<div style="text-align: justify;">Wastes are the very big query of this century and its disposal is to be ecofriendly. As a result there is a magic called vermicomposting in which without troubling the environment, using tea dust powder and observes different reproductive stages of the worms, cocoons and cast potential for sprouting. The nature and texture of control and pre-decompost mixture with tea dust powder and cow dung mixture were partially composted with 60 days and fully composted after 90 days. The yield has high nutrient worm casts and also observed cocoons and young ones. Vermi casts are enriched nutrient supplement to germination of cow pea seeds. This increases the plant growth parameters and enhanced the plant growth. Adult earthworm of Eudrilus euginae worked with the tea dust powder and produced casts gave the macronutrients and was utilized in seeds germination.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Tea Dust Powder into Valuable Organic Fertilizer Using Eudrilus euginae</div>

<div>Background: Soil heavy metal pollution is an important environmental concern that has serious adverse effects on soil biota. The present study is aimed to assess the toxicity of heavy metals; lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) on the biochemical and immunological parameters of Eudrilus eugeniae.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Adult earthworms were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of Pb and Ni along with their combinations. After exposure for a period of 90 days, the content of bio-molecules such as carbohydrates, crude lipids and crude proteins; the total number of coelomocytes and the number of different types of coelomocytes were determined.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that the bio-molecular content decreased gradually and the maximum decrease was recorded in T6 (Pb 0.06 ppm) followed by T9 (Ni 0.03 ppm+Pb 0.03 ppm). Similarly, a decline in the total number of coelomocytes and the number of different types of coelomocytes was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Structurally five different types of coelomocytes were distinguished: granulocytes I, granulocytes II, amoebocytes I, amoebocytes II and eleocytes. So, it can be concluded that heavy metals are highly toxic to earthworms and biochemical and immunological parameters can be used in environmental monitoring programs.</div>

Assessment of Toxicity of Lead and Nickel on the Biochemical and Immunological Parameters of Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae

<div>Background: Agricultural chemicals, metals, industrial effluents, plastics, excessive dumping of unused and expired pharmaceutical chemicals etc. contaminate terrestrial, aquatic and aerial environment. The excessive usage of the unwanted chemicals elicits undesirable effects in the non target organism inhabited in the various environments. The soil biota like earthworm faces threats of the environmental contaminants. A number of research works has been carried out to study the impact of certain environmental pollutants on the terrestrial inhabitant like earthworms which are widely utilized in the waste disposal management. Tamarind shell waste is considered one of the unwanted materials dumped in the road side and being discharged from industry and from the houses. The bio waste is now a day&rsquo;s utilized for various purposes. The environmental contaminants such as diclofenac and bisphenol-A are discharged into the environment and finally reach the terrestrial environment where the inhabitants are adversely affected. Hence the study has been focused to analyze the efficiency of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae in the conversion of tamarind shell waste mixed separately with Diclofenac and bisphenol-A.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Vermibed was prepared for the present work. The vermibed contains cow dung and garden soil which are common in all the pots. One pot was considered as control. The second pot was mixed with tamarind shell waste. The third pot was mixed with diclofenac and finally in the last pot bisphenol-A was taken. Healthy earworms were selected and released to the four pots. The experimental set up was maintained for 30 days. Correlation matrix and t-test was performed to understand the significance of the results. 
 
Result: The study revealed the impact of pollutants on the bioconversion of tamarind shell waste. The contaminants like diclofenac and bisphenol-A significantly decreased the micro and macro nutrient levels. The phosphorous, nitrogen and potassium level showed a decrease when compared to control on 30th day in the diclofenac treatment. The nitrogen value was also decreased in the bisphenol-A treated compost on 30th day and the value was statistically significant. The other nutrients, phosphorous and iron were also decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) in the treatment and correlation matrix showed positive and negative correlation with micro and macro nutrients. The physico-chemical characters such as pH and electrical conductivity are also altered in the experimental conditions.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Studies on the Efficiency of Eudrilus eugeniae in the Bioconversion of Tamarind Fruit Shell Waste Mixed with Diclofenac and Bisphenol-A</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study of 28 days was carried out to assess the effect of arsenic and chromium on biomass gain and reproduction parameters (cocoon and hatchling production) of E. eugeniae. The worms were cultured in substrate having different concentrations of arsenic and chromium alongwith control in triplicates. Dose and time dependent decreased in number of adults, cocoon production and hatchling emergence and reduction in growth was observed. In worms exposed to Cr (0.1 ppm), reduction in population (24.66%), body weight (2.44%), cocoon production (47.14%) and hatchling emergence (39.99%) was observed. While As (0.1 ppm) exposure resulted in reduction of adult population (10.66%), body weight (0.24%), cocoon production (37.05%) and hatchling emergence (28.53%) was observed. &nbsp;Cocoon production was observed to be the most sensitive parameter for heavy metal exposure in all treatments. Chromium was observed to be more detrimental to earthworms when compared with arsenic.</div>

Reproductive parameters as assessment tools for arsenic and chromium induced toxicity in Eudrilus eugeniae

<div>Background: Agroindustrial by-products of cocoa shell and jack fruit peels generally considered as organic waste have almost no economic value and create a big problem in disposal time. A significant amount of biocomposted cocoa shell and jack fruit peel waste is used as organic manure that enhances growth in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 
 
Methods: This research work was conducted in the period of 2019 in the Department of Botany, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (India). A large amount of cocoa shell and jack fruit peel waste was used for the biocompost preparation using Pleurotus eous, Pleurotus florida spawns and Eudrilus eugeniae. After 90 days, biocompost were taken and sieved used as manure for plant study. Eight different treatments were carried out for the cultivation of Cowpea. Plant samples at various stages (25, 35 and 45 DAS) were analyzed for shoot and root length, number of leaves, flowers, nodules /plant, fresh weight and dry weight of plant. On 65th day yield parameters like number of pods/plant, length of the pod, number of seeds/pod, weight of seeds/pods, pod fresh weight and pod dry weight were analyzed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The experimental results showed that the application T8 (Raw jackfruit peel + 10 g Pleurotus eous + 10 g Pleurotus florida + Eudrilus eugeniae 5 t/ha-1) recorded maximum root (20.63 cm, 32.73 cm and 39.23 cm), shoot length (70.73 cm, 167.50 cm and 175.83 cm), number of leaves/plant (26.46 cm, 33.53 cm and 37.50 cm), number of flowers/plant (12), number of nodules (14, 21.20 and 11.34), fresh weight (10.076 g, 12.146 g and 14.047 g) and dry weight (1.744 g, 1.854 g and 2.827 g) are closely followed by T4 (Raw cocoa shell+ 10 g Pleurotus eous + 10 g Pleurotus florida + Eudrilus eugeniae 5 t/ha-1). A significant increase in the yield parameters such as number of pods/plant (21), length of pod (16.50 cm), number of seeds/pod (20), weight of seed/pod (1.68 g), fresh weight (5.711 g) and dry weight of pod (2.398 g) was observed in treatment T8 as compared to the other treatments (T1, T2, T3, T5, T6 and T7) and control respectively.</div>

​Efficiency of Biocomposted Agroindustrial Wastes and Their Response in the Growth and Yield of&nbsp;Vigna unguiculata&nbsp;(L.) Walp

<div>
<div>Background:&nbsp;Composting is the process of breaking down of organic matter using living organisms which can be used as manure for soil conditioning. Vermicomposting is the rapid decomposition of biowastes using earthworm species which will enhance the growth and yield of plants. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The vermicomposting of vegetable and fruit wastes was carried out during summer season (May-July) and by using the vermicompost a pot culture experiment was conducted in black gram for three months from August to October, 2019. The treatments consist of combinations of vermicomposted wastes and cowdung along with bioinoculants, Soil served as control. The biometric parameters such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight on 15, 35, 55 DAS and yield characters like number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pods, pod length, weight of seed/pod, pod fresh weight and pod dry weight were recorded and statistically analysed. The present study has been attempted to convert the vegetables and fruit waste into compost as manure and analyse its effect on vegetative growth and yield parameters of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.). 
 
Result:&nbsp;The highest value of shoot length, root length, fresh weigh and dry weight were noted in fruit waste + cow dung +&nbsp;Pleurotus eous (APK1) +&nbsp;Trichoderma asperelloides&nbsp;+&nbsp;Eudrilus eugeniae on 15, 35 and 55 day after sowing (DAS) and the least was reported in control (only soil). The application of T8 treatment reported the highest yield characters which were followed by other treatments and control on 15, 35 and 55 DAS. The study concluded that T8 (F.W + cow dung + P. eous + T. asperelloides&nbsp;+&nbsp;Eudrilus eugeniae) is an effective biocompost for the growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) which is eco-friendly.</div>
</div>

Influence of Vegetable and Fruit Wastes Vermicompost on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The present work was to evaluate biocomposted cocoa shell and jack fruit peel wastes and their effect on the vegetative development and yield parameters of Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L. Var. NS-620 (Cowpea). 
 
Methods: The experiments were conducted in the Department of Botany, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, during 2019.The experiments consists of various treatments of biocompost. Different growth stages of the plant sample were analysed for root length, shoot length, number of leaves, number of nodules, number of flowers, plant fresh weight and dry weight on 25, 50 and 75 DAS. The yield parameters of cowpea such as number of pods per plant, length of pod, number of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pods, pod fresh and dry weight were analysed on 90 DAS. 
 
Result: The experimental result showed that T8 (Raw Jack fruit peel+10 g Pleurotus eous+10 g Pleurotus florida+Eudrilus eugeniae 5 t/ha-1) and T4 (Raw Cocoa shell+10 g Pleurotus eous+10 g Pleurotus florida+Eudrilus eugeniae 5 t/ha-1) treatment significantly increased the vegetative growth in root length, shoot length, number of leaves/plant, number of nodules, fresh weight and dry weight on 25 to 75 DAS and number of flowers on 45 DAS. Maximum increase in the yield parameters was observed in number of pods/plant, length of pod, number of seeds/pod, weight of seed/pod, fresh weight and dry weight of pod in Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L. as compared to other treatments and control. The main objective of the study was to develop high yielding and healthy vegetable crops with the help of biocomposted agroindustrial waste without damaging the environment.&nbsp;</div>

Impact of Cocoa Shell and Jack Fruit Peel Waste Biocompost Influence on the Growth and Yield Attributes of Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment was undertaken at central experimental station, Wakawali, Maharashtra to evaluate the influence of two species of earthworms and effective micro-organisms (EM)&rdquo; on compositing of organic residues during July 2008 to February 2009. In order to reduce the period of composting and improve upon its quality, studies were undertaken to monitor the changes in various physical and chemical parameters governing the process of decomposition of mango leaves, cashew leaves, shivan leaves and ain leaves using Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugineae species of earthworms along with EM solution. It was observed that at the end of composting significantly lowest bulk density 0.38 Mg m-3 was noted in Shivan leaves inoculated with E eugineae species of earthworm.Descending order of bulk density values after the composting were observed as, Mango leaves&gt;Cashew leaves&gt; Ain leaves&gt;Shivan leaves. The highest maximum water holding capacity on 150th days of composting was recorded in Shivan leaves(239.70%) and lowest in Cashew leaves(185.00%). There was reduction in pH of Mango leaves compost inoculated with earthworm species E foetida.There was &nbsp;a considerable reduction in electrical conductivity of all the residues after their complete decomposition. &nbsp;Inoculation of earthworms to all these organic residues resulted into reduction in C:N ratio with the advancement in period up to 150 days. There was significant increase in cation exchange capacity.Initially maximum CEC {36.83 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 } was recorded in Shivan leaves treated with Eudrilus eugineae and lowest CEC {23.33 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 } was noted in Cashew leaves treated with E. foetida. Similarly at the end of composting, maximum CEC{90.67 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 } was recorded in Shivan leaves treated with Eudrilus eugineae and lowest &nbsp; CEC {64.83 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 } was noted in Cashew leaves treated with E. foetida.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Comparative studies on physical and chemical changes during composting&nbsp;of organic residues as influenced by two species of earthworms&nbsp;and effective micro-organisms (EM)</div>

<div>Background: Organic farming proves many advantages for recycling regenerates the waste matter into wealth and can wipe out the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Sustainable agriculture can be ensured in future with the help of organic farming which includes various processes of biological origin such as compost and vermicompost. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted at Alanthurai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Agro-industrial waste of sugarcane trash and bagasse were collected and were used for biocomposting process using Pleurotus florida, Trichoderma asperelloides, microbial consortium and Eudrillus eugeniae. Six different treatments were incorporated in the present study. Vegetative parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight at different stages (30, 60 and 90 DAS), number of flowers and number of branches on 60 and 90 DAS. On 90th day yield characters like number of fruits, diameter of fruits, single fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per plot were analyzed. 
 
Result: A significant increase in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight was observed in T3 - C3 (Predecomposted sugarcane trash + Trichoderma asperelloids and Microbial consortium 5 t/h) treatment, followed by T1 - C1 (Predecomposted sugarcane trash Pleurotus florida and earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) 5 t/h) treatment on 30, 60 and 90 DAS. A significant increase in number of flowers and number of branches was observed in T3 treatment followed by other treatment on 60 and 90 DAS. The maximum amount in number of fruits, diameter of fruit, single fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per plot were noted in T3 treatment, followed by T1 treatment on 90 DAS and minimum amount were reported in control (soil). The results of the study clearly indicated that treatment T3 significantly increased the vegetative parameters and yield characters in tomato.</div>

Effect of Composted Sugarcane Trash and Bagasse on the Growth and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Background: Application of vermicompost produced from diverse organic wastes could be one of the most economical and attractive methods of solving waste disposal problem and increasing the nutrient contents of soil simultaneously. Vermicompost is used as an organic fertilizer, the effects of vermicompost obtained from different organic wastes on plant growth and yield.

Methods: The vermicomposting of sugarcane trash and bagasse waste was carried out during (January-March) and by using the vermicompost a field culture experiment was conducted in brinjal for three months from April-June, 2019. There are 6 treatments namely T1-T6 and control. Vegetative parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, fresh weight, and dry weight at different stages (30, 60 and 90 DAS), number of flowers and number of branches on 60 and 90 DAS. On 90th day yield characters like number of fruits, diameter of fruits, fruit length, single fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per plot were analyzed.

Results: A significant increase in shoot length (32.9, 55.3 and 98.5), root length (17.85, 25.10 and 33.30), number of leaves (21.33, 50.00 and 77.00), fresh weight (31.10, 48.30 and 55.55) and dry weight (7.10, 7.95 and 9.30) was observed in T5 - C5 (Predecomposted Sugarcane bagasse, Trichoderma asperelloids and earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) 5t/h) treatment, followed by T2 - C2 (Predecomposted Sugarcane trash, Trichoderma asperelloids and earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) 5t/h) treatment on 30, 60 and 90 DAS. A significant increase in number of flowers (27.50 and 55.50) and number of branches (22.50 and 27.50) was observed in T5 treatment followed by other treatments on 60 and 90 DAS. The maximum amount in number of fruits (22.00), fruit length (15.70), single fruit weight (93.15), fruit yield per plant (10.35) and fruit yield per plot (37.25) were noted in T5 treatment, followed by T2 treatment on 90 DAS and minimum amount were reported in control (soil). The results of the study clearly indicated that treatment T5 significantly increased the vegetative parameters and yield characters in brinjal.

&nbsp;

Efficient Utilization of Agro-industrial Waste through Vermicomposting and its Impact on Growth and Yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Tea Dust Powder into Valuable Organic Fertilizer Using Eudrilus euginae

Assessment of Toxicity of Lead and Nickel on the Biochemical and Immunological Parameters of Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae

Studies on the Efficiency of Eudrilus eugeniae in the Bioconversion of Tamarind Fruit Shell Waste Mixed with Diclofenac and Bisphenol-A

Reproductive parameters as assessment tools for arsenic and chromium induced toxicity in Eudrilus eugeniae

Efficiency of Biocomposted Agroindustrial Wastes and Their Response in the Growth and Yield of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

Influence of Vegetable and Fruit Wastes Vermicompost on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Impact of Cocoa Shell and Jack Fruit Peel Waste Biocompost Influence on the Growth and Yield Attributes of Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.)

Comparative studies on physical and chemical changes during composting of organic residues as influenced by two species of earthworms and effective micro-organisms (EM)

Effect of Composted Sugarcane Trash and Bagasse on the Growth and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Efficient Utilization of Agro-industrial Waste through Vermicomposting and its Impact on Growth and Yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)