<div style="text-align: justify;">In seed technology seed pelleting is a most useful technique for increasing the size of small seeds, and encapsulating them to make bigger, rounder, smoother, and more uniformly-sized seeds. It is a coating technique that is used for handling of small seeded crops and increases precision planting. It not only improve the seed quality but also reduce the seed rate and reduce the deterioration during the storage specially in vegetable crops. The present review is an attempt to summarize the prospects of seed pelleting to improve seed quality.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Seed pelleting: &nbsp;A technique of seed quality enhancement</div>

<p>Redgram is a protein rich staple food and contains about 22 per cent protein, which is almost three times that of cereals. Pelleting is a presowing physical seed management technique, in which growth promotive substances with protective, nutritive and invigourative function are applied on the seed to enhance the seed-soil relationship. To evaluate the efficacy of herbal powders for seed pelleting, studies were initiated with redgram cv. CO 7 with Carboxy methyl cellulose adhesive @ 200 ml per kilogram of seed and were coated with the herbal powders viz., noni (Morinda citrifolia ), tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) and gallnut (Terminalia chebula) @ 200 g kg-1 of seed. The pelleted seed evaluated for the effect of seed invigouration, nursery emergence and storability along with unpelleted reviled that tulasi leaf powder followed by noni improved the seedling vigour and field emergence. At field pelleted seed has enhanced chlorophyll index highlighting the efficacy of the treatment. The treated seed also stored well upto one month with restoration of all evaluated seed quality characters.</p>


<p>Influence of seed pelleting on seed quality improvement in redgram (<em>Cajanus cajan</em> L.)</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Cowpea (<em>Vigna unguiculata</em>) is one of the most important legume crops cultivated throughout the world. Cowpea is used as food, feed, forage, fodder, green manuring and vegetable. It&rsquo;s seed is a nutritious component in the human diet, as well as for livestock. Seed hardening and pelleting are seed enhancement&nbsp;techniques used to improve seed&nbsp;germination&nbsp;and seedling vigour and growth by altering the physiological&nbsp;state of the seed. This alteration may improve the vigor or the physiology of the seed by enhancing uniformity of germination. Seed enhancement techniques like hardening and priming include use of chemicals that trigger systemic acquired resistance or improve stress tolerance whereas the pelleting treatments improve seed handling and planting. They also enhance nutrient availability or provide inoculates by delivering materials needed during sowing, germination and seedling establishment. Hence in order to study the combined effect of seed hardening and pelleting on growth, yield and resultant seed quality of cowpea under natural saline conditions, the present study was taken up.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The present field and laboratory investigations were carried out to study the effect of seed hardening, seed pelleting and their combined effect on growth, physiology, yield and resultant seed quality of cowpea under natural saline conditions. The fresh seeds of cowpea seeds cv. CO (CP) 7 were hardened with KCl @ 1%, CaCl2 @ 1% and both KCl and CaCl2 @ 1% and then the hardened seeds were further pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 100, 150 and 200 g kg-1 of seed. Then the treated seeds were evaluated for their seed productivity and resultant seed qualities using untreated seeds as control. Observations on growth, leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, yield and resultant seed quality parameters were recorded.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The experimental results revealed that among the treatments, seeds hardened with KCl @ 1 % + CaCl2 @ 1 % and pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 200 g per kg recorded higher growth, yield parameters, leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters and resultant seed quality when compared to control and other treatments.</div>


<div>Effect of Seed Hardening and Pelleting on Growth, Yield, Physiology and Resultant Seed Quality of Cowpea under Natural Saline Conditions</div>


<div>Seed pelleting with leaf powders of two botanicals viz., pungam (Pongamia glabra) &nbsp;and prosopis (Prosopis juliflora) was done to study the effect of botanical seed pelleting on seedling quality, gas exchange, growth, yield and resultant seed quality parameters of black gram in the laboratory and field. From the results, it was found that, seeds pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg-1 recorded higher germination percentage (93.00), root length (18.35 cm), shoot length (19.34 cm), dry matter production (0.48 mg seedling-10) and vigour index (3505.10). The yield parameters such as pod length, number of pods plant-1, pod yield plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and 100 seed weight were also found higher in pungam leaf powder pelleting treatment @ 150 g kg-1. The control recorded the least values in all these growth and yield parameters of black gram.</div>


<div>Effect of organic seed pelleting on seedling quality, gas exchange, growth, yield and resultant seed quality parameters of black gram</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Cluster bean is one of the major legumes cultivated in many parts of the world. However effect of organic seed pelleting in this crops needs more attention nowadays in probem soils like saline soil. Field experiments were carried out with cluster bean cv. Pusa Mausami to study the effect of organic seed pelleting on biometric, biophysical and yield parameters of clusterbean under saline condition. The seeds of cluster bean cv. Pusa Mausami were pelleted with pungam, prosopis, notchi, arappu leaf powders @ 50, 100, 150 and 200 g per kg. From the results, it was found that seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 200 g per kg registered significantly higher values for biometric parameters viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter production, biophysical parameters viz., photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and yield parameters viz., pod length, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and hundred seed weight. From the present study, it was concluded that seed pelleting with pungamn leaf powder @ 200 g per kg can be recommended for increased growth and yield parameters in cluster bean under saline conditions.</div>

Effect of organic seed pelleting on biometric, biophysical and yield parameters of clusterbean under saline condition

<div>Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important legume crop. Investigations were undertaken to study the effect of seed hardening, seed pelleting and combined effect of seed hardening with seed pelleting on germination and seedling growth of cowpea under induced saline condition viz., EC4, EC8, EC12 and EC16. Cowpea seeds were hardened with KCl @ 1%, CaCl2 @ 1% and both KCl and CaCl2 @ 1% and hardened seeds were further pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 100, 150 and 200 g kg-1 of seed. Observations on germination % and seedling parameters were recorded. The experimental results revealed that increased salinity reduced germination and seedling growth in terms of germination %, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, dry matter production and vigour index. However, hardening and pelleting treatments significantly increased all these parameters at all the levels of salinity when compared to control. Among the treatments, seeds hardened with KCl @ 1 % + CaCl2 @ 1 % and pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 200 g per kg recorded higher germination % and all the seedling parameters when compared to control and other treatments.</div>


<div>Effect of Seed Hardening and Pelleting on Germination and Seedling Attributes of Cowpea under Saline Condition</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Onion (<em>Allium cepa</em> L.) is a major bulbous vegetable as well as condiment of family Alliaceae grown in India, originated in Iran and Pakistan. Seed pelleting is a mechanism of applying various materials to the seed that can enhance the seed quality with respect to physiological, physical and health attributes. Seed deterioration during storage is inevitable process; however seed pelleting can reduce the rate of deterioration. The leaf powders possess antioxidant, fungicidal and insecticidal properties that helps in maintaining the seed quality during storage.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The present investigation was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18. This experiment comprised of pelleted seeds with different botanicals carried out to determine the effect of seed pelleting and storage potential of pelleted seeds.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>This experiment comprised of pelleted seeds with different botanicals. In all the treatments gum Arabica (5%) was used as the adhesive except control. The pelleted seeds with different material were stored at ambient conditions for nine months. Highest germination (81.75%), seedling length (11.20 cm), seedling dry weight (1.82 g), seedling vigour index- length (920.33), seedling vigour index- mass (148.90) and speed of germination (26.57) were observed in onion seeds pelleted with <em>Azadirechta indica</em> leaf powder + clay and<em> Melia azadirechta</em> leaf powder + clay. Among the storage periods, fresh pelleted seed (0 month) showed maximum values with respect to germination (86.50%), seedling length (13.38 cm), seedling dry weight (2.02 g), seedling vigour index- length (1154.50), seedling vigour index- mass (173.52) and speed of germination (29.04). From the present studies, it can be concluded that onion seeds pelleted with <em>Azadirechta indica</em> leaf powder + clay and <em>Melia azadirechta</em> leaf powder + clay showed significant effects for enhancing seed quality during storage.</div>

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<div>Influence of Botanical Seed Pelleting on Storability of Onion (<em>Allium cepa</em> L.)</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Seed pelleting involves the sticking of target materials on to the surface of seeds. Pelleted seeds make planting of small seeds much easier by altering their shape, size and density. The call out on organic farming explains the requisite of user friendly and ecofriendly technique for seed management practices. The current study aimed to assess the effect of organic manure seed pelleting for enhancing soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of rice.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> A pot culture experiment was carried out at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 2018-19 to prepare organic manure seed pellets for rice and to evaluate its influence on yield, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status. Pelleting materials were prepared using various treatment combinations namely, FYM + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T<sub>2</sub>), vermicompost + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T<sub>3</sub>), bioslurry flakes + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T<sub>4</sub>), charcoal powder + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T<sub>5</sub>), fly ash + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T<sub>6</sub>), pongamia leaf powder + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T<sub>7</sub>) and bioslurry + plant extracts + Azospirillum + Pseudomonas (T<sub>8</sub>: Farmer practice).<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The results revealed that the highest grain yield (54.84 g pot<sup>-1</sup>) and straw yield (66.10 g pot<sup>-1</sup>) were recorded by T<sub>3</sub>. With regard to the uptake of nutrients, T<sub>3</sub> registered the highest uptake of N, K, Ca, S, Zn, Cu and Si in grain and shoot. P uptake in grain was highest in the treatment T<sub>4</sub> while T<sub>3</sub> had the maximum P uptake in shoot. Nutrient status of the post-harvest soil was significantly influenced by the treatments.</div>


<div>Organic Manure Seed Pelleting for Enhancing Soil Properties, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Rice</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Black gram is one of the important pulse crops of the world and India is the major producer and consumer of pulses in the world. One of the main reason for low productivity of pulses is that they are cultivated mostly in areas with low soil moisture and poor soil fertility. In order to overcome such adverse conditions, low-cost techniques like seed hardening/pelleting are preferred. Seed pelleting provides package of nutrients that influences seed or soil at the seed-soil interface. Since the cost involved is very less, an attempt has been made to study the effect of botanical seed pelleting and foliar spary on growth and yield parameters in black gram cv. CO 6. &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the cumulative effect of botanical seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150g kg<sup>-1</sup> and foliar spray of prosopis and moringa leaf powders with different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) on morpho physiological, leaf chlorophyll, gas exchange and yield parameters in black gram cv. CO 6 in the study. The observations on morpho physiological, leaf chlorophyll, gas exchange and yield parameters were recorded, statistically analysed and discussed here.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> From the results, it was found that among the treatments, seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg<sup>-1</sup> + foliar spray of prosopis leaf powder @ 6% recorded higher morpho physiological parameters <em>viz</em>., plant height (48.73 cm), number of branches plant<sup>-1</sup> (8.78), dry matter production (14.83 g plant<sup>-1</sup>), chlorophyll &lsquo;a&rsquo; (1.03 mg g<sup>-1</sup>), chlorophyll &lsquo;b&rsquo; (1.11 mg g<sup>-1</sup>) and total chlorophyll content (2.14 mg g<sup>-1</sup>), photosynthesis and transpiration rates (27.33 mg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> and 10.60 mg H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>), intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and stomatal conductance (274.30 &micro; mol mol<sup>-1</sup> and 0.82 mol<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>). This treatment also recorded lower number of days to first flowering (23.23 days), earliness in 50 per cent flowering (30.12 days) and also recorded higher yield parameters such as lengthier pods, more number of pods plant<sup>-1</sup>, pod yield plant<sup>-1</sup>, number of seeds pod<sup>-1</sup>, seed yield &nbsp;plant<sup>-1</sup>, seed yield ha<sup>-1</sup> and hundred seed weight of 5.60 cm, 26.30, 8.20 g, 7.30, 5.30 g, 795.12 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> and 5.83 g, respectively as compared to other treatments. To conclude, seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg<sup>-1</sup> + foliar spray of prosopis leaf powder @ 6% proved to be the best in enhancing morpho physiological, growth and yield parameters.</div>


<div>Cumulative Effect of Botanical Seed Pelleting and Foliar Spray on Morpho Physiological, Leaf Chlorophyll, Gas Exchange and Yield Parameters in Black gram</div>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> Onion (<em>Allium cepa </em>L.) is a major bulbous vegetable as well as condiment of family Alliaceae grown in India, originated in Iran and Pakistan. Seed pelleting is a mechanism of applying various materials to the seed that can enhance the seed quality with respect to physiological, physical and health attributes. Seed pelleting make it easy to handle small and irregular shaped seeds.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The present investigation was conducted in the field of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan during seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Result:</strong> This experiment comprised of pelleted seeds with different botanicals carried out to determine the effect of sowing dates and seed pelleting and their interactions on plant growth, yield and quality of bulb crop. All the factors in the experiment as well as their interactions showed significant influence on plant growth, yield and yield contributing characters in onion. The seeds pelleted with <em>Azadirechta indica</em> leaf powder + clay and <em>Melia azedarach</em> &nbsp;leaf powder + clay sown directly showed maximum values w.r.t. emergence (91.50 %), plant height at 60 days after sowing (35.35 cm), average leaf length (38.43cm), number of leaves per plant (8.67), number of days to harvesting (233.49),&nbsp;polar diameter (46.72 mm), equatorial diameter (57.77 mm), bulb size index (2699.74 ), neck thickness (12.12 mm), number of bulb per plot (89.00) average bulb weight (75.24 g), bulb yield (6.67 kg per plot or 400.01 q per ha), plant height before neck fall stage (58.55 cm). From the present studies, it can be concluded that onion seeds pelleted with <em>Azadirechta indica</em> leaf powder + clay and <em>Melia azedarach</em> leaf powder + clay showed significant effects for enhancing bulb quality, growth, quality and yield of bulb crop raised through direct seeding.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Sowing Dates and Botanical Seed Pelleting on Plant Growth, Bulb Yield and Quality of Onion (<em>Allium cepa</em> L.)</div>

Seed pelleting: A technique of seed quality enhancement

Influence of seed pelleting on seed quality improvement in redgram (Cajanus cajan L.)

Effect of Seed Hardening and Pelleting on Growth, Yield, Physiology and Resultant Seed Quality of Cowpea under Natural Saline Conditions

Effect of organic seed pelleting on seedling quality, gas exchange, growth, yield and resultant seed quality parameters of black gram

Effect of organic seed pelleting on biometric, biophysical and yield parameters of clusterbean under saline condition

Effect of Seed Hardening and Pelleting on Germination and Seedling Attributes of Cowpea under Saline Condition

Influence of Botanical Seed Pelleting on Storability of Onion (Allium cepa L.)

Organic Manure Seed Pelleting for Enhancing Soil Properties, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Rice

Cumulative Effect of Botanical Seed Pelleting and Foliar Spray on Morpho Physiological, Leaf Chlorophyll, Gas Exchange and Yield Parameters in Black gram

Effect of Sowing Dates and Botanical Seed Pelleting on Plant Growth, Bulb Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)