<div>Background: Powdery mildew (PM) possesses a wide range of host plants, including mungbean that causes severe yield reductions. Using resistant varieties is an economically and environmentally effective approach in controlling the disease. 
 
Methods: In this study, the genetic basis of inheritance and marker loci for PM resistance were investigated using 126 F2:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) raised from resistant and susceptible parents, V4785 and CN72, respectively. PM reaction in these RILs was visually scored from natural infection in the field and the segregation pattern was determined by the chi-square test (&chi;2).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed the segregation ration of 1:1, indicative of a dominantly inherited resistance gene controlling resistance against PM in V4785. Observation of potential polymorphism in two parents and two different bulks, each containing 10 RIL individuals showing either the highest resistance or susceptibility, identified 2 and 37 putatively linked inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and ISSR-anchored resistance gene analog (ISSR-RGA) markers, respectively. Of these, 1 ISSR and 3 ISSR-RGA markers were stably inherited and linked to PM resistance (P&lt;0.01). These linked marker systems may prove useful for facilitating the improvement of a durable resistant variety through marker-assisted selection in mungbean breeding programs.</div>

​Association of ISSR and ISSR-RGA Markers with Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene in Mungbean

<div>Background: Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a forage crop that yields high in arid and calcareous soils and is cultivated in large areas. There aren&rsquo;t many genetic diversity studies on the varieties of cultured sainfoin. This study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity and the degree of relationship between 23 cultivated landraces and one registered variety.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To take samples from the populations, seeds were sown in the field in 2014. Samples were taken from the young leaves of the plants and preserved at -80oC in same year. RAPD and ISSR primers were used in the study. The bands obtained as a result of PCR were recorded and the data of both methods were also evaluated by combining them. 
 
Result: In the study, 5 RAPD and 4 ISSR primers were used and a total of 49 bands were obtained. Of 29 bands obtained using RAPD primers, 20 were found to be polymorphic and of 20 bands obtained using ISSR primers, 15 were found to be polymorphic. It was found that there was a very low correlation between the two methods. Using RAPD and ISSR markers and RAPD + ISSR combination, the similarity index among populations was found to be between 0.25-0.95, 0.5-1.00 and 0.45-0.91, respectively. The Nei&rsquo;s genetic diversity index was found to be between 0.3365, 0.2656 and 0.3018 with RAPD, ISSR primers and RAPD + ISSR combination, respectively. Based on the dendrograms obtained using RAPD, ISSR primers and RAPD + ISSR combination, the populations under analysis were classified into 3, 3 and 5 groups, respectively. With this study, the closest populations were identified and a significantly high genetic diversity was detected.</div>

Genetic Relationship in Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) Landraces Cultivated East Anatolia by using RAPD and ISSR Markers

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Annona spp. are one of the underutilized fruit crop having great commercial and medicinal value and large diversity present in Maharashtra which is untapped. The present study conducted to characterize the Annona genotypes by ISSR and SSR markers for future germplasm conservation and crop improvement programme.&nbsp; 
Methods: Ninety genotypes were collected from various regions of Maharashtra. These ninety genotypes and eleven varieties from All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits, MPKV, Rahuri were screened for morphological and biochemical characters. After morphological and biochemical characterization twenty-two superior genotypes were characterized using ISSR and SSR markers.&nbsp; 
Result: Among the 29 ISSR primers used, 20 were found polymorphic which produced a total of 171 reproducible amplicons, in which 109 amplicons (75.43%) were polymorphic. In 20 SSR primers used, 14 primers were found polymorphic which produced a total of 43 reproducible amplicons, in which 36 amplicons (83.72%) were polymorphic. Twenty unique amplicons produced by ISSR primer and eight unique amplicons produced by SSR in studied genotypes is useful in genotype/variety identification in future crop improvement. The dendogram generated based on UPGMA method of cluster analysis using ISSR and SSR marker data revealed little different but similar grouping of genotypes into two major clusters viz., cluster A and cluster B. The UPGMA based cluster analysis using dice similarity coefficient grouped Annona genotypes into two major clusters which differentiate squamosa and atemoya species. The distribution of the genotypes in the dendogram was mostly consistent with the known pedigree information, geographical locations and the morphological attributes. Genotypes collected from Purandar, Sawargaon, Pemgiri and Ajanta districts of Maharashtra formed cluster as per geographic collection. The close relationship across genotypes might be explained by either historical relationship to sharing common ancestor or more likely geographical proximity and large population size which favour genetic interchange. This low genetic difference among genotypes suggests that there was more gene flow through random mating without barrier within agro-ecological zones. ISSR and SSR markers gives direction in characterization of Annona genotypes but more areas need to be survey and explore for tapping genetic diversity to widen the gene pool. The screened material found superior need to be prioritized in terms of in-situ and ex-situ conservation for further evaluation and crop improvement.</div>

Characterization of Annona Genotypes by ISSR and SSR Markers

<div style="text-align: justify;">Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was used to study the genetic diversity of Piper spp. &nbsp;with its relative genus Peperomia pellucida. Among the 38 ISSR primers used, 10 primers generated 1083 bands, of which seven (80.8%) were polymorphic. The maximum polymorphism were obtained from the primers UBC 881, UBC 889, UBC 848 and UBC 830. Cluster analysis grouped the species studied into two major clusters. One cluster comprised the different accessions of Piper nigrum and is distinct from the other species of Piperaceae. The other cluster grouped the four species of Piperaceae namely Piper longum, Piper sarmentosum, Piper betle and Peperomia pellucida. The variability studies also revealed that the ISSR marker could group the accessions within the same species based on their similar geographical origin. Assessment of genetic diversity among the different species of the family Piperaceae through ISSR marker would help in rapid identification of polymorphism, assist in future germplasm collection, conservation and domestication programmes.&nbsp;</div>

ISSR marker based diversity assessment of Piper spp. in Bay Islands, India&nbsp;

<div>Background: Anthracnose disease caused by the genus Colletotrichum is one of the crucial problems occurring in the field, along with postharvest diseases and affects mango quality in Thailand. In particular, the Nam Dork Mai See Tong cultivar, which is highly susceptible to the disease, is an important product for exportation. 
 
Methods: In this research, thirty-seven Colletotrichum species isolate were obtained from anthracnose disease in mango cv. Nam Dork Mai See Tong in three provinces in Thailand. Morphological studies and molecular techniques using species-specific primers were investigated; moreover, the diversity of pathogens was analyzed using PCR amplification of inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) with 6 primers, including pathogenicity tests. 
 
Result: Morphological studies and molecular detection with species-specific primers revealed that 32 isolates belonged to the C. gloeosporioides species complex and 5 isolates to the C. acutatum species complex. The genetic diversity of pathogens was analyzed. PCR amplification using 6 ISSR primers produced 35 polymorphic bands. These bands were used to construct UPGMA, in which cluster analysis divided the 37 isolates into 3 main groups and 8 subgroups at 61-73% Jaccard similarity coefficient with cophenetic correlation (r) = 0.6781. The ISSR technique showed the greatest genetic variation among isolates collected from different locations. Hence, a study based on ISSR markers was profitable to investigate the phylogenetic relationship of the genus Colletotrichum. Pathogenicity tests revealed that PC006 (Ca) and CS005 (Cg) showed the highest aggressiveness, with disease incidences of 84.74 and 80.90%, respectively. This study indicates that the diversity of pathogenic Colletotrichum species related to mango plantations in Thailand is increasing.</div>

Diversity of Colletotrichum Species causing Anthracnose Disease from Mango cv. Nam Dork Mai See Tong based on ISSR-PCR

Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is an important pulse crop with wide nutritional and agronomic value. Genetic diversity is essential for its improvement and molecular markers such as RAPD and ISSR provide valuable information for assessing phylogenetic relationships and species distinctiveness. 
 
Methods: In the present investigation, 78 cowpea germplasm lines, including three check varieties, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Out of these, 48 diverse genotypes were selected for molecular characterization using 22 primers (10 RAPD and 12 ISSR). DNA was extracted from young leaves and subjected to PCR amplification. Nine RAPD primers generated 1180 scoreable bands, while eight ISSR primers amplified 1215 bands across the 48 genotypes. 
 
Result: The polymorphic information content (PIC) values for RAPD primers ranged from 0.27 (RAPD-1) to 0.41 (RAPD-4), with a mean of 0.35. ISSR primers showed PIC values between 0.23 (UBC 815) and 0.42 (UBC 835), with a mean of 0.35. Similarity coefficients among genotypes based on RAPD markers ranged from 0.58 to 1.00, while ISSR-based similarity values ranged from 0.55 to 0.97 with a mean of 0.729. Dendrogram analysis grouped the genotypes into two major clusters. Combined RAPD and ISSR data produced similarity coefficients between 0.58 and 0.94 and the integrated dendrogram revealed 78&ndash;83% similarity with individual marker systems. The results indicate a high degree of genetic variation among the cowpea accessions, which can be effectively utilized in pre-breeding programs to broaden the genetic base and facilitate selection of superior lines. 
&nbsp;

Molecular Characterization of Cowpea Genotypes for Genetic Diversity using RAPD and ISSR Techniques

<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was carried out among 22 black gram genotypes to study the genetic diversity using 20 ISSR primers. Screening of the primers revealed that only 15 out of the 20 primers produced amplification. &nbsp;A total of 84 amplified bands were obtained, out of which 72 were polymorphic 85.71 percent polymorphism. The total number of amplified bands varied between 1 (UBC-813 and UBC-878) and 9 (UBC-826) with an average of 5 bands per primer. The overall size of PCR amplified products ranged between 250 bp to 2000 bp. PIC values ranged from 0.00 to 0.51 with an average of 0.285 across all genotypes. Five unique bands were detected in four genotypes, out of which the genotype U-9 gave maximum number of distinct bands. The size of these unique bands ranged from 450 bp to 2000 bp. Based on the UPGMA derived dendrogram and PCA, the 22 genotypes could be divided into four main clusters. While Cluster I included 16 genotypes, the Clusters II, III and IV included two genotypes each. Genotypes IC-16511 and UTTARA, UH-177 and IPU2K-21, STY-2834 and UH-177 were found to be genetically distant from each other with a minimum similarity value of 0.42. The results are encouraging with the suggestion that the ISSR marker could prove to be a versatile tool in further screening of the Vigna germplasm pool for study of genetic divergence and the establishment of phylogenetic relationship amongst accessions.</div>

Assessment of genetic diversity in black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]&nbsp;genotypes based on ISSR

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of two populations of introduced R. pseudoacacia growing under drought conditions using ISSR markers. The individuals of R. pseudoacacia from two populations grow in the Ergeninskaya Upland, where a low level of moisture supply is observed. The difference between the populations lies in the conditions of growth, with the first population having a less favorable hydrothermal regime. 
 
Methods: ISSR markers were used to analyze the genetic structure of R. pseudoacacia. During this analysis, 6 out of 18 ISSR primers with a high information content were selected. Polymorphism and genetic diversity of ISSR loci in R. pseudoacacia were evaluated in two populations based on the obtained electropherograms using POPGENE v 1.31. 
 
Result: The study revealed that individuals of R. pseudoacacia growing in less favorable conditions have the greatest polymorphism of ISSR loci. Among individuals of the first population of R. pseudoacacia, the highest proportion of polymorphism was observed when using ISSR primers UBC 808 and UBC 826. Comparison of the obtained results of genetic structure analysis and the vital state showed that individuals with higher polymorphism, particularly using UBC 808 and UBC 826, have a more pronounced resistance to soil moisture deficit. The obtained results can be further used for selection and developing new resistant forms of R. pseudoacacia.

Genetic Diversity Robinia pseudoacacia L. Growing in Drought Conditions using ISSR

<div>Beachpea [Vigna marina (Berm.) Merr.] is a less-known food legume species, usually found near to sandy sea beaches. In the present study, a total of 17 ISSR primers were used to study the genetic diversity of 16 accessions of beachpea. The number of amplicons of genomic DNA ranged from 4 (UBC 818) to 110 (HB 13) among accessions and varied in size from 125 bp to 3000 bp. Amplification of genomic DNA of 16 accessions produced 861 amplicons, of which 588 were polymorphic (68.29%) with an average of 35 polymorphic fragments per primer. Average PIC ranged from 0.01 (UBC 809) to 0.499 (UBC 811). UPGMA analysis grouped the accessions into two main clusters, I and II comprising of 12 and 4 accessions, respectively. The Jaccard similarity coefficient between different beachpea accessions ranged from 0.38 to 1.00. The higher degree of genetic variation in the accessions revealed by ISSR analysis could be useful in characterization and conservation point of view of wild Vigna species.</div>

<div>ISSR based diversity analysis in beachpea [Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.] accessions of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India&nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), commonly known as gram or Bengal gram, is a self-pollinated diploid plant (2n= 2x= 16) ranked third after common bean and field pea. Genetic diversity assessment is the fundamental of any breeding programme, conservation of genetic resources and as a general guide for the choice of parents in hybrid breeding. The present investigation aimed to study the genetic diversity among 45 elite chickpea genotypes using agro-morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers. 
 
Methods: The experimental material comprised of 45 elite chickpea genotypes, grown in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications under natural field conditions at Research Farm of Pulses Section, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi 2014-15. Genetic divergence was studied using 11 agro-morphological traits by Non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis and 25 ISSR primers using UPGMA based method. 
 
Result: Genetic divergence study based on agro-morphological traits and molecular markers showed ample amount of genetic variation among elite chickpea genotypes which were discussed and compared their diversity analysis as well. The present study confirmed the importance of agro-morphological traits and ISSR markers for detecting tremendous amount of genetic diversity in chickpea which may be used to select good parental material in chickpea breeding programmes for further improvement.</div>

Association of ISSR and ISSR-RGA Markers with Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene in Mungbean

Genetic Relationship in Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) Landraces Cultivated East Anatolia by using RAPD and ISSR Markers

Characterization of Annona Genotypes by ISSR and SSR Markers

ISSR marker based diversity assessment of Piper spp. in Bay Islands, India

Diversity of Colletotrichum Species causing Anthracnose Disease from Mango cv. Nam Dork Mai See Tong based on ISSR-PCR

Molecular Characterization of Cowpea Genotypes for Genetic Diversity using RAPD and ISSR Techniques

Assessment of genetic diversity in black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] genotypes based on ISSR

Genetic Diversity Robinia pseudoacacia L. Growing in Drought Conditions using ISSR

ISSR based diversity analysis in beachpea [Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.] accessions of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Genetic Diversity Assessment in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through Agro-morphological and ISSR Molecular Markers