<div>Background: Mastitis is mostly caused by mixed infections, of which S. aureus and E. coli are amongst the most important bacteria. Detection of resistant strains of these bacteria is a major public health concern due to the possibility of infection via contaminated milk and milk products intended for human consumption. This study describes simultaneous occurance of methicillin-resistant&nbsp;S. aureus and extended spectrum &beta;-lactamase producing E. coli in mastitic milk samples of buffaloes in Jabalpur, India.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 408 buffaloes milk samples were screened for mastitis by California mastitis test (CMT) test. A total of 102 mastitic milk samples were collected for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Eschirichia coli (E. coli). Polymerase chain reaction was performed for molecular characterization of methicillin resistant S. aureus for mecA gene and ESBL producing E. coli for bla&nbsp;TEM gene, respectively. 
 
Result: On the basis of cultural and biochemical characteristics, 31/102 samples yielded&nbsp;S. aureus and 10/102 samples yielded E. coli. Out of 31 S. aureus isolates, mecA gene was positive in 05 (16.1%) and out of 10 ESBL producing E. coli isolates bla TEM was positive in 02 (20%) isolates. Coexpression of bla&nbsp;TEM and mecA genes was recorded only in 01 (10%) isolate.</div>

Coexpression of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus and ESBL Producing E. coli in Mastitic Milk of Buffaloes

The modernization of agricultural systems is crucial for the development of &lsquo;Viksit Bharat.&rsquo; Farmer-producer organizations (FPOs) help to unite small, marginaland landless farmers, giving them the collective strength to address various issues and improve their living standards and profitability. However, to ensure the sustainability of the FPOs, it is essential to build the right technical skill sets and business acumen within the FPOs. The study&rsquo;s main objectives are to discover why farmers are not participating in FPO activities and to study FPOs to learn about their challenges. The present study is exploratory. A standard instrument, a questionnaire, was used to collect primary data. The researcher interviewed 1155 farmers and surveyed representatives of 25 farmer-producer companies to get an overview. The best method of marketing agricultural produce is forming a farmer-producer company and marketing through it. The study revealed that most farmers are not members of the Farmers Producer Company. Through this study, the researcher learned that &ldquo;The lack of penetration of the FPO concept among farmers&rdquo; is the main reason. Most of the FPOs are facing various challenges. The main challenge is the lack of financial support to run FPO successfully. Lack of capacity building and inadequate infrastructure facilities represent significant challenges for farmer-producer organizations. The government must address the challenges faced by farmers and FPO to assist farmers in obtaining favorable returns from their agricultural produce.

Exploring Challenges Faced by Farmers in Participating in Farmer&rsquo;s Producer Organizations: Understanding the Key Issues Impacting FPO Success: A Review

<div>Background: This study was conducted to explore the contribution of poultry farms to the contamination of the environment with ESBL-producing Escherichiacoli and there with, potentially to the spread of these bacteria to humans and other animals. Hence, the present work is a poultry farm based study aimed to detect prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli among poultry of small scale farmers. 
 
Methods: ESBL-producing E. coli were detected at poultry farm (n=40). The E. coli was isolated from poultry droppings in irrespective of diseases. The required data were collected through well-structured interview schedule in farm premises. E.coli isolates were more susceptible to Gentamicin, Aztreonarm, Cefrtrazindime and Cefotoxime.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Detection of ESBL isolates was performed by Combined Disc Diffusion Methods. Out of 40 E.coli isolates 12 were phenotypically identified as ESBL producers. The prevalence of CTX-m gene is 50% and Bla (TEM) gene is 50%.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Farmer&rsquo;s Stance on Antibiotic Resistance to E. coli and Extended Spectrum - &beta; -lactamase Producing (ESBL) E. coli Isolated from Poultry Droppings</div>

Background: White-brined cheese is widely consumed and produced in the Mediterranean countries and Jordan. Traditionally, white-brined cheese produced from sheep&rsquo;s milk. The study aimed to examine the effect of storage duration and mixing different milk proportions and combinations of sheep&rsquo;s and goats milk on cheese yieldand texture profile of white-brined cheese.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Jordanian WBC which is made by mixing different proportions from sheep&rsquo;s and goat&rsquo;s milk types then boiled for 15 min. Some characteristics such as texture profile&nbsp; and cheese yields were measured and evaluated. after storage for 12 months at room temperature.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: WBC made from sheep&rsquo;s milk or from mixtures of sheep&rsquo;s and goat&rsquo;s showed an increase in cheese yield by 11.07% and 5.59% for sheep&rsquo;s and sheep&rsquo;s \milk mixtures, respectively. The addition of goat&rsquo;s milk in a percentage &gt;25% to sheep&rsquo;s milk decreases cheese hardness and gumminess while adding goat&rsquo;s milk in a percentage of 25% causes a significant increase in cheese hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess. The increase in hardness for treatment 5 to 4801.2&plusmn;1463 gf compared with the control treatment 1 of 4111.4&plusmn;1401 gf. Storage of WBC increased hardness significantly (p&lt;0.05) after 12 months by 47.2% of WBC made from sheep&rsquo;s milk. The texture profile and cheese quality characteristics of White brined cheese are influenced by storage time and milk types.

Textural Profile Characterizations of White Brined Cheese Manufactured from Sheep&rsquo;s, Goat&rsquo;s or Combination Milk Mixtures

<div>Background: Foley&rsquo;s catheters are widely used for treating obstructive urolithiasis and are often associated with high rate of urinary tract infections. The urinary catheters act as a platform for colonization and biofilm formation by pathogens, leads to increasing the risk of catheter associated bacterial infections.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was aimed to address the antimicrobial activity and biofilm inhibition effect of silver Foley&rsquo;s catheter in male buffalo calves suffering from obstructive urolithiasis. The study was conducted on twelve male buffalo calves suffering from obstructive urolithiasis, randomly divided into two groups irrespective of their age viz., group I (latex Foley&rsquo;s catheter treatment) and group II (silver hydrogel coated Foley&rsquo;s catheter treatment). Cultural examination and antibiotic sensitivity of cultured bacteria from the urine passed through fixed urinary catheter was performed at 0th, 7th, 14th and 28th postoperative days in both the groups.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There was significant reduction in growth of bacteria like Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and E. coli bacterial colony formation on blood agar and MacConkey lactose agar, respectively in silver catheter group as compare to latex catheter group from day 0 to day 28th. The zone of inhibition was more pronounced for both antibiotics viz., Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone (upto 24 mm) in urine samples collected from silver hydrogel coated Foley&rsquo;s catheter as compared to latex Foley&rsquo;s catheter indicating its biofilm inhibition effect on bacteria. Silver-hydrogel Foley&rsquo;s Catheter are more cost-effective as compare to latex Foley&rsquo;s catheter.</div>

Efficacy of Silver Coated Foley&rsquo;s Catheter in Comparison with Latex Foley&rsquo;s Catheter for Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance and Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Obstructive Urolithiasis of Male Buffalo Calves

<div>Background: During present investigation burfi was prepared from different combinations of cow milk khoa and pumpkin pulp [viz., 100:00 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 70:30 (T3), 65:35 (T4) and 60:40 (T5)] and the samples were subjected to sensory evaluation, chemical analysis and cost was computed considering the ingredients and processing costs. The pumpkin pulp (as per treatments) and sugar (30% by weight of khoa) were mixed with khoa at different stage of khoa preparation. Then, the mixture was heated till burfi was obtained. 
 
Methods: For preparation of burfi fresh cow milk was obtained from Livestock Instructional Farm, Akola. The milk was standardized to 4.0 per cent fat and 9.0 per cent SNF for the preparation of burfi. The khoa blended with pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) pulp at different ratios, the product without using pumpkin pulp served as control. The burfi was analyzed for chemical composition (viz., fat protein, total sugars, ash and total solids). The organoleptic attributes of burfi were analyzed in terms of its flavor, body and texture and color and appearance, wherein the total score was out of 100; the judging panel comprised on 5 members. 
 
Result: The total sensory scores of burfi obtained were 87.81, 90.46, 95.46, 92.99 and 84.30 for the treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The burfi prepared from various combinations involving use of up to 70 per cent cow milk khoa in blend with pumpkin pulp was found acceptable. The fat content of burfi&rsquo;s was 19.61, 15.40, 14.38, 13.40 and 12.37 per cent, protein content was 14.89, 12.64, 12.11, 11.61 and 11.04 per cent, total sugar content was 32.78, 36.73, 37.59, 38.45 and 39.31 per cent, ash content was 2.69, 2.55, 2.53, 2.49 and 2.45 per cent, total solids content was 69.94, 67.30, 66.60, 65.94 and 65.17 per cent for the treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The fat, protein, ash and total solids of burfi tended to decrease while total sugar and moisture content tended to increase with an increase in the level of pumpkin pulp used as additive. The per kg cost of production of pumpkin based burfi decreased with increasing level of incorporation of pumpkin pulp in burfi formulation i.e. ₹ 240 (100:00 khoa), ₹ 204.51 (75:25, khoa: pulp), ₹ 199.11 (70:30 khoa: pulp), ₹ 194.33 (65:35 khoa: pulp), ₹ 189.25 (60:40, khoa : pulp) for the treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The most acceptable burfi i.e. T3 was computed to be priced at ₹ 199.11 per kg.</div>

​Effects of Addition of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Pulp on the Physico-chemical and Sensory Properties of Burfi and its Cost Structure

<div>Background: The agricultural sector is highly dependent on the availability and quality of seeds for a productive harvest. The global demand for food and water is expected to increase due to population outgrowth, urbanization and climate change. Soilless farming may change the face of agriculture by providing a more sustainable and productive alternative to traditional cultivation and is being largely exploited for vegetable cultivation.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment consisted of 12 treatments. Two parental lines (P1: TAG 1 and P2: TAG 2) were subjected to seed treatment (S1: Untreated and S2: Thiram @ 2g kg-1 and chlorpyrifos @ 3g kg-1) and twenty-eight days old seedlings were transplanted to soil (M1: Conventional) and soilless systems (M2: Hydroponics and M3: Aeroponics). Hybrid seeds were produced in all the system were analysed for the quality and economics of seed production in soilless system was worked out. 
 
Result: The results revealed that there was a significant increase in test weight (0.39 g), average seed length (0.52 cm) in the soilless system due to the continuous availability of nutrients at controlled condition. Although the cost incurred was comparatively higher in the soilless method, the gross return was 94.68 per cent higher under aeroponics and 79.22 per cent higher under hydroponics compared to the conventional method. The benefit to cost ratio was found higher in aeroponics (2.08) followed by hydroponics (1.97) and lower under the conventional method (1.87). It is inferred that soilless agriculture could be a promising tool for quality and healthy hybrid tomato seed production throughout the year within protected cultivation.</div>

​Economics Analysis of Tomato Hybrid Seeds Produced through Soilless Systems

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pulses are a major constitutent along with rice or wheat in the Indian diet of the middle and lower class. Slight reduction in the production results in drastic increase in the price of pulses due to the deficit unfulfillment in the short duration as India is the only largest and important producer along with the major consumer. Survey is done in the Bundhelkhand (Pulse producing hub of India) and adjoining areas to understand the Pulses producers and producing region economic and livelihood pattern. Trade and &nbsp;transport infrastructure, supply chain management, Price transmission behavior and margins earned by different value participants have been studied through nine mandis selected &nbsp;within pulses hub and adjoining areas. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;The rules of trade and investment in pulses production are governed by processing and distribution rather than production. Lacking low-interest credit, commodity boards for producers, subsidized inputs, quality seeds availability and distribution with respect to time, place and quantity and access of market information engraves the problem with the individual pulses farmers. The strong policy intervention by government is needed to stabilize the price of Pulses through maintaining the buffer stock and price subsidizing to favor the consumers. Both producer and consumer remains culprit at the hands of few traders and processors.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A study on problems of major pulses producers and their solutions in India</div>

<div>Background: Among the traditional dairy products, burfi is the most popular khoa based confection in Indian subcontinent. Burfi has special importance in different functions like birthday, anniversary, wedding, etc. Consumers in India are becoming more health conscious and demand for healthier food because of rise in disposable income, educational level and awareness of nutrition. In wedding ceremony, now a days, besan burfi is famous instead of laddoos because of nutrition in pulses. Therefore, black gram can be also used in burfi due to it is rich in protein and having best results against many diseases in humans. 
 
Methods: Burfi was prepared from milk with constant level of sugar (30 per cent by weight of khoa) and different levels of black gram flour (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent by weight of khoa). Properly blending khoa and sugar with black gram flour on low flame and then cut into pieces after setting. 
 
Result: The overall acceptability score for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 8.27, 8.38, 8.51, 8.03 and 7.64 respectively. Burfi sample was evaluated for storage study conducted at room (30&plusmn;2oC) temperature and refrigerated (7&plusmn;2oC) temperature conditions.&nbsp;The cost of production of burfi with black gram powder was Rs. 255.38, Rs. 252.45, Rs. 249.62, Rs. 246.90 and Rs. 244.28 per kg for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively.</div>

Effect of Sensory Properties, Shelf Life and Cost of Production on Black Gram (Vigna mungo) Flour Burfi

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as the most potent member of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extremely resistant (XDR) gram-negative pathogens (&lsquo;ESCAPE&rsquo; group) emerged throughout the world with the property to &lsquo;escape&rsquo; the treatment with antibiotics. Biofilm formation is a significant virulence property of P. aeruginosa generating not only antibiotic resistance, but also it acts as a constant source of infection in the host and it can prevent host defence such as chemotaxis of polynuclear immune cells. There is paucity of scientific literatures regarding characterization of biofilm producing P. aeruginosa isolated from livestock and birds. A total of 200 rectal swabs were collected from pigs (n=100) and chickens (n=100) from Mizoram state of India. All the specimens were processed of isolation and identification of P. aeruginosa, which were further confirmed by 16S rRNA PCR and Phoenix bacterial identification system. All the isolates were subjected to detection of biofilm producing ability by microtiter plate assay, antimicrobial sensitivity by disc diffusion assay and detection of selected biofilm producing genes as well as selected beta lactamase genes by specific PCR assay. A total of 11 P. aeruginosa were isolated from pigs (n=6) and chickens (n=5). All the isolates were recorded as positive for biofilm production by microtiter plate assay and were positive for at least one biofilm associated genes. A total of 8 isolates were positive for blaTEM gene and one isolates was positive for blaCTX-M gene. This is probably the unique report on isolation of P. aeruginosa from animals carrying both beta lactamase as well as biofilm producing genes.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Molecular Characterization of Biofilm-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Healthy Pigs and Chicken in India</div>

Coexpression of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus and ESBL Producing E. coli in Mastitic Milk of Buffaloes

Exploring Challenges Faced by Farmers in Participating in Farmer’s Producer Organizations: Understanding the Key Issues Impacting FPO Success: A Review

Farmer’s Stance on Antibiotic Resistance to E. coli and Extended Spectrum - β -lactamase Producing (ESBL) E. coli Isolated from Poultry Droppings

Textural Profile Characterizations of White Brined Cheese Manufactured from Sheep’s, Goat’s or Combination Milk Mixtures

Efficacy of Silver Coated Foley’s Catheter in Comparison with Latex Foley’s Catheter for Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance and Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Obstructive Urolithiasis of Male Buffalo Calves

Effects of Addition of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Pulp on the Physico-chemical and Sensory Properties of Burfi and its Cost Structure

Economics Analysis of Tomato Hybrid Seeds Produced through Soilless Systems

A study on problems of major pulses producers and their solutions in India

Effect of Sensory Properties, Shelf Life and Cost of Production on Black Gram (Vigna mungo) Flour Burfi

Molecular Characterization of Biofilm-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Healthy Pigs and Chicken in India