<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Green gram is the important pulse crop of India and grown under extensive agroclimatic condition in India for its versatile uses. Moreover, extreme and inappropriate use of inorganic nutrients deteriorated the soil quality by reducing the soil microbial population and also declined the quality of crops. Now a days, majority of population living in urban and rural area had demand for safe and healthy food for which inclusive food production technology needs to be developed with priority on quality enhancement and yield stability. In fact, it is not possible for farmers to directly shift from inorganic source of nutrients to organics in their crop production as it may lead to decrease in crop yields in the initial years. This may be possible due to substitution of organic sources of nutrients in place of inorganics to fulfil the crop nutrient requirement for accomplishing higher and stable crop yield of better quality with upgradation in soil health. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of differential substitution of nutrients through organics on growth, yield and nutrient content of green gram (Vigna radiata) in irrigated sub-tropical region of J and K. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted for two consecutive years in field during summer 2016 and 2017 at research farm of division of Agronomy located at latitude and longitude of 32&deg;40&#39; N and 73&deg;64&#39; E at Skuast-Jammu. Experiment was laid out with 16 treatments and three replications. Green gram variety &ldquo;SML-668&rdquo; was grown as per their respective recommended packages of cultivation except for the nutrient-N and its organic sources which were applied as per the treatments. Nutrient content of green gram was worked out in the laboratory following standard procedures. 
 
Result: The pooled result of the two-year study of green gram concluded that significantly highest growth parameters and yield of green gram were recorded with treatment 100% recommended dose of fertilizer whereas significantly lowest value of all these parameters were recorded with treatment 100% NPK through FYM. Numerically highest value of NPK content in seed and stover of green gram after two-year experiment was recorded with treatment 100% NPK through FYM whereas highest gross returns, net returns and b:c ratio were recorded with treatment 100% recommended dose of fertilizer when compared with other treatments.</div>

Influence of Differential Substitution of Nutrients through Organics on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of Green Gram (Vigna radiata) in Irrigated Sub-tropical Region of J and K

<div style="text-align: justify;">The experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during July-November of 2012. The treatments consisted of three levels of FYM - F1 (20 t ha-1), F2 (15 t ha-1) and F3 (10 t ha-1) and three levels of substitution of the recommended dose of nitrogen. The levels of substitution are N1 (100 % recommended dose of N- 75 kg ha-1), N2 (75 % recommended dose of N -56.25 kg ha-1) and N3 (50 % recommended dose of N - 37.5 kg ha-1). Three controls were, C1 -Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) POP recommendation (FYM @ 25 t ha-1 along with 75:40:25 kg N:P2O5:K20 ha-1 as inorganic fertilizer), C2 &ndash;KAU Adhoc organic POP recommendation (FYM @ 25 t ha-1 + Poultry manure at 5 t ha-1 + Pseudomonas &nbsp;+ Trichoderma and PGPR mix 1, each @ 2.5 kg ha-1) and C3-Farmers practice &ndash; (Cow dung slurry @ 20 t &nbsp;ha-1). FYM @ 20 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height, number of branches and LAI. The maximum value for all growth parameters were observed at 100% level of N substitution. Combined application of FYM @ 20 t ha-1 along with 100% substitution of recommended dose of N (75 kg ha-1) in organic form registered maximum plant height, branches, LAI, and root spread.</div>

Effect of various organic nutrient schedules on growth and nutrient uptake of chilli (Capsicum annuum)

<div>Background: Green gram is one of the ancient and third important conventional pulse crop cultivated throughout India and acclimatized over wide range of agro-climatic zones for its multipurpose uses. Furthermore, imbalanced and inappropriate use of inorganic nutrients worsened the soil resource base by reducing the population of beneficial micro-organisms and also deteriorated the quality of the crops. Increased health consciousness among the masses has augmented the demand for safe and quality foods for which a comprehensive food production technology needs to be developed with emphasises on quality enhancement and yield stability. In fact, it is not affordable for an average Indian farmer to jump immediately from inorganic source of nutrients to organics in their crop production as it may lead to unbearable drastic reduction in crop yields in the initial years. This may become possible through the progressive substitution of organic sources of nutrients in place of in organics to meet crop nutrient requirement for attaining higher and stable crop yield of better quality with an improvement in soil health. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of differential substitution of nutrients through organics on growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of green gram in Shiwalik foothill region. 
 
Methods: In this field experiment conducted during summer 2016 and 2017, at SKUAST-Jammu, Main Campus Chatha with green gram variety SML-668 on sandy clay loam soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with sixteen treatments during both the years using recommended package and practices. 
 
Result: The result of the study concluded that RDF and 75% NPK +25% N through Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) were adjudged as the best treatments with regard to crop growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, net returns and benefit cost ratio where as highest crop quality traits were realized where in 100% N was substituted through FYM followed by Vermicompost and Vermicompost and FYM (1:1). Treatment 100% N was substituted through FYM was adjudged as the best treatment in improving crop quality traits and soil properties. Further, for substitution of nutrients, green gram, for immediate shifting from in organics to organics combination of Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) can be the best option for early realization of yield at par with recommended dose of fertilizer.</div>

<div>Effect of Differential Substitution of Nutrients through Organics on Growth, Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata) in Shiwalik Foothill Region</div>

<div>Background: Soybean [Glycie max (L.) Merril] is a very important oil seed and protein rich crop. It has the specific character to fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodule bacteria in symbiotic relationship. A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2019 at ARS farm, College of Agriculture, Ummedganj, Kota (Rajasthan). To find out the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, yield attributes and nutrient uptake of soybean in Vertisols of Rajasthan. The soil of the experimental field comes under Vertisols with clay loam texture having low to medium fertility status and good porosity.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment consisted of 10 treatments viz. T0- Control (Absolute), T1- RDF (20-40-40), T2- 75% RDF + FYM (2.0 t ha-1), T3- 50% RDF + FYM (4.0 t ha-1), T4- 75% RDF + FYM (2.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T5- 50% RDF + FYM (4.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T6- 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1), T7- 50% RDF + Vermicompost (2.0 t ha-1), T8- 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T9- 50% RDF + Vermicompost (2.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design and was replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Among the nutrient management treatment, application of 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (T8) resulted into maximum plant height (58.70 cm), branches plant-1 (5.60), chlorophyll content (2.84 mg g-1), total nodules per plant (47.40), effective nodules (31.59) and dry weight (84.20 mg), pods plant-1 (41.90), seeds pod-1 (3.47), grain yield (1380 kg ha-1), haulm yield (1885 kg ha-1), biological yield (3325 kg ha-1), protein (42.25%) and oil content (19.92%), N, P, K content and their uptake, with maximum gross return (53042.71 Rs ha-1), net return (28980.71 Rs ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.20) in soybean crop.</div>

​Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Growth, Yield Attributes and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean in Vertisols of Rajasthan

<div>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the varying organic and inorganic nutrient sources on fodder cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in the kharif of 2017 at ICAR- NDRI, Karnal. The result revealed that application of 100% RDF (N,P,K) along with biofertilizers (rhizobium, PSB, potassium and zinc solubilizer bacteria) (T6) gave significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in plant height (204.6 cm), primary branches (6.1), root length (24.47 cm), green matter yield (334.5 q ha-1), CGR (8.13 g m-2 day-1), RGR (4.68 g g-1 day-1), K content (1.45%) in plant, P uptake (23.01 kg ha-1) and K uptake (86.04 kg ha-1) and available Zn status (0.465 ppm) in soil, after harvesting of the crop. However, N content (2.93%) in plant, N uptake (172.51 kg ha-1) and Zn uptake (192.03 g ha-1) was maximum with the application of 66.67% RDF along with biofertilizers consortium (T7). Application of 100% RDF along with PSB (T3) recorded highest number of nodule (33), P content in plant (0.389%) and available P status (24.76 g ha-1) in soil, after harvest. Further studies that, available N status (208.03 kg h-1), K status (221.27 kg ha-1) in soil, after harvest and Zn content (33.31 ppm) in plant were significantly higher with these treatments like T8 -15 N, 60 P2O5, 40 K2O kg ha-1 along with rhizobium, T4 -100% RDF along with K solubilizer and T11 -FYM 5 t ha -1 with biofertilizers, respectively. In context of the economics of fodder cowpea production, highest gross return (Rs. 53525 ha-1) was obtained from T6 while maximum net return (Rs. 31351 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (1.45) were worked out maximum with the treatment T7.</div>

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Fodder Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of organic nutrients on resultant seed quality in Kabuli chickpea varieties. The experiment was carried at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory, Seed Unit (National Seed Project), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi of 2015-16 and 2016-17. Seed quality parameters were significantly influenced among varieties and organic amendment treatments. BG1105 (V1) recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters as compared to MNK-1 (V2), While among the treatments, application of 100 % organics equivalent to RDP [50 % Farm yard manure (FYM) and 50 % Vermicompost] + Foliar application of Panchagavya @ 3 % at flowering and 15 Days after flowering (T2) recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters as compared to all other treatments and control. This treatment can be used to improve seed quality attributes in kabuli chickpea varieties.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of organic nutrients on resultant seed quality in Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties</div>

<div>Background: Novel organic liquid Nutrients have been developed based on banana pseudostem comprising of 10 macro and micro nutrients and 2 hormones, which are naturally synthesized. It is developed by Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari in Year 2009-10 under management and value addition of banana pseudostem (NAIP-II) project. To know the extent of adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients in fruit and vegetable crops, a study was formulated to know the correlation of different factors and characteristics for adoption of the product.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study was conducted in the Vyara, Valod, Songadh and Dolvan blocks of Tapi district of Gujarat through Krishi Vigyan Kendra, NAU, Vyara, Tapi during 2018-19. In the study, the sample size was of 100 respondent were selected through stratified random sampling method and determine the correlation of dependent and independent variable on knowledge and adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients in fruits and vegetable crops. 
 
Result: In this study revealed that the adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients up to 59 per cent in fruit crops and 76 per cent in vegetables crops among farmers. The data on correlation for extent of adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients in fruits and vegetable crops were showed significantly results with education, training and knowledge at 5 per cent (0.1965) level of probability.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Extent of Adoption of &ldquo;Novel Organic Liquid Nutrients&rdquo; in Fruits and Vegetable Crops&nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: Seed pelleting involves the sticking of target materials on to the surface of seeds. Pelleted seeds make planting of small seeds much easier by altering their shape, size and density. The call out on organic farming explains the requisite of user friendly and ecofriendly technique for seed management practices. The current study aimed to assess the effect of organic manure seed pelleting for enhancing soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of rice. 
 
Methods: A pot culture experiment was carried out at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 2018-19 to prepare organic manure seed pellets for rice and to evaluate its influence on yield, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status. Pelleting materials were prepared using various treatment combinations namely, FYM + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T2), vermicompost + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T3), bioslurry flakes + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T4), charcoal powder + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T5), fly ash + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T6), pongamia leaf powder + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria (T7) and bioslurry + plant extracts + Azospirillum + Pseudomonas (T8: Farmer practice). 
 
Result: The results revealed that the highest grain yield (54.84 g pot-1) and straw yield (66.10 g pot-1) were recorded by T3. With regard to the uptake of nutrients, T3 registered the highest uptake of N, K, Ca, S, Zn, Cu and Si in grain and shoot. P uptake in grain was highest in the treatment T4 while T3 had the maximum P uptake in shoot. Nutrient status of the post-harvest soil was significantly influenced by the treatments.</div>

<div>Organic Manure Seed Pelleting for Enhancing Soil Properties, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Rice</div>

<div>Background: Pulses are source of supplementary protein to daily diets based on cereals and starchy food for predominant vegetarian population. So, pluses are therefore often regarded as poor man&rsquo;s meat. Greengram is third most important pulse crop growing after chickpea and pigeon pea in India. For maintain soil health, better quality crop production, organic fertilizer managements play important role.&nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

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<div>Methods: The experiment on nutrient management thought organic sources in summer green gram conducted with aim to know the effect of organic nutrient management on the growth, yield and quality of green gram at College Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during summer season of 2018 to 2020 in sandy loam soil of middle Gujarat. There were ten treatments of organic sources including no manures (control) treatment. They were replicated four times in randomized block design.</div>

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<div>Result: Three years experiment data revealed that application of vermicompost @0.5t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB) reported higher plant height at harvest, number of pods per plant, test weight, seed yield, harvest index and net return and BCR. Green gram haulm yield and soil microbial count was significantly higher in treatment T6 (FYM @ 2.0 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), treatment T8 (Castor cake @ 0.25 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), reported higher potassium content in haulm, Response of organic manures treatments found non-significant in case of initial plant population, plant height and number of branches per plant at 30 DAS, protein content, micronutrient content in seed, haulm and soil, except Mn in seed, heavy metal content in seed, haulm and soil, after harvest soil nutrient EC, organic carbon and available K2O, whereas same results also observed in case of nutrient content in seed and haulm.</div>

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Summer Green Gram

<div style="text-align: justify;">The concept of organic agriculture is receiving increased attention and organic food markets are also expanding quite fast in many parts of the world including India. Development of production technology particularly appropriate nutrient management strategy for organic baby corn is necessary for realizing higher yield and economic returns as well as soil health aspect. Most of the organic manures are low in nutrient contents, which are not sufficient to meet the nutritional requirement of the crops with smaller quantities, especially when inorganic fertilizers are not applied. Under such circumstances, enrichment of organic manures and composts with permitted additives like rock phosphate and beneficial microbial cultures is a feasible option for nutrient supplementation in organic food production. Microbial enrichment technique with bio-inoculants to composting material had been shown to improve the quality of compost. The enrichment of the organic manures with beneficial microbial cultures will further contribute to the enhancement of N and P contents through nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. Hence, the enriched organic manures and their combination provide an ideal nutrition strategy for the crop. There is the possibility of increasing the nitrogen content of compost by inoculation with nitrogen-fixing organisms and the phosphorus content by the inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Improved manures will play a major role in organic farming since the method of production is simple and easy.</div>

Influence of Differential Substitution of Nutrients through Organics on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of Green Gram (Vigna radiata) in Irrigated Sub-tropical Region of J and K

Effect of various organic nutrient schedules on growth and nutrient uptake of chilli (Capsicum annuum)

Effect of Differential Substitution of Nutrients through Organics on Growth, Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata) in Shiwalik Foothill Region

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Growth, Yield Attributes and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean in Vertisols of Rajasthan

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Fodder Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

Influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of organic nutrients on resultant seed quality in Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties

Extent of Adoption of “Novel Organic Liquid Nutrients” in Fruits and Vegetable Crops

Organic Manure Seed Pelleting for Enhancing Soil Properties, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Rice

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Summer Green Gram

Nutrient Management in Organic Baby Corn Production: A Review