<div>Background: Ehrlichiosis is a ricketsial disease transmitted by ticks and characterized by reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia. In this study, it was aimed to determine the blood vitamin D and D-dimer levels in dogs with Ehrlichiosis.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Methods: The material of this study consisted of 33 dogs of different breeds, ages and both sexes during the period of 2018-2019. In 33 dogs with and without thrombocytopenia with clinical findings, definitive diagnosis and differential diagnosis were made with clinical examination and laboratory tests. All patients were evaluated for Ehrlichiosis with rapid Snap 4DX test kit. In addition, the diagnosis of the disease was made by PCR analysis. Blood D-Dimer levels were determined in control and study groups.&nbsp; 
 
Result: D-Dimer levels were significantly higher in the study groups when compared with the control group. Further, when blood D-vitamin levels of control and study groups were compared, it was found that blood D-vitamin levels were significantly lower in dogs with Ehrlichiosis. In conclusion, in this study, D-dimer levels were significantly increased in dogs with ehlichiosis and can be an adjunct biomarker with other clinical, hematologic and laboratory tests. In addition, serum vitamin D levels were found to be low in both active and acute infected patients in dogs previously exposed to the causative agent, which is closely related to the immune system of vitamin D and serum low vitamin D levels may pave the way for the development of ehrlichiosis disease.</div>

<div>Determination of Vitamin D and D-Dimer Levels in Dogs with Ehrlichia canis Infection</div>

<div>Background: Vitamin D and protein deficiencies are amongst the most prevalent malnutrition problems of India and several other developing nations. In the present study an attempt has been made to develop a Vitamin D and protein rich energy bar utilizing mushroom powder. Among the vegetarian foods, mushroom is a very good source of Vitamin D and also rich in good quality protein. 
 
Methods: Twelve formulations of energy bar prepared with varying proportions of mushroom powder (0-30%), sweeteners (40-50%) and cereals (20- 45%) were analyzed for nutritional, anti-oxidative, sensory, color and textural properties. 
 
Result: A significant improvement in vitamin D, protein, crude fiber, ash and antioxidant activity contents of energy bars with increasing proportions of mushroom powder was observed. Energy bar prepared with 20% mushroom powder, 40% sweetener, 25% cereals, 10% peanuts and a 5% dry fruits showed good sensory acceptability along with a good amount of vitamin D (423.99 IU/100 g), protein (15.18 g/100 g), antioxidant activity (78.52% scavenging of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) crude fiber (4.76 g/100 g) and ash content (2.60 g/100 g). Single bar (50 g) of this snack can provide 53% of recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of Vitamin D and 12.7% of RDA of protein for an adult.</div>

Development of Vitamin D and Protein Rich Energy Bar with Mushroom

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Acute kidney injury causes an abrupt decline in renal filtration and affects animals in a similar way to humans. Diagnosis can be made based on urinalysis, serum biochemistry and various biomarkers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative, antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of vitamin D in rats induced with acute kidney injury. 
 
Methods: In the present study, group A rats were taken as healthy control, group B rats were given gentamicin @ 100 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally for 8 days and were considered as disease control and group C rats were treated with Vitamin D @ 0.4 &micro;g/kg/day subcutaneously for 8 days along with intraperitoneal gentamicin injection. Reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxide (LPO), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in erythrocytes on day 0, 4 and 8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF &alpha;) and interleukin 10 (IL 10) were also estimated along with urine and serum biochemistry on day 0, 4 and 8. Kidney tissue samples were collected on day 8 for histopathological examination. 
 
Result: The mean values of GSH, catalase and SOD were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher whereas the mean value of LPO was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in group C compared to group B on day 4 and 8. On day 4 and 8, the mean value of TNF &alpha; was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower, while the mean value of IL-10 was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in rats treated with vitamin D as compared to disease control. Histopathological examination along with urine and serum biochemistry revealed protective efficacy of vitamin D in acute kidney injury. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that vitamin D is having ameliorative efficacy along with antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential in case of gentamicin induced acute kidney injury in Wistar rats. However, detailed studies are required to explore the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in clinical cases of kidney diseases.</div>

Ameliorative, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential of Vitamin D on Aminoglycoside Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Fish health and disease management is the key factor in modern aquaculture where intensification manifolds the infestation chances of parasites. Irrespective of antibiotics, the use of dietary additives gaining attention in development of aqua feed. Vitamin D is an important dietary additive for fish in terms it can boost up the immune system of fish and unluckily fish cannot synthesize vitamin D itself.&nbsp; Methods: The present study was planned to determine the effect of vitamin D as feed additive on the immunity, hematology and body composition of Labeo rohita. Four diets (T1, T2, T3, T4) containing different concentration of vitamin. D (250mg, 500mg, 1.0g and 1.5g) in food and a control diet were administrated for 90 days trial.&nbsp; Result: At the termination of experiment there were significant differences in growth and hematological parameters between control and test diets. T3 (1.0g of vitamin D) showed the maximum weight gain with lowest FCR value (1.43&plusmn;0.33) however, the RBC count of T4 group was highest (1.85&plusmn;0.07) than the control, T1, T2 and T3 groups. &nbsp;The body composition of Labeo rohita growth factor and survival rate were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in fish fed on diets containing vitamin D at 1.00g/Kg concentration.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Vitamin D on the Growth, Haematological and Bio-Chemical Profile of Labeo rohita</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Seventy breeding lines of mung bean were evaluated for 20 different characters and mean values were worked for genetic diversity by Mahalanobis D2 statistic. 
 
Methods: The experiments included 70 mung bean breeding lines which were collected from Plant Breeding Unit, Agricultural Research Station, Badnapur. They were grown during Kharif 2016 at experimental research farm Badnapur of Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The data were recorded for 20 different characters on 10 randomly selected plants. The statistical analysis were done by Mahalanobis D2 statistics. 
 
Result: The results of D2 analysis indicated the presence of considerable genetic divergence among these breeding lines. In the present study, inter-cluster distances were worked out considering 20 characters and these distances ranged from 240.96 (between cluster V and cluster VII) to 1080.72 (between cluster V and cluster VIII). The inter-specific derivatives were grouped into eight clusters. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between cluster V and cluster VIII. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between cluster V and cluster VIII (1080.72), followed by cluster II and cluster III (932.25), cluster IV and cluster VIII (910.11), cluster VII and cluster VIII (738.30), cluster I and cluster VIII (732.61), cluster VI and cluster V (660.49) and cluster II and cluster VI (494.93). This suggested that there is wide genetic diversity between these clusters. Based on these studies, crosses can be made between breeding lines of these clusters to obtain desirable results either in transgressive breeding or in heterosis breeding. Cluster VIII and cluster IV showed high mean values for most of the yield contributing traits like100-seed weight, shelling %, harvest index, pod length, primary branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, leaf width and days to shattering. So the lines from cluster IV and cluster VIII can be used for mung bean yield improvement programme.</div>

<div>Multivariate Analysis using D2 and Principal Component Analysis in Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] for Study of Genetic Diversity</div>

<div>Background:&nbsp;Rough-skin disorder mainly occurs in 6-12 years old young and senile orchards of Nagpur mandarin due to excess application or availability of potassium. The characteristics of rough-skinned fruits are large fruit size with rough textured peel, segments are loose intact with rind, improper fruit shape (fruit length to breadth ratio is equal to one or more than one), reduced juice per cent and TSS.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Based on the incidence of rough-skin disorder, an orchard of Nagpur mandarin was earmarked at Hetikundi village of Wardha district, Maharashtra for Mrig bahar during 2020. The selected orchards are 10 years old, spaced at 6 m x 6 m and grafted on Rangpur lime rootstock. At harvest, yield and yield attributes, fruit physical characteristics and critical quality characteristics&nbsp;viz. TSS, acidity, TSS/ acidity ratio and vitamin C content of disordered and normal fruits were recorded according to treatments. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Foliar application of plant growth regulators like 2,4-D 15 ppm and GA3&nbsp;15 ppm and reducing soil application of potassium in high potassium available soils reduced the rough skin and improved the rind texture and physicochemical characteristics at harvesting in mrig bahar.</div>

​Effect of Foliar Applied Nitrogen with Growth Regulators (2,4 D, GA3, Amrut-pani) and Soil Applied Potassium on the Management of the Rough-skin Disorder of Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

<div>Background: In the current scenario, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has made it difficult to treat bacterial infections alone using antibacterial agents. 
 
Methods: Milk samples collected from 100 mastitis affected cows from August 2018 to June 2019 and were stored at 4&deg;C. After species confirmation, isolates were subjected to ABST and screened for resistance genes - mecA, blaTEM using PCR. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of tetracycline and ampicillin were determined against both Staphylococcus spp and E. coli, alone and in combination with atorvastatin, vitamin D by using a modified microdilution method.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Staphylococcus and E. coli isolates showed 80.65% and 85.71%, 100% and 85.71% resistance against tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively. Atorvastatin and vitamin D did not display antibacterial effects as sole agents against both bacterial species. However, there was a significant decrease in the MIC of ampicillin against E. coli and Staphylococcus spp when combined with atorvastatin and vitamin D but not for tetracycline.</div>

Effect of Atorvastatin and Vitamin D against Multi-drug Resistant Staphylococcus spp and Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Cases

The sugar alcohol known as inositol and its derivatives are becoming more and more interesting in metabolism-related research studies due to its physiological roles. Inositol derivatives mainly myoinositol and d-chiroinositol have gained so much attention these days in the context of managing and treating metabolic issues such as diabetes and polycystic ovarian syndrome. For a long time, it was considered as the vitamin B, but later we got to know it is produced from glucose so considered non-essential. Nowadays rising rates of obesity which are further linked with diabetes and polycystic ovarian syndrome have fuelled demand for artificial sweeteners. Many people are searching for options to maintain their weight, which has led to the widespread usage of sucrose and fructose substitutes in the food industry. Sugar alcohols such as myoinositol and d chiroinositol (which are not been commonly used) in particular can be metabolized without the need for insulin control and have little effect on blood sugar levels. These sugar substitutes have the potential to provide sweetness without raising blood sugar levels and adding calories. These have half of the sweetness of sucrose. This paper aims to thoroughly investigate and understand the various roles played by inositol in the complex field of managing metabolic diseases. To find out the eligible papers for review paper screening has been performed through PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Different sets of keywords such as inositol, d chiro inositol, myo-inositol, insulin-resistance, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, DCI and type 2 diabetes mellitus were used. Studies which full text article were present used for the review. Research articles have been included the studies specifically to find out the relation between myoinositol and diabetes or any metabolic disease. The development of many diseases, such as PCOS and diabetes, is linked with inositol deficiency. Myoinositol is derived from the food we eat as well as from within. The low levels of MI can be the result of several factors, including decreased dietary intake, increased catabolism, alterations in the gut and reduced biosynthesis. These two forms, myoinositol and d-chiroinositol play significant roles in regulating lipid metabolism and glycaemic control. glycaemic metabolism and this are also supported by many research studies. Therefore, it can be a possible treatment or management option for people suffering from metabolic issues such as diabetes and PCOS. Future studies should focus on how we can increase the intake of myoinositol through diet and dietary food products.

Investigating the Role of Inositol: Myo-inositol and D-Chiro-inositol in Diabetes: A Review

Background: Vitamin D is essential for overall health, wellbeing and immune system. hypervitaminosis D led to many deleterious effects and increased mortality. This study aimed evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of eugenol (volatile phenolic constituent of clove essential oil obtained from Eugenia caryophyllata) against inflammation induced by vitamin D toxicity. 
 
Methods: Vitamin D (100 mg/kg) was orally administered into male albino rats followed by an oral administration of eugenol (100 mg/kg) for two months. 
 
Result: Histological results showed Vitamin D intoxication cause distinct alterations such as loss of lobular architecture, fibrosis and necrosis, treatment of eugenol with injected of Vitamin D showed improvement in the histological features of liver tissues. The study showed that a significant upregulation in the TNF-&alpha;, IL-2 and iNOS genes expression levels caused by Vitamin D compared to the control group. eugenol treatment caused a significant decreased TNF-&alpha;, IL-2 and iNOS activity and down-regulated gene expression levels. In Conclusion, hepatoprotective effects of eugenol through inhibiting pro-inflammation by vitamin D toxicity and increase the activity of the antioxidant defense system.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Immunomodulatory effect of Eugenia caryophyllata against Vitamin D-induced Toxicity in Liver of Male Westar Rats

<div>In 2011, a new virus was isolated from swine with influenza-like symptoms in Oklahoma, USA. Later in 2013, it was also evidenced in cattle, considered as its natural reservoir, elsewhere in the USA. This new virus has certain resemblance with Influenza C virus (ICV), predominately a human pathogen. Due to its inability to re-assort with ICV, it is now classified as Influenza D virus (IDV) and is a new candidate in the Orthomyxoviridae family. It causes mild respiratory disease in several animal species and replicates in both upper and lower respiratory tract. To date, serological evidence was demonstrated in various animal species and humans in all continents except Australia. It is transmitted through direct contact or through aerosol routes. Not much is known about its potential impact to animal and human health but it poses a potential risk as an emerging threat to cattle-workers. Currently, limited data is available on its global occurrence and distribution. Therefore, in current review, we summarize the global available data regarding epidemiology, pathology, zoonotic potential and future perspectives of this virus. In conclusion, continuous surveillance and risk assessment of this emerging virus is required.</div>

Determination of Vitamin D and D-Dimer Levels in Dogs with Ehrlichia canis Infection

Development of Vitamin D and Protein Rich Energy Bar with Mushroom

Ameliorative, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential of Vitamin D on Aminoglycoside Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

Effect of Vitamin D on the Growth, Haematological and Bio-Chemical Profile of Labeo rohita

Multivariate Analysis using D² and Principal Component Analysis in Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] for Study of Genetic Diversity

Effect of Foliar Applied Nitrogen with Growth Regulators (2,4 D, GA₃, Amrut-pani) and Soil Applied Potassium on the Management of the Rough-skin Disorder of Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

Effect of Atorvastatin and Vitamin D against Multi-drug Resistant Staphylococcus spp and Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Cases

Investigating the Role of Inositol: Myo-inositol and D-Chiro-inositol in Diabetes: A Review

Immunomodulatory effect of Eugenia caryophyllata against Vitamin D-induced Toxicity in Liver of Male Westar Rats

Peeping into the Emerging Threat of Novel Influenza D Virus: A Review