Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorK.M.L. Pathak

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.50

  • SJR 0.263

  • Impact Factor 0.4 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 55 issue 8 (august 2021) : 941-945

Retrospective Analysis of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs: Study of Five Years

J.J. Parmar1,*, P.V. Parikh1, A.I. Shah1, P.B. Dabhi1
1Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India.
Cite article:- Parmar J.J., Parikh P.V., Shah A.I., Dabhi P.B. (2021). Retrospective Analysis of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs: Study of Five Years . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 55(8): 941-945. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-4146.

ABSTRACT

Background: The data pertaining to the lower urinary tract disorders in dogs in India is very merge. This retrospective analysis presents a retrospective analysis of incidence of affections of lower urinary tract in dogs. 

Methods: The cases of different affections of lower urinary tract presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during April-2012 to March-2017 were screened and detailed information regarding age, sex and breed were collected and analysed to calculate percentage of incidence of different affections of lower urinary tract viz., surgical affections and non-surgical affection.

Conclusion: Total 24319 cases of lower urinary tract affections in dogs were registered. Among them 5854 (24.07 %) surgical cases comprising urolithiasis (81, 76.42 %), bladder neoplasia (25, 23.58 %) and 18465 (75.93 %) non-surgical affections with cystitis (176, 0.95 %) cases. The highest incidence of urolithiasis was 25.93 per cent in the year 2014-15 and in 7 to 9 years aged dogs (35.80 %). The sex wise per cent incidence was higher in male (72.84) than female (27.16). The urinary bladder calculi was the highest (72.84 %) followed by the urethra (16.05 %) and both the locations (11.11 %). The year wise highest per cent incidence of cystitis was recorded for the year 2015-16 (52.27). The age wise per cent incidence of cystitis was equally higher 28.98 in the age groups of 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 years, each. The year wise the highest per cent incidence of neoplasia of urinary bladder (TCC) in dogs was 52.00 for the year 2015-2016. The age wise percent incidence of neoplasia of urinary bladder was the highest in 7 to 9 years age groups (36.00). The sex wise per cent incidence for neoplasia in urinary bladder was higher in male (64.00) than female (36.00). The breed wise highest per cent incidence of urolithiasis was in Pomeranian (25.93), cystitis in Pug (28.41) and neoplasia of bladder (TCC) Labrador and Pug (20.00, each).

INTRODUCTION

Dog is the most favoured domestic animal among all the pet animals. Dogs suffer from various diseases affecting urinary tracts leading to malfunctioning of organs followed by critical medical emergency or death of the animal (Mukherjee et al., 2014). Urolithiasis is a very common condition of dogs and almost all breeds are affected. Male dogs are more affected than females. Obstructive urolithiasis of lower urinary tract is the most common condition affecting the urethra in dogs (Madhu et al., 2013). Other surgical affections of urinary system in dogs include transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of urinary bladder, which contributes only 0.50-1.00 percent of all canine cancers (Brown et al., 1977). UTI is one of the most common canine infections and among the most common indications for antimicrobial therapy (Varges et al., 2009). On screening through the available literature, it was found that the work done so far on retrospective analysis of incidence of affections of lower urinary tract in canine practice in India is very meagre. Hence forth present study presents a retrospective analysis of incidence of affections of lower urinary tract in dogs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cases of different affections of lower urinary tract presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during April-2012 to March-2017 were screened and detailed information regarding age, sex and breed were collected and analysed which were utilized to calculate percentage of incidence of different affections of lower urinary tract viz., surgical affections (urolithiasis and neoplasia of urinary bladder) and non-surgical affection (cystitis).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The retrospective analysis of records pertaining to the cases presented for urinary tract at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand was carried out for the period from April-2012 to March-2017. The details of the results are presented in Table 1. A total of 24319 cases of canine patients were registered at VCC during a period of last five years (April 2012 to March 2017). Among them, 5854 (24.07%) were the surgical and 18465 (75.93%) cases were having non-surgical affections. Among the surgical cases, a total of 106 (1.81%) cases had surgical affections of urinary system comprises of urolithiasis 81 (76.42%) cases and neoplasia of urinary bladder 25 (23.58%) while among this 176 (0.95%) cases were of non-surgical affections of urinary system, i.e., cystitis. 
 

Table 1: Overall incidence (per cent) of lower urinary tract affections in dogs from April-2012 to March-2017.


 
Codreanu et al., (2017) reported lower incidence of surgical affections and higher non-surgical affection than the findings of the present study. Brown et al., (1977), Amarpal et al., (2004) and Amarpal et al., (2013) reported lower (2.8, 14.53 and 8.00%, respectively) incidence of urolithiasis in dogs than findings of present study (76.42%). Kandula and Karlapudi (2014) reported the lower rate of prevalence of urolithiasis and cystitis as compare to the findings of the present study. Mukherjee et al., (2014) reported lower prevalence rate of lower urinary tract infections comprising high prevalence of urolithiasis followed by cystitis. Griffin et al., (2018) stated that lower urinary tract neoplasia comprises of 2% of all canine malignancies. Sarma and Dutta (2014) reported that 2.21 per cent dogs were found to be affected with urinary system disorders. Kirsch (1998) reported 12.7% cystitis in diabetic dogs from period of 1990-1996. Adamama-Moraitou et al., (2017) reported lower incidence for urolithiasis, urinary tract infection and urinary tumours in dogs than the finding of present study. Yehia and Salem (2015) reported lower incidence of urolithiasis while higher rate of cystic neoplasia and cystitis in dogs as compare to findings of present study.
 
The highest year wise per cent incidence of urolithiasis in dogs was 25.93 for the year 2014-15, followed by for the year 2015-16 (23.45), year 2013-14 (19.75), year 2012-13 (16.05) and year 2016-17 (14.81). The age wise per cent incidence of urolithiasis was highest in 7-9 year age group (35.80), 4-6 year (28.39), 10-12 year (22.22), 13-15 year (8.64), 16-18 (3.70) and 0-3 (1.23). The sex wise per cent incidence was higher in male (72.84) than female (27.16) (Fig 1). The year wise per cent incidence of urolithiasis in dogs found in the present study are in agreement with the findings reported by Gohil (2016), whereas Bende et al., (2015) reported comparatively lower incidence of urolithiasis than the present findings. The higher incidence of urolithiasis in male dogs found in the present study could be attributed to more complicated anatomy of the urinary system as compared to that of female having shorter and larger urethra. Jeong-Seong Mok (2002) stated urinary calculi occurred more often in males than females and stated that canine urolithiasis can occurred from one year until 12 year but the most prevalent age was 3 years. Hesse, (1990) reported incidence of urolithiasis in first year of life and its increase up to six year of age than decline from age of eight years in dogs. Brown et al., (1977) reported incidence of canine urolithiasis in age between 3 and 7 years old.
 

Fig 1: Age and Sex wise incidence (per cent) of urolithiasis in dogs from April-2012 to March- 2017.


 
The location wise per cent incidence of calculi was found to be the highest for urinary bladder (72.84) followed by the urethra (16.05) and both the locations (11.11) (Table 2). The location wise per cent incidence of urolithiasis in dogs found in the present study corroborated well with the observations reported by Bhadesiya (2016), Gohil (2016) and Hesse et al., (2016). However, as compared to the present findings, higher incidence of urethral calculi was reported by Sarma and Dutta (2014) in dogs.
 

Table 2: Location wise incidence (per cent) of urolithiasis in dogs from year April- 2012 to March-2017.


 
The year wise highest per cent incidence of cystitis was recorded for the year 2015-16 (52.27), followed by the year 2016-2017 (41.48), 2013-14 (18.75), 2014-15 (14.77) and the lowest in the year 2012-13 (8.52). The age wise per cent incidence of cystitis was equally higher 28.98 in the age groups of 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 years, each, followed by 4 to 6 years (17.04), 13 to 15 years (15.34), 0 to 3 (6.25) and 16 to 18 (3.40). The sex wise per cent incidence of cystitis was higher in male (55.11) than female (44.89) (Table 3). Wong et al., (2015) reported age wise incidence of urinary tract infection which revealed 5.2% in dogs of <1 year of age, 30.4% were between 1to7 years and 64.3% were >7 years old while 74% were females and 26% were males.
 

Table 3: Age and sex wise incidence (per cent) of cystitis of urinary bladder in dogs from April-2012 to March- 2017.


 
The year wise the highest per cent incidence of neoplasia of urinary bladder (TCC) in dogs was 52.00 for the year 2015-2016, followed by the years 2012-13 (16.00), 2013-14 and 2016-17 (12.00, each) and 2014-15 (8.00). The age wise per cent incidence of neoplasia of urinary bladder was the highest in 7 to 9 years age groups (36.00), followed by 10 to 12 years (32.00), 4 to 6 years and 13 to 15 years (16.00, each). The sex wise per cent incidence for neoplasia in urinary bladder was higher in male (64.00) than female (36.00) (Table 4). In the present study the higher incidence was reported in 7 to 9 years age groups and higher in male. Norris et al., (1992) reported tumour were common in older age dogs and higher in female dogs than male dogs. In the present study neoplasia was highest in male as compare to female. Budreckis et al., (2015) reported the higher involvement of female dogs as compare to male dogs.
 

Table 4: Age and sex wise incidence (per cent) of neoplasia of urinary bladder from April- 2012 to March- 2017.


 
The breed wise per cent incidence of urolithiasis was highest in Pomeranian (25.93), followed by Pug (22.22), German shepherd and Labrador (13.58, each), Doberman (7.40), Lhasa Apso (4.94), Rottweiler (3.70), Cocker Spaniel and Boxer (2.47, each) and Beagle, Golden Retriever and Dachshund (1.23, each) (Fig 2). Amarpal et al., (2004) reported highest incidence of urolithiasis in Spitz (49%) followed by other breeds whereas Gohil (2016) reported highest incidence in Pug breed followed by other breeds of dog.
 

Fig 2: Breed wise incidence (per cent) of urolithiasis from April-2012 to March-2017.


 
The breed wise per cent incidence of cystitis was the highest in Pug (28.41) followed by Pomeranian (23.29), Labrador (20.45), German shepherd (13.63), equally in equally in Doberman and Non-descript (3.40 each), Rottweiler (2.84), Cocker Spaniel (2.27), Golden Retriever (1.70) and English Mastiff (1.56) (Fig 3). Wong et al., (2015) reported the higher incidence of cystitis in a Labrador retriever followed by other breeds.
 

Fig 3: Breed wise incidence (per cent) of cystitis from April-2012 to March-2017.


 
The breed wise per cent incidence of neoplasia of urinary bladder (TCC) was found to be the highest in Labrador and Pug (20.00, each) followed by Germen Shepherd (16.00), Pomeranian and Great Dane (12.00, each), Doberman (8.00) and Beagle, Lhasa Apso, Cocker Spaniel and Golden retriever (4.00, each) (Fig 4). Norris et al., (1992) reported that German Shepherds were significantly under-represented among dogs with lower urinary tract tumours whereas Budreckis et al., (2015) reported the higher in mixed breeds followed by other breeds.
 

Fig 4: Breed wise incidence (per cent) of neoplasia from April-2012 to March-2017.

CONCLUSION

Urolithiasis and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of urinary bladder were found to be the common surgical affections of lower urinary tract and cystitis was found to be the non-surgical affection in dogs. The male dogs between age group of 7 to 9 years were found to be suffering more from lower urinary tract affections. The breed wise highest per cent incidence of urolithiasis was in Pomeranian, cystitis in Pug and neoplasia of bladder (TCC) Labrador and Pug.

REFERENCES


  1. Adamama-Moraitou, K.K., Pardali, D., Prassinos, N.N., Menexes, G., Patsikas, M.N. and Rallis, T.S. (2017). Evaluation of dogs with macroscopic haematuria: a retrospective study of 162 cases (2003-2010). New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 65(4): 204-208. 

  2. Amarpal, Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H.P., Pawde, A.M., Singh, T. and Pratap, K. (2004). Incidence of urolithiasis: A retrospective study of five years. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 74(2): 175-177. 

  3. Amarpal, Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H.P., Pawde, A.M., Pratap, K. and Gugjoo, M.B. (2013). A Retrospective Study on the Prevalence of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Domestic Animals during a Period of 10 Years. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 1(3): 88-92. 

  4. Bende, B., Kovacs, K.B., Solymosi, N. and Nemeth, T. (2015). Characteristics of uroithiasis in the dog population of Hungary from 2001 to 2012. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 63(3): 323-336. 10.1556/004.2015.030.

  5. Bhadesiya, C.M. (2016). Studies on Etio-diagnosis of urinary dysfunctions in Dogs with special reference to clinico-pathology and therapeutic management of acute renal failure. (Doctoral Thesis, Anand Agricultural University, Anand).

  6. Brown N.O., Parks, J.L. and Greene, R.W. (1977). Canine urolithiasis: retrospective analysis of 438 cases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 170(4): 414-418.

  7. Budreckis, D.M., Byrne, B.A., Pollard, R.E., Rebhun, R.B., Rodriguez Jr, C.O. and Skorupski, K.A. (2015). Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections Associated with Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 29: 828-833. 

  8. Codreanu, M., Popa, A.M., Codreanu, L. and Nae, R. (2017). Clinical and ultrasound features in dysuric dogs. Agrolife Scientific Journal. 6(2): 67-72. 

  9. Gohil, K.M. (2016). Studies on incidence, diagnosis and management of surgical affections of urinary system in dogs. (M.V.Sc. Thesis, Anand Agricultural University, Anand).

  10. Griffin, M.A., Culp, W.T.N. and Rebhun, R.B. (2018). Lower urinary tract neoplasia. Veterinary Science. 5(96): 1-17. 

  11. Hesse, A. (1990). Canine urolithiasis: epidemiology and analysis of urinary calculi. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 31: 599-604.

  12. Hesse, A., Hoffmann, J., Orzekowsky, H. and Neiger, R. (2016). Canine cystine urolithiasis: A review of 1760 submissions over 35 years (1979–2013). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 57: 277-281.

  13. Jeong-Seong Mok (2002). Urolithiasis in dogs: Comparison of breed, gender, anatomic location, urinalysis and mineral composition of calculus (30) cases. Journal of Veterinary Clinics. 19(2): 272-275. 

  14. Kandula, S. and Karlapudi, S.K. (2014). Prevalence of renal disorders in dogs-a clinical study. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine. 2(3): 146-148. 

  15. Kirsch, M. (1998). Incidence of bacterial cystitis in diabetic dogs and cats at the time of diagnosis. Retrospective study for the period 1990-1996. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 26(1): 32-36.

  16. Madhu, D.N., Remya, V., Rohit Kumar, Sivanarayanan, T.B., Amarpal, Aithal, H.P., Kinjavdekar, P., Pawde, A.M. and Zama, M.M.S. (2013). Surgical Management of Obstructive Urolithiasis in a Dog. Indian Journal of Canine Practice. 5(1): 162-164.

  17. Mukherjee, P., Chakrabarti, A., Har, T., Batabyal, K. and Das, B. (2014). Study of haematological profiles of dogs infected with pathogenic aerobes. Exploratory Animal and Medical Research. 4(1): 81-85.

  18. Norris, A.M. Laing, E.J. Valli, Victor E.O., Withrow, S.J. Macy, D.W. Ogilvie, G.K., Tomlinson, J., McCaw, D., Pidgeon, G. and Jacobs, R.M. (1992). Canine Bladder and Urethral Tumors: A Retrospective Study of 115 Cases (1980-1985). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6(3): 145-153.

  19. Sarma, B. K. and Dutta, B. (2014). Urinary system disorders in canine among the clinical cases. Indian Journal of Veterinary Research. 23(2): 25-27.

  20. Varges, R., Penna, B. and Lilenbaum, W. (2009). Urinary tract infection caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum in a male dog. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia. 61(2): 520-522.

  21. Wong, C., Epstein, S.E. and Westropp, J.L. (2015). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs (2010-2013). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 29: 1045-1052.

  22. Yehia, S.G. and Salem, N.Y. (2015). Ultrasonographic Abnormalities in Canine Urinary and Prostatic Affections. Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners. 4(3): 93-98. 
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)