<div>This study aims to investigate the effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from Urechis unicinctus on the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway in rat platelets. The concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) in rat platelets were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in rat platelets were detected through Western blot. The expression of P2Y12 gene in rat platelets was analyzed via real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and reverse-transcription PCR. It was observed that GAG significantly increased the cAMP content (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01) and decreased the TXB2 and GPIIb/IIIa concentrations (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01) in rat platelets. GAG significantly enhanced the phosphorylation levels of PKA and VASP in rat platelets (p &lt; 0.01) and had a synergistic effect with the P2Y12 receptor blocker. GAG significantly reduced the expression level of P2Y12 gene in rat platelets (p &lt; 0.01). We speculated that GAG from U. unicinctus inhibited platelet aggregation in rats through the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway.</div>

<div>Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P2Y12 Receptor Signaling Pathway in Rat Platelets</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The acute and persistent toxicity experiments was conducted in the Insectary of Agricultural College and Research Institute (AC&amp;RI), Maduari, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Two field experiments were conducted at farmer&rsquo;s field at Jadhi Goundanpatti, Attur Block, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu. The incidence of M. vitrata (Geyer) has been increasing for the last few years and the larvae bore inside the flower buds, flowers and the green pods and cause upto 40-70 per cent damage. A new biological insecticide molecule, spinetoram 12 SC was evaluated for acute toxicity on laboratory reared M. vitrata population, and persistence on pigeonpea leaves at laboratory conditions; and effect on M. vitrata on pigeonpea at field conditions during 2012-13 and 2013-2014 seasons. Acute toxicity studies revealed that LC50&lsquo;s of spinetoram on third instar larvae after 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment were 4.30, 1.95 and 1.46 ppm respectively. In persistence studies, Persistence was upto 11 DAT for spinetoram 12 SC 27 g a.i./ha, spinosad 45 SC 78 g, emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 11 g a.i./ha, and monocrotophos 36 SL at 500 g; and 14 DAT for spinetoram 12 SC 36 and 45 g a.i./ha. There was a reduction in the mortality of M. vitrata larvae as the time increased and there was no mortality at 21 DAT. Results indicated that spinetoram 12 SC was significantly effective at 36 and 45 g a.i./ha when sprayed thrice at 15 days interval and minimized the incidence of leaf feeder, M. vitrata on pigeonpea plants.&nbsp;</div>

Field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Maruca vitrata on pigeonpea

<div style="text-align: justify;">The young larvae of L. boeticus damage flowers and pods. A new biological insecticide molecule, spinetoram 12 SC was evaluated for acute toxicity on greenhouse environment reared L. boeticus and persistence on pigeonpea pods at laboratory; and effect on L. boeticus on pigeonpea at field conditions during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Acute toxicity studies revealed that LC50&lsquo;s of spinetoram on third instar larvae after 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment were 6.71, 2.23 and 1.28 ppm respectively. In persistence studies, spinetoram 12 SC 27 g a.i./ha was upto 11 DAT and 14 DAT for spinetoram 12 SC 36 and 45 g a.i./ha. More than 50 per cent mortality was observed in spinetoram 12 SC at 45 g a.i./ha upto 9 DAT, spinetoram 12 SC at 27 and 36 g a.i./ha, spinosad 45 SC 78 g a.i./ha and emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 11 g a.i./ha upto 7 DAT, monocrotophos 36 SL at 500 g a.i./ha upto 5 DAT, respectively. Results indicated that spinetoram 12 SC was significantly effective at 36 and 45 g a.i./ha when sprayed thrice at 15 days interval and minimized the incidence of L. boeticus on pigeonpea plants and increases the grain yield. All the spinetoram doses did not show any phytotoxic symptoms on pigeonpea plants.</div>

In-Vivo and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Lampides boeticus on pigeonpea&nbsp;

Background: Salmonella typhimurium is an avian pathogen that can cause severe intestinal disease, especially in younger chickens and adverse economic losses in the poultry industry. It affects the major organs of the birds; Newly hatched/younger birds are more affected by salmonellosis than older birds due to an underdeveloped organ. As a result of this problem, solutions are sought by researchers to reduce the problems of microorganisms&rsquo; resistance to antibiotics by replacing them with some phytogenic growth promoters that are more accessible, less expensive, have a low risk of toxicity, low health hazard on the consumers and are environmentally friendly. This experiment was conducted during the late rainy period of September and October 2023; to evaluate the effects of ginger and garlic extracts as a substitute to ciprofloxacin on the growth performance and the immune modulation of interleukin (IL-12) gene expression in broiler chickens, experimentally challenged with Salmonella typhimurium infection.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 240 day-old-chicks were assigned to five treatments in a completely randomized design, with the following dosage levels: T1 (Negative Control, no ciprofloxacin, Ginger and garlic) T2 (positive control - ciprofloxacin without Ginger nor garlic); T3 contained 10 ml of ginger extract; T4 contained 10ml of garlic extract; T5 contained 10 ml of both ginger and garlic extracts. The birds were orally challenged with 10 ml/liter of water containing Salmonella typhimurium infection before commencing the various treatments already enunciated above. Three weeks post-infection, sample organs were harvested and analyzed for IL-12 mRNA expressions. 
 
Result: Results obtained showed that IL-12 was upregulated in the liver in all the treatments when compared to the control treatment, whereas only (T5), showed an upregulated IL-12 mRNA expression in the caecum. The results obtained from the growth parameters showed that ginger and garlic extract had no detrimental effect on the weekly growth performance parameters. Nevertheless, birds fed with a mixture of 10 ml of ginger and garlic extracts performed best in terms of body weight gain followed by the control treatment that contained ciprofloxacin; while T2 performed the least when compared to other treatment groups.&nbsp;

Effects of Ginger and Garlic Extract on Performance and Interleukin (IL-12) Gene Expression of Broiler Chickens Experimentally Challenged with Salmonella typhimurium

<div>Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy is the important myocardial disease and one of the most common cause of death in the medium to large size dog breeds worldwide. The disease is characterized by dilatation of cardiac chambers and thinning of walls leads to systolic failure. Mutations in some sarcomere genes leads to cardiomyopathy in humans. Sarcomere is an important multifunctional protein network involved in the signal reception and transduction. Mutations in &beta;-MYH7, MYBPC3 and TCAP genes produce alterations in the morphology of heart (hypertrophy or dilatation). 
 
Methods: In this study twenty apparently healthy and twenty five dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were selected from patients reported or referred to University Veterinary Hospital and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy (2015-2017) based on the clinical examination, radiographic, electrocardiographic, haematobiochemical and echocardiographic studies cardiac disorders (Dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) were confirmed. 
 
Result: In the present study we investigated genetic alterations of exon 12 of &beta;-MYH7, 16 of MYBPC3 and 2 of TCAP gene in dogs by polymerase chain reaction -single stranded confirmation of polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Polymerase chain reactions were analysed using acrylamide gel and samples with different pattern of bands were sequenced. Polymerase chain reaction-SSCP showed different migration of band pattern in the intron 1 of TCAP gene in one sample.</div>

<div>Investigation of Mutations in Exon 12 Of &beta;-MYH7, 16 Of MYBPC3 and 2 Of TCAP Gene in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy using PCR-SSCP Technique</div>

<div>Background: United Nations SDG-2 and SDG-3 pledges to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and reduce premature deaths of children persisting amongst 821 million people globally. Chickpeas, the second largest food legume in the world, are important due to dietary, therapeutic and health values since Roman times and are ideal source of protein, carbohydrate, minerals and &beta;-carotene. Therefore, it is central to alleviate malnutrition and ensuring good health. 
 
Methods: We conducted experiments during Rabi crop season 2018-19 and 2019-20 and studied proximate nutritional compositions such as protein, its bioavailability enhancement procedures, optimum sprouting stage and potential genotypes. The present series experiment as 6th one was undertaken to find out the impacts of varying seed seedlings germination stages at 0, 3 and 6 days on observed estimates of protein contents in 12 potential genotypes of chickpea including Pusa-256 as standard (control) check. 
 
Result: We noticed erosion of reserved seed nutrients activating seedling growth and enhancing nutritional values, observed protein in the range of 18.96 to 28.69%, discovered 6 days sprouts giving highest digestible protein and identified genotypes BG-1092, ICC-11378, JG-74 as potential resources to be utilized in breeding programmes for harnessing their genetic potentials for enriching protein and other nutritional components.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Dissecting Proteomic Estimates for Enhanced Bioavailable Nutrition during Varied Stages of Germination and Identification of Potential Genotypes in Chickpea</div>

Background: Uncontrolled weed growth reported to reduce rice yields by 33 to 45%, while manual weeding is labor-intensive, time-consuming and costly. Pre-emergence herbicides prevent weed establishment and post-emergence herbicides target established weeds, offering effective and less costly weed control. However, an integrated approach to weed management is crucial to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability and minimize environmental impacts and weed resistance development. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: An experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Research farm, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University, Paralakhemundi, Odisha during the kharif season of 2023 in randomized block design with fourteen treatments viz., Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 200 g/ha at 1-3 DAT(T1), Bispyribac sodium 10%SC @ 250 ml/ha at 25 DAT(T2), Penoxsulam 21.7%SC @ 166 ml/ha at 25 DAT (T3), Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10%WP @ 4 g/ha at 25 DAT (T4), Florpyrauxifen-benzyl 1.31% + Penoxsulam 2.1% @2027ml/ha at 25 DAT (T5), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Bispyribac sodium at 25 DAT (T6), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Penoxsulam at 25 DAT (T7), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Florpyrauxifen-benzyl + Penoxsulam 25 DAT (T8), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Metsulfuron methyl 10%+ Chlorimuron ethyl 10% 25 DAT (T9), Triafamone20%+ Ethoxysulfuron 10% WG@ 225 g/ha at 20 DAT (T10), Pyriftalid 31.0% + Bensulfuron methyl15.7% @375ml/ha 20 DAT (T11), Pyrazosulfuron followed by one hand weeding at 25 DAT (T12), Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT (T13) and Weedy check (T14) which were replicated thrice. 
&nbsp; 
Result: At 30 and 60 DAT, the total weed density and dry weight was significantly low in hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT over all other treatments. At 30 DAT, the weed control efficiency was higher in the treatment Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT (T13) followed by T8&nbsp;and T12&nbsp;where the efficiency was more than 90%. At 30 DAT, the dry matter was significantly higher with T13&nbsp;and T8 over all other treatments.The grain yield observed with T13&nbsp;was on par with that of T8&nbsp;and T10&nbsp;and significantly superior over all other treatments. For getting higher yield and net returns in transplanted rice, application of T8, T10, or T13&nbsp;is recommended for transplanted rice during kharif season. This paper is aligned with UN SDG 14.

Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides Influence on Productivity of Transplanted Rice

<div style="text-align: justify;">Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) are proinflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to infection with intracellular pathogens. Given the importance of IL-12 and IL-23 for modulating inflammation and the host immune response, the IL-12 and IL-23 receptor genes may be suitable candidate genes for studying disease resistance in dairy cattle. DNA samples of twenty Chinese Holstein cows were selected randomly for PCR amplification and sequencing, and used for SNP discovery in the bovine IL-12R&acirc;2 and IL-23R promoter regions. One SNP (c.-246G&gt;T, rs385343195) in IL-12R&acirc;2 and 2 SNPs [c.-856A&gt;G (rs109216732) and c.-207T&gt;C (rs109571825)] in IL-23R were identified. Identified SNPs were genotyped in 866 Chinese Holstein cows and associations between SNPs or haplotypes and clinical mastitis infection were analyzed by logistic regression model. Significant associations between rs385343195 (IL-12R&acirc;2 gene) and haplotypes of SNPs rs385343195-rs109216732-rs109571825 (TGC and TAT), and clinical mastitis infection were detected depending on parity, and this provides insight into the complex mechanisms of immunity to infections. Further investigations are required to reveal the mechanisms of IL-12R&acirc;2 and IL-23R in mastitis susceptibility in cattle.</div>

Parity-dependent association between IL-12R&acirc;2 and IL-23R gene polymorphisms and clinical mastitis in Chinese Holstein cows

<div>The present work was conducted to evaluate the performance in respect of post-weaning growth and morphometric traits of Assam Hill goat. Data on 960 animals belonging to 3 populations of Assam Hill goat maintained at three field units viz., Batabari, Nahira and Tetelia under All India Coordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement were utilized. The least-squares means for body weight, height at withers, heart girth and body length were 7.557 &plusmn; 0.049 kg, 41.231 &plusmn; 0.121 cm, 44.621 &plusmn; 0.115 cm and 50.778 &plusmn; 0.172 cm at 6 months; 9.934 &plusmn; 0.044 kg, 43.902 &plusmn; 0.120 cm, 48.890 &plusmn; 0.099 cm and 55.552 &plusmn; 0.170 cm at 9 months and 12.549 &plusmn; 0.046 kg, 46.791 &plusmn; 0.112 cm, 52.765 &plusmn; 0.090 cm and 58.392 &plusmn; 0.207 cm at 12 months of age, respectively. &nbsp;Location had significant effect on body weight and height at withers at all age groups; on heart girth at 6, 9 and 12 months and on body length at 6 and 12 months of age. Season of birth exerted significant effect on body weight at 9 and 12 months; on height at withers at 12 months and on body length at 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Significant effect of sex was observed on body weight at 9 and 12 months, on height at withers at 6, 9 and 12 months and on heart girth and body length at 9 and 12 months of age. The heritability estimates for body weight and body measurements were moderate indicating scope of selection. The phenotypic and genetic correlation among body weights and body measurements at 6, 9 and 12 months of age were positive in direction and high in magnitude.</div>

<div>Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Post-Weaning Growth and Morphometric Traits in Assam Hill Goat</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) member of the family Alliaceae, quality planting material is one of the major inputs to successful crop production. Planting spacing is the systematic evaluation of the farm area or any growing surface for crop production.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to investigate the effect of planting pattern on morphology and physiology variables of two garlic cultivars an experiments was conducted as a factorial based randomized block design with three replications in research field of Gonbad-e-Kavous University during 2016-2017. The factors were included seven planting patterns (12.5&times;12.5, 15&times;15, 17.5&times;17.5, 20&times;20, 22.5&times;22.5, 25&times;25 and 27.5&times;27.5 cm) and two garlic cultivars (Tarom and Hamedan) and the measurements were phenology bulb yield, harvest index, biological yield and quality parameters (total phenol, antioxidant activity, total flavonoid and allicin). 
 
Result: The highest bulb yield (19014.4 kg ha-1) was recorded in planting pattern 12.5&times;12.5 cm that obtained from the Hamedan cultivar. The highest and lowest of total phenol content ranged from 10.43 mg/100 g (27.5 &times; 27.5 cm) to 8.50 mg/100gr (12.5 &times; 12.5 cm). The antioxidant activity varied from 85.20% (27.5 &times; 27.5 cm) to 77.59% (12.5 &times; 12.5 cm). The results also showed that Hamedan cultivar had a higher bulb yield, total phenol, Flavonoid and antioxidant activity than Tarom cultivar. The minimum days to 50% leafing (24.16 days), days to 50% bulb initiation (74.50 days) and days to 50% maturation (152.83 days) observed in planting pattern 12.5&times;12.5 cm treatment.</div>

Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P₂Y₁₂ Receptor Signaling Pathway in Rat Platelets

Field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Maruca vitrata on pigeonpea

In-Vivo and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Lampides boeticus on pigeonpea

Effects of Ginger and Garlic Extract on Performance and Interleukin (IL-12) Gene Expression of Broiler Chickens Experimentally Challenged with Salmonella typhimurium

Investigation of Mutations in Exon 12 Of β-MYH7, 16 Of MYBPC3 and 2 Of TCAP Gene in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy using PCR-SSCP Technique

Dissecting Proteomic Estimates for Enhanced Bioavailable Nutrition during Varied Stages of Germination and Identification of Potential Genotypes in Chickpea

Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides Influence on Productivity of Transplanted Rice

Parity-dependent association between IL-12Râ2 and IL-23R gene polymorphisms and clinical mastitis in Chinese Holstein cows

Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Post-Weaning Growth and Morphometric Traits in Assam Hill Goat

Effect of Planting Pattern on Physico-chemical Properties of Two Garlic Cultivar