanoparticles in mice kidney
 
Iron oxide nanoparticles at varying concentrations dramatically reduced the protein content of the rat kidney while considerably increasing serum urea and creatinine, as seen in Table 3, as compared to the control group.

Table 3: Effect of different concentrations of Iron oxide nanoparticles in mice kidney.


 
Kidney histopathology
 
Fig 1 shows the morphological and histological changes in kidney tissues in all different study groups. The results showed the following:. G1: The photomicrograph of the kidney sections stained with H and E in the control mice showed normal histological characteristics of the renal tubules (Tb) and glomruli (g) in the cortical portion. G2: A photomicrograph of the kidney sections stained with H and E after receiving 50 mg/kg BW/day of Fe2O3-NPs revealed mild to severe vascular degeneration in the renal tubule lining epithelial cells. G3: Photomicrographs of the kidney sections stained with H and E after receiving a dose of Fe2O3-NPs at a rate of 25 mg/kg BW/day revealed pyknotic nuclei, considerable localized necrosis, and an increased incidence of vacuolar degeneration. G4: A photomicrograph of the kidney sections stained with H and E after receiving a dosage of Fe2O3-NPs at a rate of 10 mg/kg BW/day showed pyknotic nuclei, significant localized necrosis, and an increased incidence of vacuolar degeneration.
       
These enzymes function independently and are kept up properly in concert and in concert to preserve the integrity and proper operation of tissues and cells under typical physiological settings. In the current work, rats fed Fe2O3-NPs showed elevated levels of TBARS and H2O2 and lower levels of antioxidants such GSH, indicating enhanced oxidative stress in kidney tissues (Ghaznavi et al., 2022. The higher use of GSH to fight potassium free radicals or the binding of the -SH group to nanoparticles may be the cause of the drop in GSH levels. These results were in agreement with both (Reddy et al., 2017; Luo et al., 2024; Abd El-Aziz et al., 2024). In order to keep ROS at appropriate levels, An impressive array of defense mechanisms is provided by antioxidant enzymes. Even little variations (Jomova et al., 2024). Because it catalyzes the conversion of superoxide radicals into H2O2, (Pereira et al., 1994; Gusti et al., 2021; Al-Maliki et al., 2025). Together with glutathione peroxidase, the ubiquitous enzyme catalase is a key component of the antioxidant defense system and catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 into H2O. Mice given Fe2O3-NPs at varying dosages for three weeks in the current study demonstrated a considerable reduction in protein content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, but a rise in lactate dehydrogenase activity. Following  kidney damage, these enzymes are released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in their activity in serum samples (Mishra et al., 2017; Al-Maliki et al., 2024). It’s common knowledge that lipid peroxidation weakens cell membranes, allowing cytoplasmic enzymes to leak out (Bagchi et al., 1995). Thus, liver, kidney and lung necrosis may be the cause of the lower activity of these enzymes in serum shown in our investigation (Wang et al., 2010; Zedan et al., 2023). Xinobiotics have been shown to alter the activities of several enzymes in various tissue organs. Normal histological structures of the glomruli and renal tubules in the cortical and medullary regions were found in the control rat group’s kidney sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Bowman’s capsule and proximal and distal convoluted tubules encircle the glomerulus, which is free of inflammatory alterations. A basic squamous epithelium is formed by cells in Bowman’s capsule’s outer or parietal layer. Because of their very diverse shapes, cells in the inner layer are invisible to histological routine staining. The glomerulei have an oval or circular form. The kidney segment showed modest to severe vascular degradation in the cortical zone of the renal tubule lining epithelial cells with pyknotic and karyolyzed nuclei following the injection of iron oxide nanoparticles. On the other hand, following the administration of iron oxide nanoparticles, kidney sections showed numerous abnormalities in the cortex and medulla renal structures, including the loss of the characteristic Malpighian corpuscles and the appearance of renal tubules with a wide lumen and degenerated epithelium, as well as pyknotic nuclei, increased incidence of vacuolar degeneration and noticeable congestion in the renal blood vessels (Fig 1). Numerous high-quality nanomaterials have surfaced as a result of the quick development of nanotechnology and because of their special biological characteristics, they are widely used in medicine, cosmetics, coatings, new materials, catalysts and many other fields to enhance existing products or create ones with new functions (Balas et al., 2021; Saleh et al., 2024). Exposure to nanomaterials is getting more likely, but the safety concern is also growing more acute. According to early toxicological research, nanoparticles may have a negative effect on both the environment and human health (Tate et al., 2009; Ghiath et al., 2025; Zedan et al., 2022).

Fig 1: Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained photomicrographs of kidney slices in each group.

CONCLUSION

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) clearly had significant negative effects on mice’s kidneys in a dose-dependent manner. Biomarkers for the detrimental effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) might include biochemical measures, lipid peroxidation estimation and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No funding agency awarded a grant for this work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

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