Banner
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 40 issue 6 (december 2017) : 1126-1132,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-3644

In-Vivo and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Lampides boeticus on pigeonpea 

A
A. Sanjeevi kumar
N
N. Muthukrishnan
1Department of Agriculture Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

  • Submitted30-10-2015|

  • Accepted21-07-2016|

  • First Online 18-09-2017|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-3644

Cite article:- kumar Sanjeevi A., Muthukrishnan N. (2017). In-Vivo and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Lampides boeticus on pigeonpea. Legume Research. 40(6): 1126-1132. doi: 10.18805/LR-3644.

ABSTRACT

The young larvae of L. boeticus damage flowers and pods. A new biological insecticide molecule, spinetoram 12 SC was evaluated for acute toxicity on greenhouse environment reared L. boeticus and persistence on pigeonpea pods at laboratory; and effect on L. boeticus on pigeonpea at field conditions during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Acute toxicity studies revealed that LC50‘s of spinetoram on third instar larvae after 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment were 6.71, 2.23 and 1.28 ppm respectively. In persistence studies, spinetoram 12 SC 27 g a.i./ha was upto 11 DAT and 14 DAT for spinetoram 12 SC 36 and 45 g a.i./ha. More than 50 per cent mortality was observed in spinetoram 12 SC at 45 g a.i./ha upto 9 DAT, spinetoram 12 SC at 27 and 36 g a.i./ha, spinosad 45 SC 78 g a.i./ha and emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 11 g a.i./ha upto 7 DAT, monocrotophos 36 SL at 500 g a.i./ha upto 5 DAT, respectively. Results indicated that spinetoram 12 SC was significantly effective at 36 and 45 g a.i./ha when sprayed thrice at 15 days interval and minimized the incidence of L. boeticus on pigeonpea plants and increases the grain yield. All the spinetoram doses did not show any phytotoxic symptoms on pigeonpea plants.

REFERENCES

  1. Ahmad, M.; Arif, M. I. and Ahmad, Z. (2003). Susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to new chemistries in Pakistan. Crop Prot., 22: 539-544. 
  2. Ahmed, S.; Zia, K. and Shah, N. R. (2004). Validation of Chemical Control of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) with new insecticides. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 6(6): 978-980. 
  3. Anonymous. (2009). Indian horticulture data base NHB. Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, 154-61.
  4. Anonymous. (2011). Annual Report: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), P.O.42,Shanhua, Taiwan, 741 ROC.
  5. Anonymous. (2012). All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project, Annual Report, 2011-12.
  6. Banajgole, R. B. (2004). Bioefficacy of newer insecticides against pod borer complex in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mllisp). M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis. MAU Parbhani. pp 84-90.
  7. Bhoyar, A. S.; Siddhabhatti, P. M.; Wadaskar, R. M. and Khan. M. I. (2004). Studies on season incidence and biointensive management of pigeonpea pod borer complex. Pestology, 28(9): 32-37.
  8. Dharmasena, S. M. D.; Subasinghe, S. M. C.; Lateef, S. S.; Menike, S,; Saxena, K.B. and Ariyaratne, H.P. (1992). In: Pigeonpea – Varietal Adaptation and production studies in Sri Lank, Report of Work. Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomol. Res., 104-108 Pp.
  9. Dharne, P. K. and Bagde, A. S. (2011). Bio efficacy of novel insecticide, spinetoram 12 SC (11.7 w/w) against thrips,ScirtothripsdorsalisHood and fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera HB in chilli.Pestology. 35(3): 23-26. 
  10. Gamal, A. L. and M. A. Allah. (2010). Laboratory and field evaluation of emamectin benzoate and spinetoram on cotton leafworm larvae. Resistant Pest Management Newsletter, 20(1): 13-17.
  11. Gomez, K. A. and A. A. Gomez. (1984). Statistical procedures for Agricultural Research. A Wiley International Science Publication, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi. 680p. 
  12. Govindan, K. (2009). Evaluation of emamectin benzoate 5 SG against bollworms of cotton and fruit borers of okra. Ph.D. Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 197p.
  13. Gupta, G. P.; Birah, A. and Rani, S. (2005). Comparative toxicity of novel molecules and conventional insecticides against spotted bollworm, Earias vittella (Fabricius). Pestic. Res. J., 17(1): 36-38.
  14. Jarrd, H.T., Joshua, T.H,. Rogers, L. B and Ryan Jackson, E. (2011). Laboratory toxicity and field effcicacy of selected insecticides against fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Florida Entomologist, 94(2): 272-278.
  15. Karel, A. K. (1985). Yield losses from and control of bean pod borers, Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Heliothis armigera (Lcpidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 78: 1323-1326. 
  16. Katagihallimath, S. S. and Siddappaji, C. (1962). Observations on the incidence of lepidopteron pod borers of Dolichos lablab and the results of preliminary insecticidal trails to control them. Second All India Congress of Zoology, 59 pp. 
  17. Kranthi, K. R.; Shakir Ali, S. and Banerjee, S. K. (2000). Baseline toxicity of spinosad on cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) in India. Resistant Pest Mgmt., 11(1): 9-12.
  18. Kumar, M. S.; Krishnamoorthy, S. V.; Chandra Sekaran, S. and Stanley, J. (2008). Baseline toxicity of emamectin benzoate and spinosad to Earias vittella in cotton, Ann. Pl. Prot. Sci., 16(2): 66-69.
  19. Kumar, P. and Poehling, H. M. (2007). Effect of azadirachtin, abamectin and spinosad on sweet potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in the humid tropics. J. Econ. Entomol., 100(2): 411-420.
  20. Kuttalam, S.; Vinothkumar, B.; Kumaran, N. and Boomathi, N. (2008). Evaluation of bio efficacy of flubendiamide 480 SC against fruit borer Helicoverpa armigerain tomato.Pestology. 32(3): 13-16.
  21. Lakshmi, P. S. P.; Sekhar, P. R. and Rao, V. R. (2002). Bioefficacy of certain insecticides against spotted pod borer on urdbean. Indian J. Pulses Res., 15(2): 201-202. 
  22. Lopez, J. D., Jr. C.G. Clemens and R.W. Heola. 1997. Evaluation of some insecticides mixed with a feeding stimulant for adult bollworm. In: Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference - 2. New Orleans, USA. 940-941. 
  23. Memon, N. A. and Memon, A. A. (2005). Efficacy of different insecticides against lentil pod borer (Helicoverpa spp). Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 1(1): 94-97. 
  24. Mittal, V. and Ujagir, R. (2005). Evaluation of naturalyte spinosad against pod borer complex in early pigeonpea. Indian J. Plant Protec., 33(2): 211-215.
  25. Muthukrishnan, N.; Visnupriya, M.; Babyrani, W. and Muthuiah, C. (2013a). Persistence Toxicity and Field Evaluation of Spinetoram 12 SC against Shoot and Fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee in Brinjal. Madras Agric. J., 100(4-6): 605-608.
  26. Muthukrishnan, N.; Visnupriya, M.; Babyrani, W. and Muthuiah, C. (2013b). In-vivo and Field Evaluation of Spinetoram 12 SC against Spodoptera litura Fabricius on Tomato. Madras Agric. J., 100(4-6): 601-604. 
  27. Patel, P. S.; Patel, I. S.; Panickar, B. and Ravindrababu, Y. (2012). Management of Spotted Podborer, Maruca vitrata in Cowpea Through Newer Insecticides. Trends in Biosciences, 5(2): 149-151.
  28. Pradhan, S. (1967). Strategy of integrated pest control. Indian J. Ent., 29(1): 105-122. 
  29. Rao, G. V. R.; Kumari, P. R. A.; Rao , V. R. and Reddy, Y.V. R. ( 2007). Evaluation of spinosad and indoxacarb for the management of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in Pigeonpea. Journal of food legumes, 20(1): 126-127.
  30. Rath, L. K. and Mukherjee, S. K. (2009). Field evaluation of some biopesticides alone and in alternation with endosulfan against tomato fruit borer.J. Plant Prot. Environ., 6(2): 102-104.
  31. Razmi, M. S.; Yazdani, S.S.; Singh, S. P.; Gupta, S. C. and Hameed, S. F. (1991). Persistence of toxicity of some insecticides against the neonate larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. J. Ent. Res., 15(3): 218-221. 
  32. Sahoo, B. K. and Senapati, B. (2001). Efficacy and economics of synthetic insecticides and plant products for the control of pod borers incidence in pigeonpea. Indian J. Entomol., 62(4): 346-352. 
  33. Saini, M. L. (1959). Bioassay of the persistence of spray residues on leaf surface of maize using just hatched larvae of Chilo zonellus (Swinhoe) as test insect. Assoc. IARI Thesis. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. 
  34. Sanjeev Kumar, A. and Gill, C. K. (2010). Incidence of tomato leaf curl virus in relation to whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) population in different insecticidal treatments on tomato crop. J. Insect Sci., 23(3): 327-331.
  35. Sarup, P.; Singh, D. S.; Amarpuri, S. and Rattan Lal. (1970). Persistent and relative residual toxicity of some important pesticides to the adults of sugarcane leaf-hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Lophopidae: Homoptera). Indian J. Ent., 32 (3): 256-267
  36. Saxena, K. B.; Chandrasena, G. D. S. N.; Hettiarachchi, K.; Iqbal. Y. B.; Fonseka, H. H. D. and Jayasekara, S. J. B. A. (2002). Evaluation of pigeon pea accessions and selected lines for reaction to Maruca. Crop Science, 42: 615-618. 
  37. Shantibala, T. and Singh, T. K. (2004). Yield loss, infestation and economic injury level for the pea pod borer, Lampides boeticus (Linn.) in Manipur. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci., 12(1): 25-28.
  38. Sharma, A.; Srivastava, A.; Ram, B. and Srivastava, P. C. (2007). Dissipation behavior of spinosad insecticide in soil, cabbage and cauliflower under subtropical conditions. Pest Manage. Sci., 63: 1141-1145. 
  39. Shinde, S. T.; Shetgar, S. S. and Pathan, N. M. (2010). Persistence and residual insecticidal toxicity against Earias vittella. Indian J. Entomol, 72(2): 135-139.
  40. Shivalingaswamy, T. M.; Kumar, A.; Satpathy, S. and Rai, A. B. (2008). Efficacy of indoxacarb against tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner.Pestology 32(8): 39-41. 
  41. Stanley, J. 2004. Studies on base line toxicity of Emamectin and Spinosad to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.) and their bio-efficacy on brinjal fruit borers. M.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. 90p.
  42. Sunitha, V.; Lakshmi, K. V. and Rao, G. V. R. (2008). Laboratory evaluation of certain insecticides against pigeonpea pod borer, Maruca vitrata. Journal of Food Legumes, 21(2): 137-139.
  43. Tamboli, N. D. and Lolage, G. R. (2008). Bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hub (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on pigeonpea. Pestology, 32(10): 29-32.
  44. Vishakantaiah, M. and Jagadeesh Babu, C. S. (1980). Bionomics of tur webworm, Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 14: 529- 532.
  45. Yee, W. L. and Toscano, L. (1998). Laboratory evaluations of synthetic and natural insecticides on beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) damage and survival on lettuce. J. Econ. Entomol., 91(1): 56-63.
  46. Yee, W.; Jack, O. and Nash, M. J. (2007). Mortality of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to field – aged spinetoram, GF-120, and azinphos – methyl in Washington state. Florida Entomologist, 90: 335-342. 
Published In
Legume Research
Article Metrics
Metrics Icon
0
Views
0
Citations
Reviewed By
Share Article
Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Research Article

    volume 40 issue 6 (december 2017) : 1126-1132,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-3644

    In-Vivo and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Lampides boeticus on pigeonpea 

    A
    A. Sanjeevi kumar
    N
    N. Muthukrishnan
    1Department of Agriculture Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

    • Submitted30-10-2015|

    • Accepted21-07-2016|

    • First Online 18-09-2017|

    • doi 10.18805/LR-3644

    Cite article:- kumar Sanjeevi A., Muthukrishnan N. (2017). In-Vivo and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Lampides boeticus on pigeonpea. Legume Research. 40(6): 1126-1132. doi: 10.18805/LR-3644.

    ABSTRACT

    The young larvae of L. boeticus damage flowers and pods. A new biological insecticide molecule, spinetoram 12 SC was evaluated for acute toxicity on greenhouse environment reared L. boeticus and persistence on pigeonpea pods at laboratory; and effect on L. boeticus on pigeonpea at field conditions during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Acute toxicity studies revealed that LC50‘s of spinetoram on third instar larvae after 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment were 6.71, 2.23 and 1.28 ppm respectively. In persistence studies, spinetoram 12 SC 27 g a.i./ha was upto 11 DAT and 14 DAT for spinetoram 12 SC 36 and 45 g a.i./ha. More than 50 per cent mortality was observed in spinetoram 12 SC at 45 g a.i./ha upto 9 DAT, spinetoram 12 SC at 27 and 36 g a.i./ha, spinosad 45 SC 78 g a.i./ha and emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 11 g a.i./ha upto 7 DAT, monocrotophos 36 SL at 500 g a.i./ha upto 5 DAT, respectively. Results indicated that spinetoram 12 SC was significantly effective at 36 and 45 g a.i./ha when sprayed thrice at 15 days interval and minimized the incidence of L. boeticus on pigeonpea plants and increases the grain yield. All the spinetoram doses did not show any phytotoxic symptoms on pigeonpea plants.

    REFERENCES

    1. Ahmad, M.; Arif, M. I. and Ahmad, Z. (2003). Susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to new chemistries in Pakistan. Crop Prot., 22: 539-544. 
    2. Ahmed, S.; Zia, K. and Shah, N. R. (2004). Validation of Chemical Control of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) with new insecticides. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 6(6): 978-980. 
    3. Anonymous. (2009). Indian horticulture data base NHB. Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, 154-61.
    4. Anonymous. (2011). Annual Report: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), P.O.42,Shanhua, Taiwan, 741 ROC.
    5. Anonymous. (2012). All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project, Annual Report, 2011-12.
    6. Banajgole, R. B. (2004). Bioefficacy of newer insecticides against pod borer complex in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mllisp). M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis. MAU Parbhani. pp 84-90.
    7. Bhoyar, A. S.; Siddhabhatti, P. M.; Wadaskar, R. M. and Khan. M. I. (2004). Studies on season incidence and biointensive management of pigeonpea pod borer complex. Pestology, 28(9): 32-37.
    8. Dharmasena, S. M. D.; Subasinghe, S. M. C.; Lateef, S. S.; Menike, S,; Saxena, K.B. and Ariyaratne, H.P. (1992). In: Pigeonpea – Varietal Adaptation and production studies in Sri Lank, Report of Work. Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomol. Res., 104-108 Pp.
    9. Dharne, P. K. and Bagde, A. S. (2011). Bio efficacy of novel insecticide, spinetoram 12 SC (11.7 w/w) against thrips,ScirtothripsdorsalisHood and fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera HB in chilli.Pestology. 35(3): 23-26. 
    10. Gamal, A. L. and M. A. Allah. (2010). Laboratory and field evaluation of emamectin benzoate and spinetoram on cotton leafworm larvae. Resistant Pest Management Newsletter, 20(1): 13-17.
    11. Gomez, K. A. and A. A. Gomez. (1984). Statistical procedures for Agricultural Research. A Wiley International Science Publication, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi. 680p. 
    12. Govindan, K. (2009). Evaluation of emamectin benzoate 5 SG against bollworms of cotton and fruit borers of okra. Ph.D. Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 197p.
    13. Gupta, G. P.; Birah, A. and Rani, S. (2005). Comparative toxicity of novel molecules and conventional insecticides against spotted bollworm, Earias vittella (Fabricius). Pestic. Res. J., 17(1): 36-38.
    14. Jarrd, H.T., Joshua, T.H,. Rogers, L. B and Ryan Jackson, E. (2011). Laboratory toxicity and field effcicacy of selected insecticides against fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Florida Entomologist, 94(2): 272-278.
    15. Karel, A. K. (1985). Yield losses from and control of bean pod borers, Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Heliothis armigera (Lcpidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 78: 1323-1326. 
    16. Katagihallimath, S. S. and Siddappaji, C. (1962). Observations on the incidence of lepidopteron pod borers of Dolichos lablab and the results of preliminary insecticidal trails to control them. Second All India Congress of Zoology, 59 pp. 
    17. Kranthi, K. R.; Shakir Ali, S. and Banerjee, S. K. (2000). Baseline toxicity of spinosad on cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) in India. Resistant Pest Mgmt., 11(1): 9-12.
    18. Kumar, M. S.; Krishnamoorthy, S. V.; Chandra Sekaran, S. and Stanley, J. (2008). Baseline toxicity of emamectin benzoate and spinosad to Earias vittella in cotton, Ann. Pl. Prot. Sci., 16(2): 66-69.
    19. Kumar, P. and Poehling, H. M. (2007). Effect of azadirachtin, abamectin and spinosad on sweet potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in the humid tropics. J. Econ. Entomol., 100(2): 411-420.
    20. Kuttalam, S.; Vinothkumar, B.; Kumaran, N. and Boomathi, N. (2008). Evaluation of bio efficacy of flubendiamide 480 SC against fruit borer Helicoverpa armigerain tomato.Pestology. 32(3): 13-16.
    21. Lakshmi, P. S. P.; Sekhar, P. R. and Rao, V. R. (2002). Bioefficacy of certain insecticides against spotted pod borer on urdbean. Indian J. Pulses Res., 15(2): 201-202. 
    22. Lopez, J. D., Jr. C.G. Clemens and R.W. Heola. 1997. Evaluation of some insecticides mixed with a feeding stimulant for adult bollworm. In: Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference - 2. New Orleans, USA. 940-941. 
    23. Memon, N. A. and Memon, A. A. (2005). Efficacy of different insecticides against lentil pod borer (Helicoverpa spp). Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 1(1): 94-97. 
    24. Mittal, V. and Ujagir, R. (2005). Evaluation of naturalyte spinosad against pod borer complex in early pigeonpea. Indian J. Plant Protec., 33(2): 211-215.
    25. Muthukrishnan, N.; Visnupriya, M.; Babyrani, W. and Muthuiah, C. (2013a). Persistence Toxicity and Field Evaluation of Spinetoram 12 SC against Shoot and Fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee in Brinjal. Madras Agric. J., 100(4-6): 605-608.
    26. Muthukrishnan, N.; Visnupriya, M.; Babyrani, W. and Muthuiah, C. (2013b). In-vivo and Field Evaluation of Spinetoram 12 SC against Spodoptera litura Fabricius on Tomato. Madras Agric. J., 100(4-6): 601-604. 
    27. Patel, P. S.; Patel, I. S.; Panickar, B. and Ravindrababu, Y. (2012). Management of Spotted Podborer, Maruca vitrata in Cowpea Through Newer Insecticides. Trends in Biosciences, 5(2): 149-151.
    28. Pradhan, S. (1967). Strategy of integrated pest control. Indian J. Ent., 29(1): 105-122. 
    29. Rao, G. V. R.; Kumari, P. R. A.; Rao , V. R. and Reddy, Y.V. R. ( 2007). Evaluation of spinosad and indoxacarb for the management of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in Pigeonpea. Journal of food legumes, 20(1): 126-127.
    30. Rath, L. K. and Mukherjee, S. K. (2009). Field evaluation of some biopesticides alone and in alternation with endosulfan against tomato fruit borer.J. Plant Prot. Environ., 6(2): 102-104.
    31. Razmi, M. S.; Yazdani, S.S.; Singh, S. P.; Gupta, S. C. and Hameed, S. F. (1991). Persistence of toxicity of some insecticides against the neonate larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. J. Ent. Res., 15(3): 218-221. 
    32. Sahoo, B. K. and Senapati, B. (2001). Efficacy and economics of synthetic insecticides and plant products for the control of pod borers incidence in pigeonpea. Indian J. Entomol., 62(4): 346-352. 
    33. Saini, M. L. (1959). Bioassay of the persistence of spray residues on leaf surface of maize using just hatched larvae of Chilo zonellus (Swinhoe) as test insect. Assoc. IARI Thesis. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. 
    34. Sanjeev Kumar, A. and Gill, C. K. (2010). Incidence of tomato leaf curl virus in relation to whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) population in different insecticidal treatments on tomato crop. J. Insect Sci., 23(3): 327-331.
    35. Sarup, P.; Singh, D. S.; Amarpuri, S. and Rattan Lal. (1970). Persistent and relative residual toxicity of some important pesticides to the adults of sugarcane leaf-hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Lophopidae: Homoptera). Indian J. Ent., 32 (3): 256-267
    36. Saxena, K. B.; Chandrasena, G. D. S. N.; Hettiarachchi, K.; Iqbal. Y. B.; Fonseka, H. H. D. and Jayasekara, S. J. B. A. (2002). Evaluation of pigeon pea accessions and selected lines for reaction to Maruca. Crop Science, 42: 615-618. 
    37. Shantibala, T. and Singh, T. K. (2004). Yield loss, infestation and economic injury level for the pea pod borer, Lampides boeticus (Linn.) in Manipur. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci., 12(1): 25-28.
    38. Sharma, A.; Srivastava, A.; Ram, B. and Srivastava, P. C. (2007). Dissipation behavior of spinosad insecticide in soil, cabbage and cauliflower under subtropical conditions. Pest Manage. Sci., 63: 1141-1145. 
    39. Shinde, S. T.; Shetgar, S. S. and Pathan, N. M. (2010). Persistence and residual insecticidal toxicity against Earias vittella. Indian J. Entomol, 72(2): 135-139.
    40. Shivalingaswamy, T. M.; Kumar, A.; Satpathy, S. and Rai, A. B. (2008). Efficacy of indoxacarb against tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner.Pestology 32(8): 39-41. 
    41. Stanley, J. 2004. Studies on base line toxicity of Emamectin and Spinosad to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.) and their bio-efficacy on brinjal fruit borers. M.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. 90p.
    42. Sunitha, V.; Lakshmi, K. V. and Rao, G. V. R. (2008). Laboratory evaluation of certain insecticides against pigeonpea pod borer, Maruca vitrata. Journal of Food Legumes, 21(2): 137-139.
    43. Tamboli, N. D. and Lolage, G. R. (2008). Bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hub (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on pigeonpea. Pestology, 32(10): 29-32.
    44. Vishakantaiah, M. and Jagadeesh Babu, C. S. (1980). Bionomics of tur webworm, Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 14: 529- 532.
    45. Yee, W. L. and Toscano, L. (1998). Laboratory evaluations of synthetic and natural insecticides on beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) damage and survival on lettuce. J. Econ. Entomol., 91(1): 56-63.
    46. Yee, W.; Jack, O. and Nash, M. J. (2007). Mortality of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to field – aged spinetoram, GF-120, and azinphos – methyl in Washington state. Florida Entomologist, 90: 335-342. 
    In this Article
      Contact us
      Follow us
      Published In
      Legume Research

      Editorial Board

      View all (0)