Blood urea and creatinine
This study showed that the results of blood urea at day-1 were differed insignificantly (p>0.05) among various groups; NG (27±3.5 mg/dl), EG1 (28±3.14 mg/dl), EG2 (26.14±3.16 mg/dl) and PG (26.28±2.18 mg/dl); whereas at day-60, significant elevation (p<0.05) was seen in values of EG2 (61±2.94 mg/dl) and PG (59.85±6.19 mg/dl) when compared to NG (27.42±3.17 mg/dl) and EG1 (27.85±4.18 mg/dl), (Fig 1, 2). In comparison between the values of day-1 and day-60 among various study groups, the findings of NG (27±3.5 mg/dl and 27.42±3.17 mg/dl, respectively) and EG1 (28±3.14 mg/dl and 27.85±4.18 mg/dl, respectively) were differed insignificantly (p>0.05); however, values of EG2 (61±2.94 mg/dl) and PG (59.85±6.19 mg/dl) were elevated significantly (p<0.05) at day-60 when compared to those at day-1 (26.14±3.16 mg/dl and 26.28±2.18 mg/dl, respectively), (Fig 3).
Concerning the blood creatinine, the findings of day-1 reported that no significant variation (p>0.05) between values of NG (0.83±0.72 mg/dl), EG1 (0.82±0.12 mg/dl), EG2 (0.83±0.1 mg/dl) and PG (0.82±0.12 mg/dl); While at day-60, significant higher value (p<0.05) was detected in EG2 (1.52±0.08 mg/dl) than those of other study groups; NG (0.8±0.1 mg/dl), EG1 (0.81±0.12 mg/dl) and PG (0.82±0.45 mg/dl), (Fig 4, 5). In comparison between the values of study groups at day-1 and day-60, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between values of NG (0.83±0.72 mg/dl and 0.8±0.1 mg/dl, respectively), EG1 (0.82±0.12 mg/dl and 0.81±0.12 mg/dl, respectively) and PG (0.82±0.12 mg/dl and 0.82±0.45 mg/dl, respectively); however, the findings of EG2 at day-60 (1.52±0.08 mg/dl) were elevated significantly (p<0.05) when compared to those at day-1 (0.83±0.1 mg/dl), (Fig 6).
Numerous researches have been reported the great benefits of herbal compounds in treatment of various kidney disease by preventing or controlling the deleterious pathways like inflammation, oxidative stress, necrosis, apoptosis and deprivation in nitric oxide which caused injuries to blood vessels
(Basilicata et al., 2022; Uddin et al., 2021; Kang et al., 2021). In traditional medicine, herbs have been used to treat kidney disorders caused by various drugs or toxins and many medicinal plants have also been tested in order to protect the kidneys
(Yang et al., 2018; Liwa and Jaka, 2016).
Guasch-Ferré et al. (2018) concluded that daily consumption of 30-100 g of walnuts could lower the risk factors of cardiovascular disease in individuals did not undergo from hyperlipidemia. Quantitative determination of walnut extract showed the highest level of total phenol, fatty acids, stigmasterol, campestral and b-sitosterol (
Ortiz and Martirosyan, 2024). Other studies have been demonstrated the role of administration of walnut extracts in improving of histopathological, biochemical and parameters of cytogeneticists
(Roque et al., 2024; Sindete et al., 2021). Olas (2024) recorded that dietary supplementation of walnuts pulp, 15 g/day for reduction risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Other studies have focused for role of walnut in reduction of risk factors associated with diabetes, coronary heart disease and cardio-vascular disease and neurological disorders (
Tepavčević et al., 2024;
Rahbardar and Hosseinzadeh, 2024). The investigations of strong relationship between consumption of walnut kernel and prevention as well as treatment of some cancers have been reported by many studies
(Fan et al., 2023; Ni et al., 2022).
Histopathological finding
In tissue sections of NG, EG1 and EG2; the results of light microscopy at 100X and 200X revealed the presence of normal structures in tubules and glomeruli without any significant occupied lesions (Fig 7-13). In tissue sections of PG, the results of light microscopy at 100X and 200X showed clearly the presence of renal vein congestion with excessive perivascular leukocyte cuffing and infiltration of homogenous and pinkish materials. Also, there was a narrowing in the renal artery diameter and glomeruli, with presence of atrophy characteristics in the glomerular tuft (Fig 14-18). These effects may be related to oxidative stress or cytotoxicity of antidepressants as recorded by several researchers
(Nabekura et al., 2022; Then et al., 2017). In addition, other studies explained the role of antidepressants in causing of inflammation, increasing the cytotoxicity in different tissue and increasing the risk incidence of tumors, diabetes millets, cardiovascular diseases and obesity
(Anand et al., 2025; Bonilla-Jaime et al., 2022;
Szałach et al., 2019).
Atrophy of renal glomeruli or vasoconstrictions in kidneys may be related to effects of serotonin which increased when treated by antidepressant, in kidney serotonin considers as a vasoconstrictor material mainly by activation of 5-HT2 receptor (
González-Hernández et al., 2023;
Lee et al., 2021). Also, antidepressants cause an increasing in the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage especially in individuals has kidney dysfunctions (
Woroñ et al., 2019;
Bixby et al., 2019). This may be another reason for the congestion that occurred in vessels of kidneys of experimental animals. Many studies have been reported the complications that threating the life such as intracranial bleeding, cataract, arrhythmia and increasing of blood pressure
(Calvi et al., 2021; Carvalho et al., 2016). The pathological mechanisms of adverse effects of antide-pressants relate to homeostatic imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation and immunomodulation (
Dos Santos et al., 2022).
