<div>Lactic acidosis is a metabolic disorder caused by feeding errors. It represents a significant economic loss due to direct as well as indirect effects. In present study a total of twenty four goats were focused in order to observe the efficacy of Magnesium hydroxide against induced lactic acidosis. Goats were divided into two groups viz., A and B. Goats in group A were induced lactic acidosis by offering over feeding of grains, while group B was kept as control and normal diet was provided to the goats. After appearance of clinical signs, goat in group A were treated with Magnesium hydroxide at the dose rate of 1g/Kg body weight on the interval of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results indicated body temperature, ruminal pH, blood pH, respiration rate and heart rate attained normal level after the treatment with Magnesium hydroxide. Serum biochemical examinations of liver function after induction of lactic acidosis revealed that glucose level (190.14&plusmn;36.49mg/dl), total bilirubin (0.75&plusmn;0.04mg/dl), direct bilirubin (0.27&plusmn;0.03mg/dl), indirect bilirubin (0.40&plusmn;0.03mg/dl), alanine aminotransferase (36.42&plusmn;3.04 U/L) and alkaline phosphatase (420&plusmn;3.65 U/L) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased. Magnesium Hydroxide helped in improving the normal physiological parameters but did not improved the rumen and intestinal motility. The hematological examination after the induction of lactic acidosis revealed hemo-concentration and increased Hb% (15.02&plusmn;1.30) which significantly (P&lt;0.05) became normal within 72hrs after Magnesium hydroxide therapy. Present study concludes that the Magnesium hydroxide is very helpful in minimizing the complications of lactic acidosis in goat, thus may be used as therapy of choice.</div>


<div>Magnesium Hydroxide as Curative Strategy against Lactic Acidosis in Goat</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Rice feeding followed in Tamil Nadu for dairy cattle induces acidosis and the effect of acidosis studies through<em> in vitro</em> techniques is desirable to reduce the animal experiment. Since Mc Dougall Buffer neutralizes acidity produced on incubation with rice (<em>Oriza sativa</em>) in semi continuous culture, it is difficult to mimic acidosis in RUSITEC. Hence a study was conducted in RUSITEC with cooked rice incubated for 24 hours to evaluate the effect of diluting Mc Dougall buffer to establish rumen acidosis (pH &lt; 5.8).&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Two treatments were followed with undiluted Mc Dougall Buffer (MDB) and diluting Mc Dougall Buffer (MMDB) as per Mickdam<em> et al.</em> (2016) in RUSITEC experiments with six replicates for each treatment. This experiment was conducted with equivalent weight of test material (Cooked rice on DMB). The pH of artificial buffer was maintained at 7.4 during start of incubation for both buffers.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The rumen fermentation pattern for establishment of onset of acidosis due to over feeding of cooked rice was evinced by the onset of acidosis (&lt;5.8 pH) recorded at 3 hours of incubation in MMDB infusion and at 18 hours of incubation in MDB infusion. The concentration of NH<sub>3</sub>-N declined after acidosis induction; however, it reached its minimum in MMDB at significant difference (p&lt;0.05) than MDB at all incubation hours. Total gas production (Methane and Carbon dioxide) was reduced with MMDB incubation. The CH<sub>4</sub> proportion declined strongly (p&lt;0.01) at all incubation hours in MMDB than MDB. The production of volatile fatty acid was reduced significantly (p&lt;0.05) in MMDB at all incubation period compared with MDB. This was based on a significant decrease in the acetate production (p&lt;0.05), an increase in the propionate and butyrate production (p&lt;0.05). Acidosis challenge resulted in significantly (p&lt;0.01) elevated lactate levels in MMDB at all incubation hours which remained high at 24 hours of incubation. Compared to MDB condition, the LPS concentration was largely elevated (p&lt;0.01), by 36% on average till 12 hours of incubation, due to severe acidosis condition (pH 4.9) created by MMDB. The early occurrence of acidosis condition in MMDB, increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) gram positive organisms in the rumen. The MMDB infusion showed a strong effect on degradation of DM, OM and N and it was decreased, similarly the degradation rate of DM and N was lowest. This study proves that the MMDB is the suitable acidosis inducing buffer for establishing the <em>in vitro</em> models to cooked rice.</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>


<p>Evaluation of Suitability of Buffer to Induce Acidosis on Rice (<em>Oriza sativa</em>) based Diet in RUSITEC</p>


<p>This study was conducted to determine if adding the acid-tolerant engineered bacterial strain M. elsdenii H6F32 to the rumen of sheep would reduce the risk of lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis were induced by feed challenges in three groups of six sheep intraruminally dosed with wheat. In each group, sheep were not supplemented(C) or supplemented with the original bacterial strain M.elsdenii H6(H6) or the acid-tolerant engineered bacterial strain M.elsdenii H6F32(H6F32). Compared with C, the concentrations of ruminal lactic acid were decreased and the pH were increased both in H6 and H6H32(P&lt;0.05). Moreover, the engineered strain H6H32 had the much better ability to decrease lactic acid and increase pH. Meanwhile, a greater concentrations of total VFA were in H6F32. The concentrations of ruminal acetate and butyrate in H6F32 were lower than that in C and H6. However, the propionate was much higher in H6F32. Conclusions about protection against lactic acidosis by the acid-tolerant bacterial strain M. elsdenii H6F32 could be reached. It may be that the engineered strain H6F32 could grow well and increases the microbial fermentative activity and increased VFAs production in the rumen at the expense of lactate during the lactic acidosis challenge.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Evaluation of the protective effect of the acid-tolerant engineered bacterial strain M. elsdenii H6F32 as a probiotic fed to sheep during&nbsp;the lactic acidosis challenge</p>


<p><strong>Background</strong>: Small holding farmers feed surplus cooked rice as the only source of concentrated feed to cattle leading to onset of acidosis. In order to plan preventive measures at appropriate time, determination of time interval required to induce acidosis for respective quantity of cooked rice fed is essential.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> An experiment with graded quantity cooked rice was tested in vitro to determine the respective time interval required to induce acidosis. Since varying quantity of cooked rice are fed to dairy cattle by farmers, a prediction equation was developed to determine the precise duration required to induce acidosis for the respective quantity of cooked rice. Thirty-two cooked rice samples, each incubated with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0g in six replications were taken.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The onset of acidosis (pH &lt;5.8) occurred at 9 hours of incubation with 0.5 and 1.0 g of cooked rice, at 6 hours of incubation with 1.5 2.0 and 2.5 g of cooked rice and at 3 hours of incubation with 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 g of cooked rice, respectively. The results obtained were fitted in regression equation viz. Y = &alpha; + &beta;<sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + &beta;<sub>2</sub>x<sub>2</sub> + &micro; Where Y = pH; x<sub>1</sub> = Quantity of cooked rice; x<sub>2</sub> = Incubation period; &alpha; = Intercept; &beta;<sub>1</sub>, &beta;<sub>2</sub> = Slope and &micro; = Error turn. There was a close relationship between regressive calculated pH (X,) and in vitro determined pH Y = 7.79 - (W &times; 0.421) -&nbsp; (t &times; 0.184) r<sup>2</sup> = 0:61; p&lt;0.001. Hence, it is possible to predict the fall of pH based on the quantity and duration of incubation for any intervening quantity of cooked rice or period of incubation. Thus, appropriate timely intervention or correction in feeding management on intervening quantity of cooked rice to prevent onset of acidosis is possible wherever farmers feed surplus cooked rice to cattle.</p>


<p>Time Interval and Intervening Quantity of Cooked Rice Prediction to Induce Ruminal Acidosis</p>


<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of these study to evaluate the changes in acid-base balance in blood during ruminal lactic acidosis in goats. The study was carried out at Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Large Animal Clinics Out -Patient Medicine Unit, Chennai on twelve non-descript goats. Goats having ruminal lactic acidosis with a history of accidental ingestion of raw rice, roti and wheat were selected for the study. The affected goats were appeared the symptoms of respiratory distress, bloated abdomen, foamy material comes out from mouth and diarrhoea.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong>&nbsp; Blood samples were collected in heparinized coated syringe for analysis of electrolyte profile and acid -base parameters analysis by using the portable automatic acid-base analyser Epoc Blood-gas Analyser System to evaluate the acid-base status and blood gases in the blood of ruminal lactic acidosis affected goats. Rumen fluid was collected by using oro-ruminal tube. Electrocardiographic examination was performed in standing position without any sedation using a bipolar apex-base lead system.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Microscopic examination of rumen fluid revealed no protozoal movement. Highly significant decrease in blood pH, PvO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;value, cHCO<sub>3</sub>- value and BE (ecf) value in goats affected with acidosis when compared with the healthy control group. A highly significant increase in PvCO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;value, Anion Gap and blood lactate was observed in acidosis goats when compared to control. A highly significant increase in the haemoglobin levels and RBC level was observed in acidotic goats when compared to healthy goats. There was significant increase of BUN and creatinine value in acidosis goat. Electrolyte examination appears hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia and hypokalemia in acidosis goat when compared with healthy control group. ECG observed sinus tachycardia and characterized by increased heart rate, decreased P-R interval, significant changes in the ST and PR segment, increased P and T wave amplitudes and decreased regular R-R intervals.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Acid-base Disturbance and Electrolyte Alteration in Non-descript Goats Affected with Ruminal Lactic Acidosis</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic disease of dairy cattle which decrease milk production, dry matter intake, productivity and increase culling rate and even cause death.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> In this study the epidemiological status of SARA namely age, breed, stage of lactation, lactation number, general health condition, body condition score, daily milk production, milk fat content and biochemical alteration were investigated.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Out of 100 cows examined 20 were found to be positive for SARA and the mean age of dairy cows suffering from SARA was found to be 6.53 &plusmn;0.68 years. The prevalence of SARA was 70 and 30 per cent in Jersey and HF breed of cows respectively and was high in mid lactation and the lactation number ranged from 2 to 6. 65 per cent. SARA affected cows were in poor body condition score, milk production and milk fat content was significantly low (P&le; 0.05). The mean GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase) and AST (Asparate aminotransferase) values were significantly increased in SARA affected dairy cows. SARA seems to be a common problem in dairy cattle and it has to be considered when dealing with herd level problems like low milk fat, low milk production, poor body condition and appropriate management measures should be implemented to prevent it.</div>


<div>Effects of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Parameters of Dairy Cattle</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Subacute ruminal acidosis is one of the most important nutritional diseases in cattle. The consequence of feeding excessive amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates in conjunction with inadequate fiber to ruminants leads to subacute ruminal acidosis. Cattles are at a high risk of developing SARA. The present research work was undertaken to study haemato-biochemical alterations in SARA affected cattle treated with different treatment regimens.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Present work was done to study the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate powder, <em>Azadirachta indica</em> (Neem) dried leaves powder and <em>Saccharomyces cervisiae</em> (Yeast) in sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in cattle. Out of 148 cattle screened, 24 (16.22%) were diagnosed as SARA, 13 (56.52%) animals were in mid stage of lactation followed by early and late lactation (5 cases, 21.74% each).<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>After sodium bicarbonate treatment, animals showed changes in various haemato-biochemical parameters. However decreased neutrophils and ALT was also observed. After treatment of <em>Azadirachta indica</em> reduction in lymphocyte and eosinophil count was seen.</div>


<div>A Study on Occurrence and Haemato-biochemical Alterations in SARA in Cattle Treated with Different Therapeutic Regimens</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The last 3 weeks each of pregnancy and early lactation are very critical for the dairy animals because of the challenges posed by metabolic and hormonal changes in the body. The dry matter intake of these animals starts declining during advanced pregnancy and gets reduced up to 30% just 3 weeks before parturition. &nbsp;Most of the energy is utilized for the production of colostrum and milk after parturition due to which the animal faces negative energy balance. &nbsp;The animal also loses its body condition score due to the utilization of its body fat to meet energy requirements that lead to an increase in non-esterified fatty acids in the blood. &nbsp;The animals are prone to metabolic disorders and decreased production of milk when its body fats are depleted. The energy requirements of such animals could be met by increasing the energy density of their diet. &nbsp;There is an increase in rumen acidosis if more quantity of concentrate is offered to such animals. &nbsp;Acidosis leads to the poor digestion of fibers in the rumen. There is increased production of propionate in comparison to acetate which is responsible for less percentage of fat in the milk of these animals. The ill effects of negative energy balance may be eliminated if these animals are offered bypass fat in their diet. &nbsp;The cellulose digesting bacteria stay unharmed due to bypass fat where as ordinary fat may harm these bacteria if more than 1% of its dry matter intake is fed. Therefore, it is advisable to offer bypass or prilled fat to the animals during transition period.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of feeding bypass fat to dairy animals- A Review</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The objective of this paper is to review the effects of physically effective fiber on rumen function, milk yield, and milk composition and the optimum requirement for dairy cows. Dietary fiber is a vital component of feed that regulates the rumen functions and improves milk quality and milk yield in ruminants. The appropriate particle size and quantity of dietary fiber in the diets of dairy cows help to prevent the occurrence of ruminal disorders and promote healthy rumen functioning and productivity. Currently, sub-acute ruminal acidosis is a common problem in a modern dairy production system. The disease is caused by lack of adequate amount of physically effective dietary fiber in animal feed. Long sized dietary fiber particles stimulate chewing and saliva production would help to maintain reticulo-ruminal buffering capacity. The optimum requirement of fiber for dairy cows depends on the physical form of the fiber source, the chemical composition of the total ration, the stage of lactation and level of production.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effects of physically effective fiber on rumen and milk parameters in dairy cows: A review</div>

<p style="text-align:justify">Milk production per cow has increased due to better genetics and feeding practices, but high-energy diets can lead to digestive disorders like subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) which can decrease milk yield and negatively impact cow health. The causes of SARA are excessive intake of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates and inadequate ruminal adaptation, with cows in early and mid-lactation being the most vulnerable. To manage SARA, proper transition from dry to lactation group is important along with monitoring palatability, maintaining a homogeneous TMR, managing forage length, keeping records and providing access to feed and water. A well-maintained resting area is also needed. Smooth transitions are important when changing formulas or forages.This review article covers the causes, diagnostic techniques, preventive and treatment methods of this disease in order to raise awareness about it. SARA is generally observed in high yielding cattle and buffalo so this review article aims to provide valuable information to dairy farmers who own large-scale farms and have high-yielding cattle and buffaloes.</p>


Magnesium Hydroxide as Curative Strategy against Lactic Acidosis in Goat

Evaluation of Suitability of Buffer to Induce Acidosis on Rice (Oriza sativa) based Diet in RUSITEC

Evaluation of the protective effect of the acid-tolerant engineered bacterial strain M. elsdenii H6F32 as a probiotic fed to sheep during the lactic acidosis challenge

Time Interval and Intervening Quantity of Cooked Rice Prediction to Induce Ruminal Acidosis

Acid-base Disturbance and Electrolyte Alteration in Non-descript Goats Affected with Ruminal Lactic Acidosis

Effects of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Parameters of Dairy Cattle

A Study on Occurrence and Haemato-biochemical Alterations in SARA in Cattle Treated with Different Therapeutic Regimens

Effect of feeding bypass fat to dairy animals- A Review

Effects of physically effective fiber on rumen and milk parameters in dairy cows: A review

The Ultimate Guide to SARA Diagnosis and Care: A Review