<div>Background: In spite of vast potential and usefulness, jackfruit is still an underutilized fruit and more scientific research is needed to exploit it as a commercial fruit crop. Extension of shelf life of minimally processed jackfruit portion with quality could facilitate efficient marketing and transportation resulting in minimizing the post-harvest losses. 
 
Methods: Jackfruit portions of mature firm (varikka) and soft (koozha) fleshed types were pre-treated and subjected to seven packaging treatments viz., 150 gauge polypropylene with 5% ventilation, cling film wrapping with 15 &micro; LDPE film, shrink wrapping using 15&micro; polyolefin film, vacuum packaging in PP/LDPE laminated pouches, MAP in PP/LDPE laminated pouches with KMnO4, MAP in PP/LDPE laminated pouches with silica gel and an unwrapped sample and stored in refrigerated and ambient conditions.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Vacuum packaging of 200-250 g minimally processed jackfruit portions without spiny rind in laminated pouches of PP/LDPE after pre-treatment with 0.5% KMS and citric acid and storage under refrigeration is recommended as the best treatment for both types. Vacuum packaged firm fleshed portions had 94.54% marketability after 20.33 storage days and soft fleshed had 88.75% marketability after 15.33 days. Minimally processed jackfruit portion provides convenience in transportation and marketing of large and difficult to peel fruits to nuclear family.</div>

Shelf Life Extension of Minimally Processed Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Portion

<div style="text-align: justify;">Today, the ecosystem is being rapidly destroyed due to habitat loss, animal hunting, road construction, raising of transmission lines, general pollution, and agricultural activities, in addition to many other factors, all of which directly and indirectly affect wildlife. By necessity, rehabilitation units are available for the care and treatment of wild birds and mammals in need of life support. This paper discusses data collected regarding the treatment and rehabilitation of wild mammals and birds brought to the Center for Wildlife Conservation and Rehabilitation at Van Y&uuml;z&uuml;nc&uuml; Y&yacute;l University from 2009-2016. During the course of the present study, total 145 wild animals including 117 birds and 28 mammals. Out of the total treated, 96 wild birds and 21 wild mammals recovered, 12 birds and 4 mammals died without responding to treatments, whereas 9 birds and 3 mammals were euthanized. Additionally, of the 96 birds and 21 mammals that recovered, 15 birds and 6 mammals were determined to be unable to survive in their natural habitats, and were sent to zoo gardens or wildlife conservation and rehabilitation centers. The remaining 96 animals that fully recovered were released back into their natural habitats.</div>

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

Agricultural waste products are commonly distributed and they are inexpensive and biodegradable. This review focuses on various agro wastes used in the treatment of industrial wastewater. As heavy metals are considered as a global threat affecting biological lives, ways to remove them from waste water are challenging. Various conventional methods are used in recent times for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water. Agricultural waste is a good resource for the adsorption of the dyes generated during industrial processing. The adsorption process serves as an alternative method to treat wastewater. The study provides the steps followed in various industries and explains the steps in which the toxic heavy metals find their way to the environment. This review focuses on the comprehensive ways of utilization agro wastes as good treatment material which are also eco-friendly. The review suggests how agro wastes form a potential, effective, affordable and sustainable sorbent biomaterial for minimizing environmental pollution.&nbsp;Agricultural waste products are commonly distributed and they are inexpensive and biodegradable. This review focuses on various agro wastes used in the treatment of industrial wastewater. As heavy metals are considered as a global threat affecting biological lives, ways to remove them from waste water are challenging. Various conventional methods are used in recent times for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water. Agricultural waste is a good resource for the adsorption of the dyes generated during industrial processing. The adsorption process serves as an alternative method to treat wastewater. The study provides the steps followed in various industries and explains the steps in which the toxic heavy metals find their way to the environment. This review focuses on the comprehensive ways of utilization agro wastes as good treatment material which are also eco-friendly. The review suggests how agro wastes form a potential, effective, affordable and sustainable sorbent biomaterial for minimizing environmental pollution.

Utilization of Agricultural Waste Through Conventional Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A Review

<div>Plasma also called as &lsquo;fourth state of matter&rsquo; encompasses ionized gas, atoms, free molecules, radicals and free electrons. Considering its discovery in late 19th century plasma is extensively used as low pressure or high pressure plasmas in many applications commercially such as microelectronic technology, textile industry, organic waste management etc. When a gas is passed through an electric field in a plasma chamber, three types of collisions are known to take place in it particularly, excitation, ionization and deposition that provide plasma its characteristic glow, ion-electron pair, reactive species respectively. Plasma treatment of different object can change their chemical and physical properties. In Seed Science and Research, many seed quality enhancement techniques are used to improve seed quality in crop plants such as, seed priming, fortification, solid matrix priming, chemical treatment, hardening etc. Plasma treatment of seeds is a unique tool that utilizes an ionized gas to modify the physical and chemical properties seed viz., wettability, porosity, water absorption, activity of antioxidant enzymes. It can also decontaminate the seed surface off micro flora and convert hydrophobic seeds to hydrophilic. It also enhances soluble sugar content, protein content and causes a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Thus plasma treatment in turn improves seed germination rate, seedling characteristics, seed physical quality and seed health.</div>

<div>Plasma Treatment and Seed Quality Advancement: A Review</div>

<div>Background: Micronutrient formulation is a liquid mixture of micronutrients which can be used as a fertilizer. It is a mixture of two solutions viz., solution A and solution B. Solution A is a mixture of zinc sulphate (50 gL-1), boric acid (10 gL-1), copper sulphate (20 gL-1), manganous sulphate (0.5 gL-1), ferrous sulphate (10 gL-1) and ammonium molybdate (0.5 gL-1) whereas solution B is an organic acid which act as a chelate. The mixture can be diluted to specific concentrations for application. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of micronutrient formulation as seed treatment and foliar nutrition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted at College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kerala Agricultural University and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode during 2018&ndash;19. The investigation was carried out in three parts: (i) standardization of micronutrient formulation for cowpea (ii) seed treatment study (iii) field experiment. The proportion of mixing micronutrient formulation and the duration for seed treatment was standardized in experiment I. In experiment II, a seed treatment study was carried out in a completely randomised design with seven treatments and three replications which included seed treatment with micronutrient formulation @ 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 respectively. T7 (seed treatment with water) was the control. Three, a field experiment was carried out in randomized block design (factorial) with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatment consisting of combination of four levels of seed treatment - factor A [no seed treatment (S1), seed treatment with rhizobium (S2), seed treatment with best concentration from experiment 1 (S3) and second best seed treatment from experiment 1 (S4)]&nbsp;and three levels of foliar application of micronutrient - factor B [no foliar application (F1), one foliar application at 15 DAS (F2) and two foliar applications at 15 and 30 DAS (F3)]. 
 
Result: Through lab experiments, solution B was standardized and the formulation was developed by mixing solution A and solution B in the ratio 1:2. Duration for seed treatment was also standardized as 6 hours. Thus micronutrient formulation was standardized. In seed treatment study, seeds treated with 2% micronutrient formulation (T6) showed highest plant height at three leaf stage (24.23 cm) and seedling vigour index (2423). In the field experiment seed treatment with 2% micronutrient formulation (S3), foliar spray at 15 and 30 days after sowing (F3) and their interaction (S3F3) was found to be highly effective to the crop in terms of plant height, stem diameter, number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, grain yield and nutrient content in grain. These results clearly indicate the role of micronutrient formulation in enhancing the growth, yield and nutrient content of cowpea.</div>

Evaluation of Micronutrient Mixture as Seed Treatment and Foliar Nutrition in Grain Cowpea

Postpartum uterine infections result from uterine contamination with bacteria during parturition. The uterine infection implies adherence of pathogenic organisms to the mucosa, colonization or penetration of the epithelium, and release of bacterial toxins that lead to establishment of uterine diseases. Treatment of endometritis with parenteral or intra-uterine infusion of the antibacterial agents and antibiotics have met with varying degree of success but inconsistence of recovery rate, high cost of treatment, milk disposal after antibiotic therapy, immergence of microbial resistance are obvious disadvantage of their use. They also markedly destroy the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which are responsible for maintaining non-specific uterine defence. So, there is urgent need to find out an alternative therapy for treatment of uterine infections by activation of natural defence mechanism in the uterus. Prospects in use of certain non-specific immunomodulators in routine therapeutic protocol for endometritis and other uterine disorders is reviewed in present studies.

Strategic treatment with immunomodulators to resolve&nbsp;endometritis in cow: A review

The bio-efficacy of imidacloprid seed treatment against leafhopper and thrips of groundnut was studied during kharif (23rd to 42nd standard week) and summer (5th to 23rd standard week) cropping seasons of 2010 and 2011. The six different concentrations viz., 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g a. i. kg-1 were tested for their bio-efficacy. A modified sweep net method was followed to record the leafhopper and thrips populations. Seed treatments with imidacloprid @ 2.0 to 5.0 g a. i. kg-1 were found most effective in reducing the insect population. However, seed treatment with imidacloprid @ 2.0 g a. i. kg-1 may be included in integrated pest management (IPM) package for groundnut from environmental safety point.

Efficacy of imidacloprid seed treatment for the control of leafhoppers and thrips in groundnut

Seed treatments are the biological, physical and chemical agents and techniques applied to seed to provide protection and improve the establishment of healthy crops. The benefits of seed treatments are increased germination, uniform seedling emergence, protect seeds or seedlings from early season diseases and insect pests improving crop emergence and its growth. Anthropogenic changes of the soil, water and atmosphere due to the use of different chemical additives for raising plants productivity led to searching alternative ways. Safe methods for increasing the yield includes the reasonable use of chemicals and substitution of some of them by appropriate physical treatments viz., magnetic field, gamma irradiation, electric field, laser irradiation, sound, healing energy, light and heat.

Effect of physical seed treatment on yield and quality of crops: A review

<div>Background: Sarpagandha is an indigenous medicinal herb of Indian continent. It has many medicinal properties. Due to increasing demand of Sarpagandha, its exploitation is increasing continuously but for lack of cultivation, this plant has been listed in endangered category. Commercially, it is propagated through seeds but the main barrier of seed propagation is its irregular and low germination. Hence, the current study was undertaken to study the effect of growing media and seed treatment methods on seed germination and seedling growth of Sarpagandha to eliminate the inhibitory effect of the hard stony endocarp. 
 
Methods: Seed germination and seedling growth experiments of Sarpagandha were carried out with following different seed treatments, T1 (Control), T2 (Water soaking for 24 hours), T3 (water soaking for 48 hours), T4 (Water soaking for 24 hours + cotton cloth wrapping for 24 hours), T5 (GA3 200 ppm), T6 (FYM treatment for 24 hours), T7 (FYM treatment for 48 hours), T8 (Hot water treatment) and T9 (Cow dung treatment for 24 hours). Experiment was laid out in CRD. The data recorded on the various parameters were analyzed at 5% level of significance by using ANOVA. 
 
Result: Results indicated highest germination percentage (51), lowest mortality percent (49), minimum days for initiation of germination (23), minimum days taken for germination completion (33), highest speed of germination (3.77), maximum vigour index (1441.44), highest root (11.27 cm) and highest shoot length (17 cm) in T5 (GA3 200 ppm) followed by T3 (water soaking for 48 hours). Indicating, T5 (GA3 200 ppm) to be best seed treatment for higher germination and subsequent seedling growth of Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentine L.).</div>

<div>Germination Behavior of Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Seeds with the use of Different Seed Treatments</div>

Background: Cancer has been regarded as the most dreaded disease for both human and animals because of its incurability. Canine mammary tumours are common and major problem encountered by academicians and practicing veterinarians. As a result, the current study was conducted to examine the effectiveness and overall impact of different surgico-chemotherapeutic approaches in treating malignant mammary tumors in dogs. 
 
Methods: The investigation involved 18 clinical instances of mammary tumors in different breeds, regardless of age or sex and were divided into three groups of six animals each. In Group S, only surgical excision of tumour was performed while animals of Group SD and Group SV were treated with surgical excision followed by administration of Doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) BSA and Vincristine sulphate (0.025 mg/kg) intravenously alongwith DNS at 7th and 14th post-operative days respectively. Different physiological and haemato-bichemical parameters i.e. Hb, PCV, TLC, TPC, DLC, Serum glucose, TSP, SUN, SC, ALT, AST and ALP were recorded preoperatively, postoperatively and following chemotherapy at 10th, 30th and 60th day intervals. 
 
Result: The present study showed transient change in the physiological, haematological and biochemical profiles following surgery and chemotherapy treatment. The histopathological analysis showed more cases of adenocarinoma which were followed by mixed carcinoma. Surgery combined with chemotherapy (doxorubicin and vincristine) resulted in minimal to no reoccurrence with few adverse reactions including inappetance, vomition, anaemia and alopecia. It was concluded that the most effective treatment for malignant mammary tumors in dogs is surgical excision followed by sequential vincristine therapy, which efficiently regresses the tumor without causing&nbsp; relapse.

Shelf Life Extension of Minimally Processed Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Portion

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

Utilization of Agricultural Waste Through Conventional Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A Review

Plasma Treatment and Seed Quality Advancement: A Review

Evaluation of Micronutrient Mixture as Seed Treatment and Foliar Nutrition in Grain Cowpea

Strategic treatment with immunomodulators to resolve endometritis in cow: A review

Efficacy of imidacloprid seed treatment for the control of leafhoppers and thrips in groundnut

Effect of physical seed treatment on yield and quality of crops: A review

Germination Behavior of Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Seeds with the use of Different Seed Treatments

Evaluation and Comparison of Different Surgico-chemotherapeutic Regimens for the Treatment of Malignant Canine Mammary Tumours