<p><strong>Background: </strong>The clinical manifestations of lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) are common but non-specific to any particular disease among geriatric dogs. Diagnosis and confirmation of the specific lower urinary tract disease is a biggest challenge for a successful treatment plan.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Geriatric dogs that were presented with signs suggestive of lower urinary tract diseases were subjected for detailed clinical examination followed by complete urinalysis, culture and microscopic examination of the urine sample that was collected by ultrasound guided cystocentesis. Abdomen radiography and ultrasonography was also performed to confirm the specific LUT disease. Fine needle aspiration of prostate was also carried out in few selected cases.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>A total of 52 geriatric dogs were diagnosed for various lower urinary tract diseases such as cystitis, cystic calculi, prostate infection, transitional cell carcinoma and both calculi with cystitis. Stranguria, dysuria, malodorous urine, blood-tinged urine, oliguria, urinary incontinence and anuria were few common signs recorded. Apart from RBCs, WBCs and other cellular debris, various types of crystals were also detected on microscopic evaluation of the urine sample. Struvite or triple phosphate crystals (coffin-lid shape) were of predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate (octahedron or envelope shape), calcium oxalate monohydrate (picket fence shape) and ammonium urate or biurate (irregular shape). Most commonly calculi were retrieved from bladder and in few male dogs from urethra. In addition to cystic calculi, transitional cell carcinoma was also recorded among few cases that were reported with hematuria. Enlarged prostate and abscess were common abnormalities of prostate among geriatric dogs.</p>


<p>Lower Urinary Tract Diseases (LUTD) in Geriatric Dogs</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The testicular biometry such as scrotal circumference (SC) and scrotal volume, affect semen quality hence bull fertility and thus testicular biometry can be used for breeding soundness of bulls.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was carried out to study the testicular parameters of 77 Sahiwal males of different ages and to establish its importance for selection of breeding bulls during 2015-2016 at ICAR-NDRI, Karnal. The testicular biometry of each male was done at monthly intervals using Vernier calliper, cloth tap and ultrasonography.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The semen quality parameters were significantly (P&lt;0.05) more in the group having higher scrotal circumference. The scrotal circumference follows the curvilinear manner of growth from 12 months to &gt;72 months (correlation value of 0.92 and R2 0.84). The paired testicular volume (PTV) differed significantly (P&lt;0.05) between different age group males. Scrotal circumference and paired testicular volume are directly related to semen quality hence bull fertility. Thus, testicular biometry is an important criterion for breeding soundness for selecting Sahiwal males.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Testicular Biometry for Breeding Soundness Evaluation of Sahiwal Males Reared under Tropical Conditions</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Sound is one of the most important means of conveying information over long distances as well as in close vicinity. Utterance of animals becomes unique for them when they communicate their individuality or physiological state to the other co species partner. Present study was based on hypothesis of discrimination of individual identity through vocal signal of lactating karan fries (KF) cows. For this 25 KF cows were selected for recording of their vocal signal. Vocal call was recorded after separation of animal from their living herd in the morning hours. &nbsp;Acoustic features of vocalization of individual cow were extracted with the help of PRAAT acoustic analysis software. Analysis of all acoustic features extracted from 250 voice samples of 25 KF cows revealed that differences for amplitude, Total energy, pitch, intensity, formants, pulse, periods, unvoiced frames, voice breaks, jitter, shimmer, mean noise/harmonic ratio and mean harmonic/noise ratio were found highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). Out of these only few acoustic features viz. pulse, pitch, jitter, shimmer, voice break and formants were observed to have significant (p&lt;0.05) difference between each and every individual KF cow. Among these feature formants frequency of every individual cow had a unique pattern in the distribution of frequency contour in their vocal spectrogram. Study concluded that vocal signal of KF cow have some unique feature at individual level, by which cow identification could be made.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Discrimination of karan fries cow&rsquo;s individuality by the mean of their vocal acoustic features</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was designed to analyse the relationship between age, body weight and testicular biometry in young Deoni males. A total of 36 young Deoni males were monitored for body weight and testicular biometry measurements monthly. The average (Mean&plusmn;S.D.) scrotal circumference (cm) and testicular volume (cm3) in &lt;7 months, 7-12 months, &gt;12-18 months, &gt;18-24 months and &gt;24 months age groups were 10.79&plusmn;1.99, 13.4&plusmn;2.25, 17.47&plusmn;3.48, 21.19&plusmn;2.64 and 25.9&plusmn;1.71, respectively and 22.75&plusmn;13.23, 43.05&plusmn;18.32, 98.30&plusmn;67.38, 174.46&plusmn;89.20 and 258.01&plusmn;89.23, respectively. The maximum increase in body weight, scrotal circumference, testicular volume and testicular weight was observed from nine to 16 months of age in young Deoni males. Age of the bulls had a significant (P&lt;0.05) effect on the testicular biometry parameters. The correlation of age and body weight with all testicular parameters was positive and significant (P&lt;0.05). It is concluded that age, body weight and testicular biometry are positively and significantly correlated with each other.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Testicular biometry and its relationship with age and body weight in young Deoni males</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>The available literature and work done so far on diagnosis and therapeutic management of lower urinary tract affections in canine practice is very meagre specially on urethro-cystoscopic examinations, medicinal dissolution of calculi and immunotherapy for neoplasia of UB in dogs.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was carried in 55 dogs with lower urinary tract affections classify according to pathological conditions and therapeutic management. The diagnostic modalities like radiography, ultrasonography in all dogs, urethro-cystoscopy in seven dogs and their findings were studied. The response of therapeutics were also studied.<br />
<br />
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>The dogs having small size calculi treated according to urine pH with oral medicinal dissolution using Ammonium Chloride (Group 1A, n=9) and Di Sodium Hydrogen Citrate (Group 1B, n=10) for sixty days, Group 1C (n=25) dogs with cystitis (n=17) subjected for bacterial culture treated according to sensitive antibiotics, TCC of bladder (n=7) with immunotherapy using BCG vaccine and a dog with leiomyosarcoma with cystotomy. The dogs (Group 2, n=11) with large size calculi (n=10), a lodge catheter in UB and dogs (Group 3, n=6) did not responded medicinal dissolution from group 1A (n=2) and 1B (n=4) treated surgically. One to multiple, variable size recovered calculi (n=24) revealed highest brown colour grossly, calcium oxalate type, higher in Pomeranian breed and dogs fed with combination of vegetarian and commercial feed.</div>


<div>Clinico-diagnosis and Surgico-therapeutic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The productive performance of Red Kandhari cattle were studied at different locations in the breeding tract. The idea behind the collection of data in breeding tract of Red Kandhari cattle from the farmers and breeders herd of Red Kandhari rather than on the organized farm to obtain the real picture of productive performance of breed in the breeding tract. The productive traits often help in judging the economic value of the animal. The overall least square means for lactation milk yield (LMY) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 417.28 + 1.09 kg. The effect of block and season were found significant to highly significant on LMY whereas, the effect of colour was found non-significant. The overall least square means for peak milk yield (PMY) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 2.63 + 0.01 kg. The effect of block, colour and season were found non-significant on PMY. The overall least square means for days to reach peak milk yield (DRPMY) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 39.48 + 0.09 days. The effect of block, colour and season were found non-significant on DRPMY. The overall least square means for lactation period (LP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 242.64 + 0.46 days. The effect of block was found highly significant on LP whereas, the effect of colour and season were found non-significant. The overall least square means for dry period (DP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 180.79 + 0.56 days. The effect of block and colour were found non-significant on DP whereas, the effect of season was found significant. The improvement in productive characteristics of indigenous breeds has become essential to make the economically viable dairy animals.&nbsp;</div>

Studies on productive performance of Red Kandhari cattle in their breeding tract of Maharashtra

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases in cats caused by an imbalance between the natural host defence mechanisms of the urinary tract and virulent bacteria. This study investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated from cats presenting urinary tract problems to veterinary clinics in Istanbul.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> 100 urine samples were collected from cats by cystocentesis and plated on blood agar. Isolates found catalase and oxidase negative plated on Enterococcocel agar. After incubation, the isolates formed black colonies were tested by PCR using <em>E. faecium</em> and <em>E. faecalis</em>-specific primers. Then the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Eight of the 100 isolates that formed black colonies on Enterococcosel agar were identified as <em>Enterococcus</em> spp. After PCR tests, six isolates were classified as <em>E. faecalis</em>, one isolate was classified as E. faecium and one isolate that did not form a band was classified as <em>Enterococcus</em> spp. As a result of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates, most resistance was found to cephalothin (100%) and penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline (87.5%). While vancomycin resistance was not observed in any isolate, the lowest resistance was to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (33.3%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in all (100%) isolates. The presence of multi-resistant enterococci in cats represents a significant health threat. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing should always be performed in urinary tract infections to guide definitive diagnosis and treatment.</p>


<p>Presence of Enterococci in Cats with Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The data pertaining to the lower urinary tract disorders in dogs in India is very merge. This retrospective analysis presents a retrospective analysis of incidence of affections of lower urinary tract in dogs.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The cases of different affections of lower urinary tract presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during April-2012 to March-2017 were screened and detailed information regarding age, sex and breed were collected and analysed to calculate percentage of incidence of different affections of lower urinary tract viz., surgical affections and non-surgical affection.<br />
<br />
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Total 24319 cases of lower urinary tract affections in dogs were registered. Among them 5854 (24.07 %) surgical cases comprising urolithiasis (81, 76.42 %), bladder neoplasia (25, 23.58 %) and 18465 (75.93 %) non-surgical affections with cystitis (176, 0.95 %) cases. The highest incidence of urolithiasis was 25.93 per cent in the year 2014-15 and in 7 to 9 years aged dogs (35.80 %). The sex wise per cent incidence was higher in male (72.84) than female (27.16). The urinary bladder calculi was the highest (72.84 %) followed by the urethra (16.05 %) and both the locations (11.11 %). The year wise highest per cent incidence of cystitis was recorded for the year 2015-16 (52.27). The age wise per cent incidence of cystitis was equally higher 28.98 in the age groups of 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 years, each. The year wise the highest per cent incidence of neoplasia of urinary bladder (TCC) in dogs was 52.00 for the year 2015-2016. The age wise percent incidence of neoplasia of urinary bladder was the highest in 7 to 9 years age groups (36.00). The sex wise per cent incidence for neoplasia in urinary bladder was higher in male (64.00) than female (36.00). The breed wise highest per cent incidence of urolithiasis was in Pomeranian (25.93), cystitis in Pug (28.41) and neoplasia of bladder (TCC) Labrador and Pug (20.00, each).</div>


<p>Retrospective Analysis of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs: Study of Five Years</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Among the three varieties of Nellore sheep, Nellore brown was most popular among the shepherds of Telangana state. The research on the performance of the other two varieties <em>i.e.</em> Palla and Dora was done extensively in their home tract but less data was available about performance of Nellore brown under different system of rearing. The growth rate of lambs was highest from birth to weaning in their life. The system of rearing can influence both growth rate and biometrical measurements of the lamb. The performance of the lambs during this stage influence the productive and reproductive performance in the lifetime.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty Nellore brown ewes (1.5 - 2 years) were selected from Sheep unit, Livestock Research Station, Mamnoor, Telangana for the present study.&nbsp; The lambs born in intensive (G1, lambs born N= 14), Semi-intensive (G2, lambs born N= 14) and Extensive (G3, lambs born N= 12) system of rearing were used to study the growth performance and biometry of lambs from birth to weaning.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The birth weight (kg) of lambs in G1 and G2 groups were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher than lambs in G3 group. The weaning body weight (Kg) was significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) in G1 group as compared to weaning body weights in G2 and G3 group. The mean average ADG (gm) of lambs from birth to weaning was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in G1 (105.4&plusmn;0.19) followed by G2 (97.9&plusmn;0.14) and G3 (92.8&plusmn;0.07) group. The mean pin shoulder length (cm) of lambs at birth in G1 group was higher than G2 and G3 group but had a significant (P&lt;0.05) difference with the only G3 group. In G1 group, the mean heart girth (cm) of lambs from15<sup>th</sup> day to weaning was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher than G2 and G3 groups. The mean gain in paunch girth from birth to weaning in lambs of three groups was nearly 19 cm and had no significant (P&lt;0.05) difference between groups.</div>


<p>​Growth Performance and Biometry of Nellore Brown Lambs from Birth to Weaning under Different Systems of Rearing</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1) the causative agent of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is of great concern to dairy farmers and veterinarians due to great economic impact caused by the virus in terms of loss of production and abortion. Therefore, the study was planned to detect the virus circulating in the bovine population of the region under study. This virus is an important pathogen of bovine respiratory diseases. The aim of the present study was to isolate the BoHV-1 virus from the upper respiratory tract of bovines.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 13 nasal swab samples were subjected to virus isolation in Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells lines. A PCR assay was applied to confirm the BoHV-1 DNA by targeting gI glycoprotein gene in isolates.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Total two IBR virus isolates were recovered from 13 nasal swab samples of bovines. Both isolates exhibited cytopathic effects i.e. clumping and rounding of cells. A 468 base pair of amplified product from both isolates confirmed the IBR virus in gI gene specific PCR for BoHV-1. This study concludes that IBR virus exists among cattle population of Punjab and it is present in the upper respiratory tract of infected animal and shed through respiratory route. The PCR detection assay for detection of BoHV-1 from nasal swab samples is considerably more sensitive than virus isolation.</div>


Lower Urinary Tract Diseases (LUTD) in Geriatric Dogs

Testicular Biometry for Breeding Soundness Evaluation of Sahiwal Males Reared under Tropical Conditions

Discrimination of karan fries cow’s individuality by the mean of their vocal acoustic features

Testicular biometry and its relationship with age and body weight in young Deoni males

Clinico-diagnosis and Surgico-therapeutic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs

Studies on productive performance of Red Kandhari cattle in their breeding tract of Maharashtra

Presence of Enterococci in Cats with Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles

Retrospective Analysis of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs: Study of Five Years

Growth Performance and Biometry of Nellore Brown Lambs from Birth to Weaning under Different Systems of Rearing

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 from Upper Respiratory Tract of Bovines