<div>Psychiatry is a specialized branch of medicine that studies behavioural disorders in humans and animals. In dogs and cats, behavioural problems are analogous to human psychiatric diseases, with the most common psychopathologies addressed being generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, separation anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. The level of bizarre behaviours displayed by the pets varies due to a variety of factors such as hereditary, prenatal dam modification and events during their neonatal and socializing phase. The behavioural changes recorded in dogs and cats include trembling, vocalizing, urinating, soiling, defecating, salivating, hiding, destructiveness, aggression, fear and obsessive behaviours. It is critical to remember that other medical complications, that can produce similar behavioural changes, must be addressed for the animal&rsquo;s specific therapy. For the treatment of behavioural disorders in pets, different therapeutic agents (like Tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines and a typical antidepressants) are used together with the behavioural modification strategies.</div>

Behavioural Disorders in Dogs and Cats: A Review

Background: Citalopram is a class of antidepressant drugs that works by increasing the amount of serotonin to maintain mental balance. However, the risk of kidney damage associated with Citalopram use remains an area of ongoing research, with several potential mechanisms implicated in its pathogenesis. This experimental study aims to evaluation of physiological and histological renal damages due to low and high doses of Citalopram and the ameliorative role of walnuts-pulp extract in reducing nephrotoxic damages. 
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Methods: An overall 28 mature albino male rats were purchased, acclimated and divided equally and randomly into four groups; NG given distilled-water only, EG1 given Citalopram (0.6 mg/kg.BW) and walnut-pulp extract (10 mg/kg.BW), EG2 given Citalopram (20 mg/kg.BW) and walnut-pulp extract (10 mg/kg.BW) and PG given Citalopram only (0.6 mg/kg.BW). Blood was sampled from all animals in the day-1 and day-60 of experiment; while, renal tissues were collected after the ending of experiment (60 days). 
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Result: Our findings showed that the concentrations of blood urea and creatinine at day-1 were differed insignificantly (p&gt;0.05) among study groups; however at day-60, significant elevation in concentration of urea was seen in EG2 and PG; while, increases in concentration of creatinine was found in EG2 when compared to other study groups. In comparison between the values of study groups at day-1 and day-60, significant increases were identified in concentration of urea of EG2 and PG; as well as creatinine of EG2 at day-60. In tissue sections of NG, EG1 and EG2; the results of light microscopy at 100X and 200X revealed the presence of normal structures in tubules and glomeruli without any significant occupied lesions. In tissue sections of PG, the results of light microscopy at 100X and 200X showed clearly the presence of renal vein congestion with excessive perivascular leukocyte cuffing and infiltration of homogenous and pinkish materials. Also, there was a narrowing in the renal artery diameter and glomeruli, with presence of atrophy characteristics in the glomerular tuft.

Behavioural Disorders in Dogs and Cats: A Review

Physiological and Histological Ameliorative Effects of Walnuts-pulp Extract on Kidney Function of Rats Treated with Citalopram