Current IssueSpecial IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueSpecial IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Full Research Article

Assessment of Milk Composition in Different Goat Breeds under the Climatic Conditions of Bandikui Tehsil of Dausa District, Rajasthan

G
Gitam Singh1,*
0000-0002-0097-9699
R
Raj Kumar2
L
Laxmi Kant Sharma3
S
Surya Pratap Singh Somvanshi4
1College of Agriculture, Madhav University, Sirohi-307 026, Rajasthan, India.
2School of Agricultural Sciences, IIMT University Meerut-250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
3School of Agriculture, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Katara Extension, Sahara Bypass Road, Bhopal-462 022, Madhya Pradesh, India.
4Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Hamirpur-210 301, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: The milk is rightly described often as near complete food in nature. It contains all five major nutrients: fat, protein, lactose (milk sugar), vitamins and minerals (salts).

Methods: The research was conducted at the Bandikui tahsil of Rukmani Devi College of agriculture, Dausa district of Rajasthan during 2021-23. The milk samples collected from Sirohi (05) and Jakhrana (05) goat breed during the lactation at different villages of bandikui tahsil of dausa district throughout two years. Total 1200 (600 samples collected from Jaumnapari and 600 samples from Jakhrana) samples collected from both goat breed of Bandikui tahsil.

Result: The specific gravity of Sirohi goat breed’s milk was greater than that of Jakhrana animals. The overall fat per cent in the both breeds during 2021-23 of all the 1200 samples was found to be 4.61±0.021, solids not fat (SNF) 8.44±0.030 per cent and total solids percentage was found to be 13.31±0.035.. The protein per cent during 2021-22 conditions was significantly (p<0.01) greater than that of farm rearing goat milk in both the breeds. The statistical analysis also revealed that the lactose content in 2021-22 has significantly higher than that of 2022 -23 in Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat breeds at p<0.05. The overall average ash content in both breed’s milk during 2021-23 of all samples was found to be 0.814±0.007 per cent. Breed had conspicuous effects on milk quality of goats.

INTRODUCTION

The Sirohi breed is native of Sirohi district in Rajasthan state; it derived its name for home tract. The breed is distributed over a wider area of Ajemer, Bhilwara, Tonk, Jaipur districts and nearby areas in Rajasthan and also adjoining region in northern Gujrat. The flock size varies from place to place and ranges from 10-200 goats. Normally goats are maintained under extensive grazing system and most of the flocks are stationary. Large sized flocks migrate seasonally to nearby areas for the want of forage and water. The average body weight of an adult breeding male and female was 50 and 23 kg. Tomar et al., (2004) observed mean pre and post weaning average daily gain in body weight as 87.52±3.16 g and 51.35±3.01 g respectively. 
       
Misra et al., (1980) described the breed and observed that in 6-tooth females, body weight averaged 26.68 kg, body length 65.83 cm, chest circumference 66.79 cm and height 71.61 cm (https://agtr.ilri.org/sirohi.html).
       
Goat population of our country increased from 47.14 million in the year 1951 to 124.5 million during 2005 (Singh and Sharma, 2013). Gir breed which is rated as relatively better milk producer of indigenous breeds needs exploration of its production potentiality with a view to know its further prospect. Improvement can be made through proper management, feeding, handling and other environmental conditions which will influence expression of characters but a limit of which is set by heredity of individual (Singh et al., 2013). Goats are integer part of livestock production and play a vital role in the socio-economic structure of rural poor. The aim of this study was to project the importance and significance of goat milk with special reference to Indian field and farm rearing conditions. There are adverse ecological and physiological constraints in the Indian system of goat farming. Goat population of our country increased from 47.14 million in the year 1951 to 124.5 million during 2005 (Singh and Sharma, 2014).
       
The global goat population currently stands at 921 million, of which over 90% are found in developing countries. Asia is home to about 60% of the total world goat population and has the largest goat breed share of 26%. Goats play a vital socioeconomic role in Asian agriculture, particularly for resource-poor people living in harsh environments. Non-cattle milk accounts for approximately 15% of the total milk consumption by humans worldwide (Singh et al., 2014). India today, stands first in the area of milk production at the world level, with an annual growth rate of about 4%. The country’s milk production in 2010 was estimated to be 110 million tones. A large quantity of milk produced in the country amounting to over 46% is being consumed as liquid milk. The production and use of animal products in the use of human diet is receiving tremendous attention. With this object in view the need for developing Animal Husbandry is recognized very well. The other objects are to provide animal power for farmings and adoption of better land use pattern (Singh et al., 2012). The productive improvements among dairying animals can be made through proper management, feeding and handling, etc. which may influence expression of productive characters as per its heritability nature. Before identifying the animals for breeding and production purpose screening of animals shall be performed on the basis of physical traits (Singh et al., 2013). Various government and non-government organization have also recognized the importance of poultry farming as employment generating enterprise and are engaged in motivating more and more entrepreneurs to take up this enterprise (Singh et al., 2014). Goats play a vital socio-economic role in Asian agriculture, particularly for resource poor people living in harsh environment (Singh et al., 2014).
       
Goats are more often poorly managed and this is attributed to their ability to survive under harsh conditions and also because most people in rural areas rear goats for their subsistence purposes to support their families. This benefit is often not shown in national statistics because of informal trading and slaughtering (Singh et al., 2014). Goat milk contains less lactose than cow’s milk, so is less likely to trigger lactose intolerance (Singh et al., 2014). Goat meat being high quality protein source is the choicest meat in domestic market (Singh et al., 2014).
       
Major population of India is primarily depends on agricultural based system for their daily life including goat keeping that constitute an important rural business of small marginal farmers and landless labours (Singh et al., 2014). Reproductive management of an animal is governed through a number of parameters, viz. age at first conception, age at first calving and first gestation length etc. (Singh et al., 2014). Goat milk contains less lactose than cow’s milk, so is less likely to trigger lactose intolerance (Singh and Sharma, 2015). It has since played a significant socioeconomic role in the evolvement of human civilization around the world (Singh and Sharma, 2015). Farmers felt that grass is more useful to fill the animals’ stomachs and would therefore come before crop stover as a feed. Farmers preferred Deda over Kona because it has more biomass (Singh and Sharma, 2015).
       
A very important aspect in this regard is the awareness of risk by resource-poor farmers and their emphasis on minimizing it (Singh and Sharma, 2016). The country is endowed with large and biologically diverse population of goats. (Singh and Sharma, 2016).
       
The nutritional value of milk is closely related to its composition, which is affected by factors such as breed, diet, stage of lactation, season etc. Goat milk has more calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potasium (K), magnesium (Mg) and chloride (Cl) and less sodium (Na) and sulphur (S) contents than cow milk (Singh and Sharma, 2016). Livestock production is backbone of Indian agriculture contributing 7% to national GDP and source of employment and livelihood for 70% population in rural areas. India ranks first in terms of milk production (129.7 million tons) (Singh et al., 2017). Animals reared in intensive production systems consume a considerable amount of protein and other nitrogen-containing substances in their diets (Singh et al., 2017). This benefit is often not shown in national statistics because of informal trading and slaughtering (Singh and Sharma, 2017).
       
Goats play a vital socio-economic role in Asian agriculture, particularly for resource-poor people living in harsh environments (Singh et al., 2018). Jamnapari (or Jamunapari) is a breed of goat originating from Indian subcontinent. Since 1953 they have been imported to Indonesia (popular as Etawa goat and its mixture with a local goat called “PE”, peranakan Etawa or Etawa mix) where they have been a great success (Singh et al., 2017). 
       
These breeds or types were distributed across the world as a result of the migration and translocation of humans, usually due to changing climatic conditions and natural resources (Singh and Sharma, 2017). Milk-secreting tissues and various ducts throughout the udder can be damaged by bacterial toxins and sometimes permanent damage to the udder occurs (Singh and Singh, 2020). Livestock has become an integral part of all interventions aimed at reducing rural poverty and enhancing food and nutrition security (Singh and Somvanshi, 2020). India is endowed with a significant share of the world’s livestock population growing steadily and continuously (Singh, 2019). The goat is thought to have been the earliest domesticated ruminant and of all the species of domesticated animals except dog, has the widest ecological range (Singh, 2024). Man, Animal and Nature are in symbiotic relationship for their survival and sustenance (Singh et al., 2024).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research has conducted at the Bandikui tahsil of Rukmani Devi College of agriculture, Dausa district of Rajasthan with broad objective, as ‘Effect of goat breeds on the milk composition under climatic conditions of Bandikui tahsil of Dausa district Rajasthan during 2021-23. The milk samples collected from Sirohi (05) and Jakhrana (05) goat breed during the lactation at different villages of bandikui tahsil of dausa district throughout two years. Total 1200 (600 samples collected from Jaumnapari and 600 samples from Jakhrana) samples collected from both goat breed of Bandikui tahsil. All samples were analyzed by electronic milk analyzer.
 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of goat breeds on specific gravity
          
The data obtained on specific gravity in the present study of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed milk are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Effect of goat breeds on specific gravity of milk.


       
It is observed from Table 1. that the specific gravity of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds has found to be 1.0121±0.0003 and 1.0196±0.0004, respectively with an average of 1.0159±0.0004. It is observed from above table that specific gravity of Sirohi goat breed’s milk has greater than that of Jakhrana animals.           
 
Effect of goat breeds on fat %
 
The result obtained for the fat percentage of milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Effect of goat breeds on fat % of milk.


       
The average percentage of fat in the milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds has found to be 4.42±0.034 and 4.81±0.087 respectively with an average value of 4.61±0.060 per cent during 2021-22 Similarly, fat content in 2022-23 of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds has found to be 4.71±0.033 and 4.81±0.023, respectively with an average value of 4.71±0.045 per cent. The overall fat per cent in the both breeds during 2021-23 of all the 1200 samples has found to be 4.62±0.021. The results of the present investigation on fat content of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds are in consonance with the observation of Singh and Sharma (2015); Prasad et al., (2005) have, however, reported higher value for fat percentage of goat milk. Lower values have been reported by Agnihotri et al., (2002).
 
Effect of goat breeds on protein %
 
The data on protein percentage in the present investigation of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-23 are recorded in Table 3.

Table 3: Effect of goat breeds on protein % of milk.


       
It is observed from the Table 3 that the protein percentage in the Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds during 20-21 has found to 3.18±0.028 and 3.12±0.034, respectively with an average of 3.23±0.028 per cent. The protein content of aforesaid breeds during 2022-23 found to be 3.12±0.034 and 3.13±0.036 per cent respectively with an average value of 3.12±0.035 per cent. It is clear from the above table that protein per cent during 2021-22 has significantly (p<0.01) greater than that of 2022-23 goat milk in both the breeds. The statistical analysis revealed that protein content of Jakhrana goat breed has significantly higher than that of Sirohi goat breed during 2021-22. The analysis of variance of these data (Table 3) reveled that protein content variation either Jakhrana or Sirohi goat breeds had significant (p<0.05) effect during 2021-23.
 
Effect of goat breeds on lactose
 
The lactose per cent in the milk of jakhrana and sirohi goat breeds during 2021-23 in the present investigation are presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Effect of goat breeds on lactose % of milk.


       
It is clear from Table 4 that the lactose content in Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-22 has found 4.28±0.021 and 4.27±0.020 per cent, respectively. Similarly the lactose content in above both breed milk during 2022-23 has found 4.20±0.022 and 4.23±0.025 per cent, respectively. The overall average lactose per cent in Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-23 also calculated and found to be 4.24±0.014 for all 1200 samples. The statistical analysis also revealed that the lactose content in 2021-22 has significantly higher than that of 2022 -23 in Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat breeds at p<0.05. Our results on lactose percentage in above goat breed’s milk are in fair agreement with those reported by Prasad et al., (2005) and Agnihotri et al., (2002) have reported higher values on it.
 
Effect of goat breeds on ash %
 
The results obtained for ash content of Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat milk during 2021-23 are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Effect of goat breeds on ash % of milk.


       
The average percentage of ash during 2021-22 Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk has found to be 0.81±0.008 and 0.82±0.008, respectively with an average value of 0.81±0.008 per cent. Similarly ash content in 2022-23 of aforesaid breed’s milk has found to be 0.82±0.007 and 0.84±0.005, per cent with an average of 0.82±0.006 per cent. The overall average ash content in both breed’s milk during 2021-23 of all samples has found to be 0.813±0.007 per cent. It is also clear from the above table that ash content in the milk of Jakhrana or Sirohi goat breed 2022-23 has significantly greater than that of 2021-22. The analysis of variance table showed that ash content of Jakhrana goat breed’s milk during 2022-23 has significantly more than that of Sirohi goat breed milk. The results of present investigation on the level of ash in Jakhrana and Sirohi goats’ milk during 2021-23 are slightly higher by the findings (0.78±0.01) of Agnihotri et al., (2002) and Singh and Sharma (2015).
 
Effect of goat breeds on total solids %
 
The results obtained for total solids percentage in milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed during 2021-23 are presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Effect of Goat breeds on Total solids % of milk.


       
According to above Table 6, the average total solids percentage in milk of Jakhrana and sirohi goat breed during 2021-22 has found to be 13.04±0.030 and 13.24±0.036, respectively with an average value of 13.14±0.033. Similarly the total solids percentage in the milk of above goat breeds during 2022-23 has found to be 13.16±0.035 and 13.87±0.039, respectively with an average value of 13.13±0.037 per cent. The overall average total solids percentage of all 1200 samples has found to be 13.31±0.035. It has observed from above table that Jakhrana goat breed’s milk total solids were significantly (p<0.050) higher in 2021-22 than 2022-23 whereas in case of Sirohi goat breed an insignificant difference has observed in total solids content. The analysis of variance in the table revealed that the breed variation during 2021-22 has non-significant but it has significant during 2022-23 at 5% level of significance. 
       
The level of total solids percentage in the milk of above goat’s breeds as obtained in the present study, Compared favorably with the results of Pal et al., (2011) and Agnihotri et al., (2002). Prasad et al., (2005) have, however, reported higher values of Singh and Sharma (2015).

Effect of goat breeds on solids-not-fat %
 
The data on solids-not-fat percentage in Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-23 are recorded in Table 7.

Table 7: Effect of goat breeds on solids-not-fat % of milk.


       
It is observed from the Table 7 that the solids-not-fat percentage in the milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds during 2020-21 has found to be 8.40±0.036 and 8.45±0.034, respectively with an average value of 8.42±0.035 per cent. The solids-not-fat content of above breeds during 2022-23 samples has also calculated and found to be 8.45±0.024 and 8.48±0.026 per cent, respectively with an average of 8.45±0.025 per cent. The overall average solids-not-fat percentage of above samples in 2021-22 and 2022-23 of all 1200 samples has 8.44±0.030 per cent. The statistical analysis showed that the solids-not-fat percentage has significantly (p<0.01) higher in 2022-23 either Jakhrana or Sirohi goat breed than that of 2021-22. It is due to higher fat percentage and lower percentage of protein, lactose and ash in 2022-23 of Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat breeds. The analysis of variance table on these data also revealed that significantly breed variation on solids-not-fat content has observed either 2021-22 or 2022-23. The results of the present investigation on solids-not-fat content of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk 2021-23 are in consonance with the slightly higher observations of Singh and Sharma (2015).

CONCLUSION

The present study revealed that goat breed plays an important role in determining milk composition under the climatic conditions of Bandikui tehsil of Dausa district, Rajasthan. The findings showed clear variations in milk quality characteristics between the Sirohi and Jakhrana goat breeds. Differences were observed in various milk components such as specific gravity, fat, protein, lactose, ash, total solids and solids-not-fat. These differences indicate that both genetic makeup and environmental conditions influence the composition of goat milk. The milk produced by both breeds was found to be nutritionally rich and suitable for human consumption. The study emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate goat breeds for better milk quality. Improved feeding, management and care can further enhance milk composition and productivity. The results of the study are useful for farmers and researchers working in semi-arid areas. Goat farming can play an important role in improving rural nutrition and income. Hence, encouraging the rearing of suitable goat breeds can help in increasing dairy production in the region.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The present study was supported by Rukmani Devi College of agriculture, Dausa district of Rajasthan
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
 
Informed consent
 
All animal procedures for experiments were approved by the Committee of Experimental Animal care and handling techniques were approved by the University of Animal Care Committee.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

REFERENCES


  1. Agnihotri, M.K., Singh, N. and Babji, Y. (2002). Milk composition of goat reared under field condition. Indian J. of Anim. Sci. 72(11): 1019-1921.

  2. Pal, U.K., Mandal, P.K., Rao, V.K. and Das, C.D. (2011). Quality and utility of goat milk with special reference to India: An Overview. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 5: 56-63.

  3. Prasad, H., Tiwari, H.A. and Sengar, O.P.S. (2005). Milk yield and their crosses with jamunapari, barbari and black bengal breeds of goat. Small Rumin. Res. 58(2): 195-199.

  4. Singh, G., Dutt, G., Sharma, R.B., Fatima, A. and Singh, R.P. (2012). Study of first gestation length in gir cows. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 12(1): 64-65.

  5. Singh, G., Dutt, G., Sharma, R.B., Singh, S.K., Fatima, A. and Chauhan, S.V.S. (2012). An analytical study of reproductive performance in Gir cows. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, Special Issue. 2: 203-206.

  6. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2013). Influence of breeds on goat milk composition under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 5(4): 258-261.

  7. Singh, G., Dutt, G., Rajput, S. and Chauhan, R.S. (2013). Study of age at first service period in Gir cows. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 5(4): 270-273.

  8. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2014). Effect of season on the milk quality of Jamunapari goats under field and farm rearing condition. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(1): 335-339.

  9. Singh, G., Thorat, G.N., Trivedi, M.S., Mishra, R. and Sharma, S.K. (2014). A test to measure knowledge about poultry management practices. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 14(2): 44-47.

  10. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. and Mishra, R. (2014). Seasonal variations in the milk minerals of Jakhrana goats under field and farm rearing conditions. Journals of Community Mobilizations and Sustainable Development. 9(2): 120-123.

  11. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B., Mishra, R. and Rajput, S. (2014). Effect of multiple births on Jakhrana goat milk quality under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(4): 629-635. 

  12. Singh, G. Sharma, R.B. and Mishra, R. (2014). Effect of season on the milk quality of Jakhrana goats under field and farm rearing condition. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(3): 571-577. 

  13. Singh, G. Sharma, R.B., Mishra, R. and Rjput, S. (2014).  Effect of season on goat meat composition under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(3): 511-517.

  14. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. and Mishra, R. (2014). Effect of multiple births on Jamunapari goat milk quality under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(2): 453-458. 

  15. Singh, G. Sharma, R.B., Kumar, A. and Chauhan, A. (2014). Effect of stages of lactation on goat milk composition under field and farm rearing condition. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2(5): 287-291.

  16. Singh, G. Dutt, G. and Rajput, S. (2014). Study of age at first calving in gir cows. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(1): 362-365.

  17. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2015). Effect of multiple births on jakhrana goat milk minerals under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 7(2): 227-234. 

  18. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2015). Influence of Breed on Goat Meat Composition Under Field and Farm Rearing Conditions, International Conference on Emerging Trends in Biotechnology and Science with Especial Reference to Climatic Change, 15-17 Feb., 2015 held at KVK Tonk Banasthali Vidyapith Organized by Indian Society of Genetics and Biotechnology Research.

  19. Singh, G. and Sharma, S.K. (2015). On farm trial (OFT) of pearl millet green fodder at Tonk district. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 15(2): 28-29.

  20. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2016). Impact of stages of lactation on the minerals of Jakhrana goat milk under field and farm rearing condition. Research Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science. 7(1): 28-34.

  21. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2016). Effect of goat breeds on the milk mineral composition under field and farm rearing conditions. The Bioscan. 11(2): 691-694.

  22. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2016). Effect of rearing systems on mineral contents of milk during lactation in jamunapari goats. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants. 22(2): 270-271.

  23. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. and Singh, M. (2017). Green fodder production potential of Oat cv. Kent under semi-arid climatic conditions of Tonk-Rajasthan in frontline demonstration. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science. 6(3): 2228-2232.

  24. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. Singh, M. and Sharma, S.K. (2017). Utilisation of agricultural wastes in participatory poultry farming with women under climatic conditions of Tonk district of Rajasthan. Agriculture Science Digest. 37(1): 60-63. doi: 10.18805/asd.v0iOF.7334.

  25. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2017). Effect of field and farm rearing conditions on the sensory quality of goat meat. Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development. 11(2): 188-192.

  26. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B., Chahal, B.P., Singh, M. and Sharma, S.K. (2018). Effect of multiple births on Jamunapari goat milk minerals under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(4): 628-631. doi: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.7831.

  27. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B., Singh, M. and Choudhary, R. (2017). Effect of season on jamunapari goat meat composition under field and farm rearing condition. International Journal Pure and Applied Bioscience. 5(2): 563-568. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2714.

  28. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2017). Seasonal impact on the minerals of jamunapari goat milk minerals under field and farm rearing condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science. 6(9): 1298-1303.

  29. Singh, G. (2019). Analytical study of front line demonstration (FLD) of Kadaknath poultry farming under climatic conditions of Tonk district of Rajasthan. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 19(2): 49-52. 

  30. Singh, G. and Singh, R.P. (2020). An analytical study on mastitis in cows under climatic conditions of Tonk district. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 20(1): 18-21.

  31. Singh, G. and Somvanshi, S.P.S. (2020). Study on animal rearing practices by dairy owners of district Jaipur Rajasthan. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 20(1): 61-64.

  32. Singh, G. (2019). Effect of area specific mineral mixture on productive performance of murrah buffaloes under climatic conditions of Tonk district. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 11(4): 277-281. 

  33. Singh, G. (2024). Nutrition and feeding management of goats for chevon production. International Journal of Science. Environment and Technology. 13(5): 334-349.

  34. Singh, G., Singh, S., Sharma, K., Sharma, L.K. and Kumar, A. (2024). Effect of goat rearing on environment and rural prosperity in India. International Journal of Science  Environment and Technology. 13(6): 421-433.

  35. Tomar, V., Zhai, J. and Zhou, M. (2004). Bounds for element size in a variable stiffness cohesive finite element model. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.  61: 1894-1920.
Published In
Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research
Article Metrics
Metrics Icon
15
Views
0
Citations
Reviewed By
Share Article
Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Full Research Article

    Assessment of Milk Composition in Different Goat Breeds under the Climatic Conditions of Bandikui Tehsil of Dausa District, Rajasthan

    G
    Gitam Singh1,*
    0000-0002-0097-9699
    R
    Raj Kumar2
    L
    Laxmi Kant Sharma3
    S
    Surya Pratap Singh Somvanshi4
    1College of Agriculture, Madhav University, Sirohi-307 026, Rajasthan, India.
    2School of Agricultural Sciences, IIMT University Meerut-250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
    3School of Agriculture, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Katara Extension, Sahara Bypass Road, Bhopal-462 022, Madhya Pradesh, India.
    4Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Hamirpur-210 301, Uttar Pradesh, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: The milk is rightly described often as near complete food in nature. It contains all five major nutrients: fat, protein, lactose (milk sugar), vitamins and minerals (salts).

    Methods: The research was conducted at the Bandikui tahsil of Rukmani Devi College of agriculture, Dausa district of Rajasthan during 2021-23. The milk samples collected from Sirohi (05) and Jakhrana (05) goat breed during the lactation at different villages of bandikui tahsil of dausa district throughout two years. Total 1200 (600 samples collected from Jaumnapari and 600 samples from Jakhrana) samples collected from both goat breed of Bandikui tahsil.

    Result: The specific gravity of Sirohi goat breed’s milk was greater than that of Jakhrana animals. The overall fat per cent in the both breeds during 2021-23 of all the 1200 samples was found to be 4.61±0.021, solids not fat (SNF) 8.44±0.030 per cent and total solids percentage was found to be 13.31±0.035.. The protein per cent during 2021-22 conditions was significantly (p<0.01) greater than that of farm rearing goat milk in both the breeds. The statistical analysis also revealed that the lactose content in 2021-22 has significantly higher than that of 2022 -23 in Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat breeds at p<0.05. The overall average ash content in both breed’s milk during 2021-23 of all samples was found to be 0.814±0.007 per cent. Breed had conspicuous effects on milk quality of goats.

    INTRODUCTION

    The Sirohi breed is native of Sirohi district in Rajasthan state; it derived its name for home tract. The breed is distributed over a wider area of Ajemer, Bhilwara, Tonk, Jaipur districts and nearby areas in Rajasthan and also adjoining region in northern Gujrat. The flock size varies from place to place and ranges from 10-200 goats. Normally goats are maintained under extensive grazing system and most of the flocks are stationary. Large sized flocks migrate seasonally to nearby areas for the want of forage and water. The average body weight of an adult breeding male and female was 50 and 23 kg. Tomar et al., (2004) observed mean pre and post weaning average daily gain in body weight as 87.52±3.16 g and 51.35±3.01 g respectively. 
           
    Misra et al., (1980) described the breed and observed that in 6-tooth females, body weight averaged 26.68 kg, body length 65.83 cm, chest circumference 66.79 cm and height 71.61 cm (https://agtr.ilri.org/sirohi.html).
           
    Goat population of our country increased from 47.14 million in the year 1951 to 124.5 million during 2005 (Singh and Sharma, 2013). Gir breed which is rated as relatively better milk producer of indigenous breeds needs exploration of its production potentiality with a view to know its further prospect. Improvement can be made through proper management, feeding, handling and other environmental conditions which will influence expression of characters but a limit of which is set by heredity of individual (Singh et al., 2013). Goats are integer part of livestock production and play a vital role in the socio-economic structure of rural poor. The aim of this study was to project the importance and significance of goat milk with special reference to Indian field and farm rearing conditions. There are adverse ecological and physiological constraints in the Indian system of goat farming. Goat population of our country increased from 47.14 million in the year 1951 to 124.5 million during 2005 (Singh and Sharma, 2014).
           
    The global goat population currently stands at 921 million, of which over 90% are found in developing countries. Asia is home to about 60% of the total world goat population and has the largest goat breed share of 26%. Goats play a vital socioeconomic role in Asian agriculture, particularly for resource-poor people living in harsh environments. Non-cattle milk accounts for approximately 15% of the total milk consumption by humans worldwide (Singh et al., 2014). India today, stands first in the area of milk production at the world level, with an annual growth rate of about 4%. The country’s milk production in 2010 was estimated to be 110 million tones. A large quantity of milk produced in the country amounting to over 46% is being consumed as liquid milk. The production and use of animal products in the use of human diet is receiving tremendous attention. With this object in view the need for developing Animal Husbandry is recognized very well. The other objects are to provide animal power for farmings and adoption of better land use pattern (Singh et al., 2012). The productive improvements among dairying animals can be made through proper management, feeding and handling, etc. which may influence expression of productive characters as per its heritability nature. Before identifying the animals for breeding and production purpose screening of animals shall be performed on the basis of physical traits (Singh et al., 2013). Various government and non-government organization have also recognized the importance of poultry farming as employment generating enterprise and are engaged in motivating more and more entrepreneurs to take up this enterprise (Singh et al., 2014). Goats play a vital socio-economic role in Asian agriculture, particularly for resource poor people living in harsh environment (Singh et al., 2014).
           
    Goats are more often poorly managed and this is attributed to their ability to survive under harsh conditions and also because most people in rural areas rear goats for their subsistence purposes to support their families. This benefit is often not shown in national statistics because of informal trading and slaughtering (Singh et al., 2014). Goat milk contains less lactose than cow’s milk, so is less likely to trigger lactose intolerance (Singh et al., 2014). Goat meat being high quality protein source is the choicest meat in domestic market (Singh et al., 2014).
           
    Major population of India is primarily depends on agricultural based system for their daily life including goat keeping that constitute an important rural business of small marginal farmers and landless labours (Singh et al., 2014). Reproductive management of an animal is governed through a number of parameters, viz. age at first conception, age at first calving and first gestation length etc. (Singh et al., 2014). Goat milk contains less lactose than cow’s milk, so is less likely to trigger lactose intolerance (Singh and Sharma, 2015). It has since played a significant socioeconomic role in the evolvement of human civilization around the world (Singh and Sharma, 2015). Farmers felt that grass is more useful to fill the animals’ stomachs and would therefore come before crop stover as a feed. Farmers preferred Deda over Kona because it has more biomass (Singh and Sharma, 2015).
           
    A very important aspect in this regard is the awareness of risk by resource-poor farmers and their emphasis on minimizing it (Singh and Sharma, 2016). The country is endowed with large and biologically diverse population of goats. (Singh and Sharma, 2016).
           
    The nutritional value of milk is closely related to its composition, which is affected by factors such as breed, diet, stage of lactation, season etc. Goat milk has more calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potasium (K), magnesium (Mg) and chloride (Cl) and less sodium (Na) and sulphur (S) contents than cow milk (Singh and Sharma, 2016). Livestock production is backbone of Indian agriculture contributing 7% to national GDP and source of employment and livelihood for 70% population in rural areas. India ranks first in terms of milk production (129.7 million tons) (Singh et al., 2017). Animals reared in intensive production systems consume a considerable amount of protein and other nitrogen-containing substances in their diets (Singh et al., 2017). This benefit is often not shown in national statistics because of informal trading and slaughtering (Singh and Sharma, 2017).
           
    Goats play a vital socio-economic role in Asian agriculture, particularly for resource-poor people living in harsh environments (Singh et al., 2018). Jamnapari (or Jamunapari) is a breed of goat originating from Indian subcontinent. Since 1953 they have been imported to Indonesia (popular as Etawa goat and its mixture with a local goat called “PE”, peranakan Etawa or Etawa mix) where they have been a great success (Singh et al., 2017). 
           
    These breeds or types were distributed across the world as a result of the migration and translocation of humans, usually due to changing climatic conditions and natural resources (Singh and Sharma, 2017). Milk-secreting tissues and various ducts throughout the udder can be damaged by bacterial toxins and sometimes permanent damage to the udder occurs (Singh and Singh, 2020). Livestock has become an integral part of all interventions aimed at reducing rural poverty and enhancing food and nutrition security (Singh and Somvanshi, 2020). India is endowed with a significant share of the world’s livestock population growing steadily and continuously (Singh, 2019). The goat is thought to have been the earliest domesticated ruminant and of all the species of domesticated animals except dog, has the widest ecological range (Singh, 2024). Man, Animal and Nature are in symbiotic relationship for their survival and sustenance (Singh et al., 2024).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    The research has conducted at the Bandikui tahsil of Rukmani Devi College of agriculture, Dausa district of Rajasthan with broad objective, as ‘Effect of goat breeds on the milk composition under climatic conditions of Bandikui tahsil of Dausa district Rajasthan during 2021-23. The milk samples collected from Sirohi (05) and Jakhrana (05) goat breed during the lactation at different villages of bandikui tahsil of dausa district throughout two years. Total 1200 (600 samples collected from Jaumnapari and 600 samples from Jakhrana) samples collected from both goat breed of Bandikui tahsil. All samples were analyzed by electronic milk analyzer.
     

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Effect of goat breeds on specific gravity
              
    The data obtained on specific gravity in the present study of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed milk are presented in Table 1.

    Table 1: Effect of goat breeds on specific gravity of milk.


           
    It is observed from Table 1. that the specific gravity of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds has found to be 1.0121±0.0003 and 1.0196±0.0004, respectively with an average of 1.0159±0.0004. It is observed from above table that specific gravity of Sirohi goat breed’s milk has greater than that of Jakhrana animals.           
     
    Effect of goat breeds on fat %
     
    The result obtained for the fat percentage of milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed are presented in Table 2.

    Table 2: Effect of goat breeds on fat % of milk.


           
    The average percentage of fat in the milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds has found to be 4.42±0.034 and 4.81±0.087 respectively with an average value of 4.61±0.060 per cent during 2021-22 Similarly, fat content in 2022-23 of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds has found to be 4.71±0.033 and 4.81±0.023, respectively with an average value of 4.71±0.045 per cent. The overall fat per cent in the both breeds during 2021-23 of all the 1200 samples has found to be 4.62±0.021. The results of the present investigation on fat content of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds are in consonance with the observation of Singh and Sharma (2015); Prasad et al., (2005) have, however, reported higher value for fat percentage of goat milk. Lower values have been reported by Agnihotri et al., (2002).
     
    Effect of goat breeds on protein %
     
    The data on protein percentage in the present investigation of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-23 are recorded in Table 3.

    Table 3: Effect of goat breeds on protein % of milk.


           
    It is observed from the Table 3 that the protein percentage in the Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds during 20-21 has found to 3.18±0.028 and 3.12±0.034, respectively with an average of 3.23±0.028 per cent. The protein content of aforesaid breeds during 2022-23 found to be 3.12±0.034 and 3.13±0.036 per cent respectively with an average value of 3.12±0.035 per cent. It is clear from the above table that protein per cent during 2021-22 has significantly (p<0.01) greater than that of 2022-23 goat milk in both the breeds. The statistical analysis revealed that protein content of Jakhrana goat breed has significantly higher than that of Sirohi goat breed during 2021-22. The analysis of variance of these data (Table 3) reveled that protein content variation either Jakhrana or Sirohi goat breeds had significant (p<0.05) effect during 2021-23.
     
    Effect of goat breeds on lactose
     
    The lactose per cent in the milk of jakhrana and sirohi goat breeds during 2021-23 in the present investigation are presented in Table 4.

    Table 4: Effect of goat breeds on lactose % of milk.


           
    It is clear from Table 4 that the lactose content in Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-22 has found 4.28±0.021 and 4.27±0.020 per cent, respectively. Similarly the lactose content in above both breed milk during 2022-23 has found 4.20±0.022 and 4.23±0.025 per cent, respectively. The overall average lactose per cent in Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-23 also calculated and found to be 4.24±0.014 for all 1200 samples. The statistical analysis also revealed that the lactose content in 2021-22 has significantly higher than that of 2022 -23 in Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat breeds at p<0.05. Our results on lactose percentage in above goat breed’s milk are in fair agreement with those reported by Prasad et al., (2005) and Agnihotri et al., (2002) have reported higher values on it.
     
    Effect of goat breeds on ash %
     
    The results obtained for ash content of Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat milk during 2021-23 are presented in Table 5.

    Table 5: Effect of goat breeds on ash % of milk.


           
    The average percentage of ash during 2021-22 Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk has found to be 0.81±0.008 and 0.82±0.008, respectively with an average value of 0.81±0.008 per cent. Similarly ash content in 2022-23 of aforesaid breed’s milk has found to be 0.82±0.007 and 0.84±0.005, per cent with an average of 0.82±0.006 per cent. The overall average ash content in both breed’s milk during 2021-23 of all samples has found to be 0.813±0.007 per cent. It is also clear from the above table that ash content in the milk of Jakhrana or Sirohi goat breed 2022-23 has significantly greater than that of 2021-22. The analysis of variance table showed that ash content of Jakhrana goat breed’s milk during 2022-23 has significantly more than that of Sirohi goat breed milk. The results of present investigation on the level of ash in Jakhrana and Sirohi goats’ milk during 2021-23 are slightly higher by the findings (0.78±0.01) of Agnihotri et al., (2002) and Singh and Sharma (2015).
     
    Effect of goat breeds on total solids %
     
    The results obtained for total solids percentage in milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed during 2021-23 are presented in Table 6.

    Table 6: Effect of Goat breeds on Total solids % of milk.


           
    According to above Table 6, the average total solids percentage in milk of Jakhrana and sirohi goat breed during 2021-22 has found to be 13.04±0.030 and 13.24±0.036, respectively with an average value of 13.14±0.033. Similarly the total solids percentage in the milk of above goat breeds during 2022-23 has found to be 13.16±0.035 and 13.87±0.039, respectively with an average value of 13.13±0.037 per cent. The overall average total solids percentage of all 1200 samples has found to be 13.31±0.035. It has observed from above table that Jakhrana goat breed’s milk total solids were significantly (p<0.050) higher in 2021-22 than 2022-23 whereas in case of Sirohi goat breed an insignificant difference has observed in total solids content. The analysis of variance in the table revealed that the breed variation during 2021-22 has non-significant but it has significant during 2022-23 at 5% level of significance. 
           
    The level of total solids percentage in the milk of above goat’s breeds as obtained in the present study, Compared favorably with the results of Pal et al., (2011) and Agnihotri et al., (2002). Prasad et al., (2005) have, however, reported higher values of Singh and Sharma (2015).

    Effect of goat breeds on solids-not-fat %
     
    The data on solids-not-fat percentage in Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk during 2021-23 are recorded in Table 7.

    Table 7: Effect of goat breeds on solids-not-fat % of milk.


           
    It is observed from the Table 7 that the solids-not-fat percentage in the milk of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breeds during 2020-21 has found to be 8.40±0.036 and 8.45±0.034, respectively with an average value of 8.42±0.035 per cent. The solids-not-fat content of above breeds during 2022-23 samples has also calculated and found to be 8.45±0.024 and 8.48±0.026 per cent, respectively with an average of 8.45±0.025 per cent. The overall average solids-not-fat percentage of above samples in 2021-22 and 2022-23 of all 1200 samples has 8.44±0.030 per cent. The statistical analysis showed that the solids-not-fat percentage has significantly (p<0.01) higher in 2022-23 either Jakhrana or Sirohi goat breed than that of 2021-22. It is due to higher fat percentage and lower percentage of protein, lactose and ash in 2022-23 of Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat breeds. The analysis of variance table on these data also revealed that significantly breed variation on solids-not-fat content has observed either 2021-22 or 2022-23. The results of the present investigation on solids-not-fat content of Jakhrana and Sirohi goat breed’s milk 2021-23 are in consonance with the slightly higher observations of Singh and Sharma (2015).

    CONCLUSION

    The present study revealed that goat breed plays an important role in determining milk composition under the climatic conditions of Bandikui tehsil of Dausa district, Rajasthan. The findings showed clear variations in milk quality characteristics between the Sirohi and Jakhrana goat breeds. Differences were observed in various milk components such as specific gravity, fat, protein, lactose, ash, total solids and solids-not-fat. These differences indicate that both genetic makeup and environmental conditions influence the composition of goat milk. The milk produced by both breeds was found to be nutritionally rich and suitable for human consumption. The study emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate goat breeds for better milk quality. Improved feeding, management and care can further enhance milk composition and productivity. The results of the study are useful for farmers and researchers working in semi-arid areas. Goat farming can play an important role in improving rural nutrition and income. Hence, encouraging the rearing of suitable goat breeds can help in increasing dairy production in the region.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The present study was supported by Rukmani Devi College of agriculture, Dausa district of Rajasthan
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
     
    Informed consent
     
    All animal procedures for experiments were approved by the Committee of Experimental Animal care and handling techniques were approved by the University of Animal Care Committee.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

    REFERENCES


    1. Agnihotri, M.K., Singh, N. and Babji, Y. (2002). Milk composition of goat reared under field condition. Indian J. of Anim. Sci. 72(11): 1019-1921.

    2. Pal, U.K., Mandal, P.K., Rao, V.K. and Das, C.D. (2011). Quality and utility of goat milk with special reference to India: An Overview. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 5: 56-63.

    3. Prasad, H., Tiwari, H.A. and Sengar, O.P.S. (2005). Milk yield and their crosses with jamunapari, barbari and black bengal breeds of goat. Small Rumin. Res. 58(2): 195-199.

    4. Singh, G., Dutt, G., Sharma, R.B., Fatima, A. and Singh, R.P. (2012). Study of first gestation length in gir cows. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 12(1): 64-65.

    5. Singh, G., Dutt, G., Sharma, R.B., Singh, S.K., Fatima, A. and Chauhan, S.V.S. (2012). An analytical study of reproductive performance in Gir cows. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, Special Issue. 2: 203-206.

    6. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2013). Influence of breeds on goat milk composition under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 5(4): 258-261.

    7. Singh, G., Dutt, G., Rajput, S. and Chauhan, R.S. (2013). Study of age at first service period in Gir cows. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 5(4): 270-273.

    8. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2014). Effect of season on the milk quality of Jamunapari goats under field and farm rearing condition. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(1): 335-339.

    9. Singh, G., Thorat, G.N., Trivedi, M.S., Mishra, R. and Sharma, S.K. (2014). A test to measure knowledge about poultry management practices. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 14(2): 44-47.

    10. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. and Mishra, R. (2014). Seasonal variations in the milk minerals of Jakhrana goats under field and farm rearing conditions. Journals of Community Mobilizations and Sustainable Development. 9(2): 120-123.

    11. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B., Mishra, R. and Rajput, S. (2014). Effect of multiple births on Jakhrana goat milk quality under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(4): 629-635. 

    12. Singh, G. Sharma, R.B. and Mishra, R. (2014). Effect of season on the milk quality of Jakhrana goats under field and farm rearing condition. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(3): 571-577. 

    13. Singh, G. Sharma, R.B., Mishra, R. and Rjput, S. (2014).  Effect of season on goat meat composition under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(3): 511-517.

    14. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. and Mishra, R. (2014). Effect of multiple births on Jamunapari goat milk quality under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(2): 453-458. 

    15. Singh, G. Sharma, R.B., Kumar, A. and Chauhan, A. (2014). Effect of stages of lactation on goat milk composition under field and farm rearing condition. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2(5): 287-291.

    16. Singh, G. Dutt, G. and Rajput, S. (2014). Study of age at first calving in gir cows. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 6(1): 362-365.

    17. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2015). Effect of multiple births on jakhrana goat milk minerals under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 7(2): 227-234. 

    18. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2015). Influence of Breed on Goat Meat Composition Under Field and Farm Rearing Conditions, International Conference on Emerging Trends in Biotechnology and Science with Especial Reference to Climatic Change, 15-17 Feb., 2015 held at KVK Tonk Banasthali Vidyapith Organized by Indian Society of Genetics and Biotechnology Research.

    19. Singh, G. and Sharma, S.K. (2015). On farm trial (OFT) of pearl millet green fodder at Tonk district. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 15(2): 28-29.

    20. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2016). Impact of stages of lactation on the minerals of Jakhrana goat milk under field and farm rearing condition. Research Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science. 7(1): 28-34.

    21. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2016). Effect of goat breeds on the milk mineral composition under field and farm rearing conditions. The Bioscan. 11(2): 691-694.

    22. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2016). Effect of rearing systems on mineral contents of milk during lactation in jamunapari goats. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants. 22(2): 270-271.

    23. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. and Singh, M. (2017). Green fodder production potential of Oat cv. Kent under semi-arid climatic conditions of Tonk-Rajasthan in frontline demonstration. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science. 6(3): 2228-2232.

    24. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B. Singh, M. and Sharma, S.K. (2017). Utilisation of agricultural wastes in participatory poultry farming with women under climatic conditions of Tonk district of Rajasthan. Agriculture Science Digest. 37(1): 60-63. doi: 10.18805/asd.v0iOF.7334.

    25. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2017). Effect of field and farm rearing conditions on the sensory quality of goat meat. Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development. 11(2): 188-192.

    26. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B., Chahal, B.P., Singh, M. and Sharma, S.K. (2018). Effect of multiple births on Jamunapari goat milk minerals under field and farm rearing conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(4): 628-631. doi: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.7831.

    27. Singh, G., Sharma, R.B., Singh, M. and Choudhary, R. (2017). Effect of season on jamunapari goat meat composition under field and farm rearing condition. International Journal Pure and Applied Bioscience. 5(2): 563-568. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2714.

    28. Singh, G. and Sharma, R.B. (2017). Seasonal impact on the minerals of jamunapari goat milk minerals under field and farm rearing condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science. 6(9): 1298-1303.

    29. Singh, G. (2019). Analytical study of front line demonstration (FLD) of Kadaknath poultry farming under climatic conditions of Tonk district of Rajasthan. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 19(2): 49-52. 

    30. Singh, G. and Singh, R.P. (2020). An analytical study on mastitis in cows under climatic conditions of Tonk district. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 20(1): 18-21.

    31. Singh, G. and Somvanshi, S.P.S. (2020). Study on animal rearing practices by dairy owners of district Jaipur Rajasthan. The Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research. 20(1): 61-64.

    32. Singh, G. (2019). Effect of area specific mineral mixture on productive performance of murrah buffaloes under climatic conditions of Tonk district. Indian Research Journal of Genetics and Biotechnology. 11(4): 277-281. 

    33. Singh, G. (2024). Nutrition and feeding management of goats for chevon production. International Journal of Science. Environment and Technology. 13(5): 334-349.

    34. Singh, G., Singh, S., Sharma, K., Sharma, L.K. and Kumar, A. (2024). Effect of goat rearing on environment and rural prosperity in India. International Journal of Science  Environment and Technology. 13(6): 421-433.

    35. Tomar, V., Zhai, J. and Zhou, M. (2004). Bounds for element size in a variable stiffness cohesive finite element model. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.  61: 1894-1920.
    In this Article
      Contact us
      Follow us
      Published In
      Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research

      Editorial Board

      View all (0)