<div>Background: Agricultural productivity in Southeast Asian countries are important to produce food for human, thus the first priority to improve agricultural productivity is feed and feeding in livestock, especially in ruminants when rice straw and Napier grass are used as the roughage sources; in addition, cassava leaves and Leucaena leaves can be used as the protein sources. Interestingly, the strategy to improve feed in ruminant is through the use of total mixed rations (TMR) which are produced by combination of roughages, concentrates, minerals, vitamins and additives.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During the period 2020-2021 a study with 2 &times; 2 factorial, in 4 &times; 4 Latin square design with 21 days per period tested the following TMR&rsquo;s T1- 5% urea treated rice straw with dried Leucaena leaves, T2- 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, T3- fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and the T4- fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves on voluntary feed intake, nutrient intake and blood metabolites in Black Bengal goats.&nbsp; 
 
Result: All treatments did not affect voluntary feed intake (kgDM/head/day and % BW) (P&gt;0.05), but feeding with 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, it was non significantly higher (0.71 kgDM/day). Furthermore, nutrient intake of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and rumination were not affected among all the four treatments (P&gt;0.05). Additionally, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and triglyceride concentrations in plasma were not influenced due to treatments (P&gt;0.05). Nevertheless, Feed cost (USD/kg) was reduced T3 and T4. In conclusion, feeding Black Bengal goat with fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves in the TMR were suitable because of the lowest price (0.13 USD/kg) when compared to the other treatments.</div>

Effects of Protein and Roughage Sources in Total Mixed Ration on Voluntary Feed Intake, Nutrient Intake and Blood Metabolites in Black Bengal Goats

The goal of this study was to determine the nutrient intake by the faculty of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. A random selection of 240 university faculty comprising of 80Assistant Professors, 80 Associate Professors and 80 Professors was made. A questionnaire was designed to assess general characteristics, daily food intakes among university faculty. Dietary survey was carried out by using &ldquo;24 hour recall method&rdquo; for three consecutive days. From the dietary intake the average daily intake of nutrients was calculated using Indian Nutrition Software (DIET CAL). The nutrient intake was compared with the recommended dietary allowances for Indians and percentage adequacy of nutrients intake was calculated.The mean daily intake of nutrients like protein, fat, calcium and iron was more than adequate by both female and male &nbsp;respondents i.e. 59.54g (108.25%), 52.60g (263.00%), 1064.78mg (177.46%) and 21.94mg (104.48%) by females respectively and 61.50g (102.50%), 55.35g (221.40%), 1174.89mg (195.81%) and 22.87mg (134.53%)by males &nbsp;respectively. The mean daily intake of nutrients like energy, carbohydrates and beta carotene was inadequate by both female and male respondents i.e. 1736.06 Kcal (91.37%), 244.05g (81.35%), 3177.84&micro;g (66.20%) respectively by female respondents and 1877.67 Kcal (80.93%), 262.12g (87.37%), 4051.38&micro;g (84.40%) &nbsp;respectively by male respondents.

Nutritional status of &nbsp;university faculty as influenced by the nutrient intake&nbsp;

<div>The present study was carried out to ascertain the effect of dietary inclusion of a customised supplement to farmers&rsquo; based diet on voluntary feed intake and nutrient metabolism in crossbred calves. In order to carry out the experiment, fifteen crossbred calves (18 months old; 166.53&plusmn;4.93 kg mean BW) were randomly allocated to 3 groups (5 calves in each group) as CON, Treat and SBR, in a CRD for 30 days. The calves in CON (control) group were fed on cereal straw based diet with concentrate mixture as per the farmers&rsquo; practices, whereas, the calves in Treat were fed according to CON with additional customized supplement @ 0.25% of BW. The calves in SBR group were fed standard diet as per Kearl (1982). The intake (gd-1) of DM and OM was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in SBR than Treat and CON groups, while DM and OM intake as % of BW in Treat group has an intermediate position between SBR and CON groups. The concentrate intake (gd-1) was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in SBR followed by Treat and CON group, respectively. However, intake of wheat straw and green maize was found to be identical (P&gt;0.05) among all the groups. The digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in Treat and SBR groups than CON. The N-retention as per cent of intake and absorbed-N was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in Treat and SBR groups than CON. The Ca and P retention (gd-1) was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in SBR group followed by Treat and CON groups. The intake (gd-1) and density (%) of DCP and TDN were significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in SBR group followed by Treat and CON groups. Thus, it can be concluded that supplementation of the customised supplement (@ 0.25% of BW) to CON diet significantly improved the voluntary feed intake and nutrient metabolism in crossbred calves.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Influence of Customized Supplement on Voluntary Feed Intake and Nutrient Metabolism in Crossbred Calves</div>

<div>Background: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of season and age on intake in female camels.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: study was conducted in the El Alia region (South-East of Algeria). In order to measure bite counts and dry matter intake (DMI) in the dry and wet seasons, monitoring were made on 64 females camels consisted of two age categories, 32 adult (AF) and 32 young (YF). This was done by following one animal randomly selected/day/category. Thus, sixteen simple were observed during each season. Forage intake for each preferred plant species was estimated by multiplying bite counts by the average mass per bite. Forage consumption was quantified by the bite count technique (Gauthier-Pilters and Dagg,1981). 
 
Result: The results showed that there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in the number of bites between seasons and&nbsp; age categories, with a maximum average 63.33&plusmn;23 for AF and a minimum average 16.8&plusmn;12.47 for YF in the dry season and wet season respectively. The highest amounts of dry matter intake (DMI) are recorded in the wet season on Traganum nudatum 1.9 kg DM for YF and 0.34 kg DM in YF. The season influences the feed intake of female camels on course.</div>

Effect of Season and Age on Dry Matter Intake in Female Camels on Sahara Rangelands of Algeria

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Current research was carried out at Red Sindhi farm, Tando Muhammad Khan, during the year 2018, in order to manipulate the diet intake and milk production of Red Sindhi cows by varying the water and feeding frequencies. Methods: A total of 300 Red Sindhi cows under 3rd lactation were selected and were divided into 5 groups. Cows in group A (control) were offered ad-libitum feed and water, in group B; 2 time feed (Morning 6:00AM and 6:00PM) and ad-libitum water, in group C; 3 times feed (6:00AM, 2:00 Noon and 10:00PM) and ad-libitum water, in group D, ad libitum feed and 2 times water (6:00AM and 6:00PM), in group E; ad libitum feed and 3 times water (6:00AM, 2:00 Noon and 10:00PM).&nbsp; Result: Results of present study indicated that the daily water intake was found significantly maximum (47.00&plusmn;1.45) in group B and minimum (43.33&plusmn;0.88) in group D. Statistically significant difference was seen in group D compared to other groups, while no significant difference among groups A, B, C and E. Maximum daily feed intake (19.66&plusmn;2.40) was recorded in group A and minimum daily feed intake (15.00&plusmn;0.57) was recorded in group B. There was significant difference in daily feed intake in group E with groups A and B. However there was no significant difference in daily feed intake between groups A and B as well as groups C, D and E, correspondingly. Maximum weekly milk production (40.00&plusmn;1.45 kg) was recorded in group A and minimum milk production (34.00&plusmn;0.88 kg) was recorded in group B. However there was significant difference in milk production among groups A and B, while non-significant difference between groups C and D as well as A and E, correspondingly. Conclusion: In conclusion, Red Sindhi cows produced significantly higher milk under group A (control) offered 24 hours water and ad-libitum feed compared to all other groups.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Manipulation of Diet Intake and Milk Production of Red Sindhi Cows by Varying the Water and Feeding Frequencies</div>

The present investigation was carried out with the aim of determining water requirement of Murrah buffalo calves under saline water. Twenty male buffalo calves were divided into five different treatment groups (n = 4 each) with average body weight of 219.94 kg. The animals in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups were offered water having total dissolved solids (TDS) 0.55, 2.57, 4.46, 6.11 and 8.78 parts per thousand, respectively for 180 days. Data regarding environmental factors (maximum ambient temperature (Tmax), relative humidity (RH), rainfall and sunshine hour), dry matter intake (DMI) and drinking water intake (DWI) of individual animals were recorded daily. Results showed that Tmax, DMI, body weight (BW), rainfall and sunshine hours were positively related (P&lt;0.001) while, relative humidity (RH) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of water were negatively correlated (P&lt;0.001) to DWI. Applying a multiple linear regression analysis to all independent variables yielded DWI prediction equation as: (DWI) (L/day) = - 7.81- 0.45 &times; TDS (parts per thousand) + 0.41 &times; Tmax (&deg;C) + 2.97 &times; DMI (kg/day) - 0.004 &times; BW (kg) with coefficient of multiple determination (R2 = 0.80), which can be useful to predict DWI of buffalo calves reared on saline water under tropical climatic conditions.

Quantitative prediction of drinking water intake of&nbsp;Murrah buffalo calves under saline water&nbsp;

The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of heat stress amelioration on body weight changes, dry matter intake, milk yield and economics in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot-dry (HD; April to Mid June) and hot-humid (HH; Mid June to August) seasons under tropical climate. Forty two Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were uniformly divided into two groups of twenty one in each considering their lactation number, stage of lactation, body weight, dam&rsquo;s milk yield and milk yield in current lactation. The control (T0) group buffaloes were kept in separate shed without any nutrient supplementation and modification in microclimate and management. The treatment (T1) group was supplemented with niacin, yeast, edible oil in feed and provided curtains and mist fans in the shed, and altered feeding time, frequency and type of ration. The overall mean body weights in control and treatment group buffaloes were noted to be 517.4 kg and 523.4 kg, respectively. Under HD and HH seasons, mean body weights at different fortnights in treatment group buffaloes were 515.6 kg and 531.1 kg, respectively. In control group, the respective values were 512 kg and 522.7 kg. Although the body weights were higher in treatment than control group, there were no statistically significant differences between two experimental groups. The overall mean daily total dry matter intake (TDMI), dry matter intake through concentrate (CDMI), &nbsp;dry matter intake through dry fodder (DFDMI) and dry matter intake through green fodder (GFDMI) were noted to be 13.04, 4.21, 1.02, 7.92, 14.13, 4.24, 1.17 and 8.65 kg in control and treatment group buffaloes, respectively. Under both seasons, treatment group buffaloes consumed more dry matter than control group throughout the experimental period. The values were also differed significantly (ranged from P&lt;0.05 to P&lt;0.0001) between two groups. &nbsp;The overall mean values of fortnightly total milk production were 103.2 kg in control group and 121.5 kg in treatment group. Throughout the period, treatment group buffaloes produced more milk than control. Milk production was also significantly (P&lt;0.0001) differed between control and treatment groups under two seasons. The daily average additional input cost per buffalo was maximum 22/- and additional income per buffalo was minimum &nbsp;35/-. Therefore, the net profit was around 13/- per buffalo per day. The input: output ratio was calculated to be 1:1.59. It can be concluded that the use of such types of housing, nutritional and management interventions in the form of one package not only helps to maintain body weight but also increases dry matter intake and favours economic milk production in lactating buffaloes through reducing heat stress during hot-dry and hot-humid seasons in tropical climate.&nbsp;

Heat stress amelioration measures in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes: Effect on body weight changes, dry matter intake, milk production and economics

<div style="text-align: justify;">Probiotics are friendly bacteria benefit the health which occur naturally in the digestive tract of human beings. Prebiotics, act as &lsquo;food&rsquo; for these beneficial probiotic bacteria, promoting their activity. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are widely used probiotics which generally regarded as safe. They are adhesive to mucosal and epithelial surfaces and enhance immunity by preventing pathogen adhesion in the digestive system. Although infections with probiotics are very rare, few research studies have been reported in children and also in elderly suffering from diseases due to supplementation of few types of species which may be due to immunodeficiency and immunosuppression. The familiarity of probiotics is still uncertain in many and they doubt whether to consume or not. This review provides the information based on research studies and gives clarity on the intake of probiotics. However, caution need to be exercised in the selection of genus and strains of particular probiotics genera.&nbsp;</div>

Probiotics conventional benefits and cautions in intake- A review&nbsp;

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) has been used in animal production, not only as an energy substance, but also as a kind of functional material, especially in pig production. At present, however, the action mechanism of MCFAs on ingestion and growth is not fully clear. In addition, there is no consensus for effect of MCFAs on feed intake and weight gain in animals. In this review, we summarized the information from comprehensive and rational arguments for the role of MCFAs on feed intake and weight gain in monogastric animal studies(mainly in rats and pigs). As a result, the supplementation level of MCFAs in diet is a key influence factor on animal ingestion, of which underlying action mechanism may be attributed to influence of MCFAs on appetite hormones (mainly, insulin and Acyl ghrelin) and fluctuation of energy balance. Additionally, the influence of MCFAs on growth performance is related to addition level of MCFAs, the types of MCFAs, characteristics of based diet, as well as the physiological status of animal. The effectiveness of MCFAs on ingestion and weight gain depend on the balance of the various influence factors.&nbsp;

Effectiveness of medium-chain fatty acids on feed intake&nbsp;and weight gain in animal: Depending on balance

<div>Background: The young calves are the future replacement stock in any farm. Traditionally calves are allowed to suckle their dams while in modern intensive dairy farming calves get separated from the dam. The current study was aimed to find the influence of weaning and natural suckling on the colostrum, milk and dry matter intake growth performance of Sahiwal calves. 
 
Methods: Twelve newborn Sahiwal calves were selected and divided into 2 groups, one group was weaned from their dams immediately after birth (weaned group) and another allowed to suckle their dam (suckled group). The parameters were taken daily for colostrum intake, weekly for milk intake and fortnightly for total dry matter intake (from milk, green fodder and concentrate), body weight and average body weight gain. 
 
Result: The mean daily colostrum intake during the first 3 feedings were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in weaned calves as compared to suckled calves. The mean daily milk intake was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in suckled (3.37 kg/day) as compared to weaned (2.80 kg/day) calves whereas average total dry matter intake did not differ between weaned and suckled calves. The mean final body weights at 12th fortnight was only numerically higher in suckled group of calves as compared to weaned group of calves while the overall average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in case of suckled calves (0.419&plusmn;0.012 kg/day) than weaned (0.377&plusmn;0.009) group of Sahiwal calves. It was concluded that the colostrum and milk intake performance as well as the final body weight and average daily body weight gain was improved in naturally suckled Sahiwal calves as compared to weaned calves.</div>

Effects of Protein and Roughage Sources in Total Mixed Ration on Voluntary Feed Intake, Nutrient Intake and Blood Metabolites in Black Bengal Goats

Nutritional status of university faculty as influenced by the nutrient intake

Influence of Customized Supplement on Voluntary Feed Intake and Nutrient Metabolism in Crossbred Calves

Effect of Season and Age on Dry Matter Intake in Female Camels on Sahara Rangelands of Algeria

Manipulation of Diet Intake and Milk Production of Red Sindhi Cows by Varying the Water and Feeding Frequencies

Quantitative prediction of drinking water intake of Murrah buffalo calves under saline water

Heat stress amelioration measures in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes: Effect on body weight changes, dry matter intake, milk production and economics

Probiotics conventional benefits and cautions in intake- A review

Effectiveness of medium-chain fatty acids on feed intake and weight gain in animal: Depending on balance

Effect of Weaning and Natural Suckling on the Colostrum, Milk and Dry Matter Intake and Growth Performance of Sahiwal Calves