<div>Background: Salmonellosis is of great concern among the infectious diseases of poultry and has been responsible for serious economic losses to the poultry producers and a shift in Salmonella serotypes has been evident in recent years. Study was carried out to know the occurrence and pathology of Salmonellae infection in poultry along with their multi-drug resistance. 
 
Methods: Samples for study were collected from 26 organized poultry farms. To determine the presence of Salmonella in the farms, microbial culture from fecal swabs and pooled fecal samples was carried out for isolation of bacteria. Molecular detection of Salmonella isolates was also performed using direct PCR. Biofilm producing ability of the bacteria was also assessed and antibiotic sensitivity test was done to detect the resistance of bacterial isolates. 
 
Result: Salmonellosis in broiler and layer farms was recorded as 20% and 45.4% respectively and in 1.58% of the necropsy cases through microbial culture. Molecular detection of Salmonella isolates by PCR targeting invA gene was confirmed in 13.33% broiler farms and 36.3%-layer farms. Further detection of Salmonella Enteritidis was performed by PCR targeting ent gene and 11.11% positivity was determined. Biofilm producing ability of the bacteria was found 40% using biofilm assay. Serological examination using polyvalent antisera diagnosed 27.27% isolates as motile salmonellae. During necropsy of positive cases gross lesions comparable to salmonellosis were noted in liver, intestine, spleen and ovary. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) pattern was observed with highest resistance towards oxytetracycline, streptomycin followed by amikacin, amoxicillin and enrofloxacin. The presence of multiple drug resistant Salmonella in chicken has rendered the food chain unsafe from farm to table and hence continuous surveillance of the disease should be encouraged.</div>

Occurrence of Multi-drug Resistant Avian Salmonellae in Commercial Poultry

<div>Background: Multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) can cause a variety of diseases that lead to considerable economic losses in the swine industry. In the past, the mainstream view believed that most bacterial resistance was caused by planktonic bacteria, but the ability of bacteria to form biofilms was ignored. Here, we isolated and identified 185 strains of E. coli from pigs in central China and analyzed the relationship between their genetics, antibiotic sensitivity and biofilm formation ability. 
 
Methods: First, the isolates were classified according to biofilm formation ability by semi-quantitative staining of crystal violet. Then, Phylogenetic group analysis of isolates by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, E. coli with different biofilm-forming abilities were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility in its planktonic and biofilm state. Finally, the drug resistance pattern of the isolates with different biofilm formation capabilities were compared. 
 
Result: most of the collected strains showed biofilm formation ability (87.57%, 162/185). The isolated E. coli with biofilm formation ability were classified into the following groups: A (16.05%, 26/162), B1 (10.49%, 17/162), B2 (33.33%, 54/162) and D (40.12%, 65/162). Simultaneously, the isolated E. coli were classified into the following groups according to the biofilm formation ability: Strong (34.57%, 56/162), Moderate (33.33%, 54/162), Weak (32.10%, 52/162) and Absent (12.43%, 23/162). Compared with the planktonic cells, the isolates showed a significant increase in the resistance rate in the biofilm form. And the isolates of the strong biofilm-forming ability group had a high drug resistance pattern. This study provides data of the drug resistance of pig-derived E. coli with different biofilm-forming abilities and provides a scientific basis for guiding veterinary clinical treatment and disease prevention.</div>

<div>Effect of Biofilm Formation on the Escherichia coli Drug Resistance of Isolates from Pigs in Central China</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Trypanosomosis is a neglected tropical disease. Drug resistance in trypanosomosis has been on the increase in recent years. It is presumed that drug resistant trypanosomes are less pathogenic and may be very suitable for rodent models of human African trypanosomosis (HAT).&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The T. b. brucei used was locally isolated from a dog and characterized by PCR. Drug resistance trait of the isolate was evaluated using diminazine aceturate and isometamidium chloride. Healthy rats were inoculated with the isolate, IP. Some haemato-biochemical parameters were evaluated. Three rats were euthanized on day 70 PI and necropsied. Data generated from the study were analyzed by student&rsquo;s t-test and significance was accepted at probability, p&lt;0.05.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The isolate was confirmed to be drug resistant T. b. brucei and caused no mortalities in the infected rats. The low pathogenicity in rats was discussed and the typical CNS lesions of chronic-stage HAT produced by the isolate makes it a suitable candidate for rodent models of HAT.</div>

​​Pathogenicity of Drug-resistant Canine Isolate of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Rats

Background: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity globally. The recent rise in resistant bacterial strains is largely attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics in human and animal treatment. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, posing a major challenge for clinicians worldwide. 
 
Methods: In the current study, 121 samples were obtained from bovine mastitis milk and faeces, dairy cattle farm premises, chicken cloacal swabs, poultry farm litter and water. The samples were processed for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella species. Klebsiella isolates were identified by cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics and were subsequently confirmed by PCR assays that targeted species-specific genes. The isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test. The DNA from all the isolates was extracted and subjected to PCR to identify the presence of 10 different Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARG) using published primers. The ARGs targeted were blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaIMP, DHAM, MOXM, tetA, tetB, sul1 and aadA. 
 
Result: Out of 121 samples, twenty-six (21.4%) samples were identified as Klebsiella pnuemoniae isolates. The occurence of Klebsiella pnuemoniae in samples from different sources was- 3/33 (09%) from mastitis milk, 8/27 (29.6%) from faecal samples and 04/14 (28.5%) from environmental samples collected from dairy farms. Similarly, Klebsiella pnuemoniae prevalence was recorded to be 6/33 (18.1%) in cloacal swabs and 5/14 (35.7%) from environmental samples collected from poultry farms. On in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, all the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime and ampicillin/ sulbactam (100% each), followed by cefalexin (65.3%), streptomycin (53.8%), tetracycline (38.4%), imipenum and co-trimoxazole (34.6% each), ofloxacin (30.7%), norfloxacin (27%), ceftriaxone (23%), amikacin (15.38%) and gentamicin (11.5%). All the K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Out of 26 isolates, 25 (96%) were positive for Sul1, 22 (84.6%) for blaTEM, 19 (73%) for blaSHV, 19 (3%) for tetA, 16 (61.5%) for aadA, 10 (38.4%) for OXA, 9 (34.6%) for tetB and 2 (7.6%) for DHAM and MOXM each. None of the isolates harboured blaIMP gene.

Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pnuemoniae Isolated from Different Sources

<div>Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a pathogen that sickens both humans and animals. There are relatively few reports on the correlation between drug resistance and biofilm formation ability of E.coli isolated from goose and fish in water environment of China. This study investigated the genetic typing, antibiotic sensitivity and biofilm formation ability of E. coli strains isolated from goose and fish. 
 
Methods: The phylogenetic clustering, drug resistance and biofilm formation ability of E. coli were tested by triple PCR, crystal violet microplate and Microdilution method.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed the prevalence of group B2 and D in fish-derived E.coli accounted for 59% and 12%, goose-derived E. coli accounted for 48% and 9%, respectively. Some strains could form biofilm and biofilm formation ability was associated with the drug resistance. The MIC values of strains growing in biofilm were 2-16 times higher than those of corresponding planktonic bacteria. The antibiotic resistance among biofilm-forming isolates was significantly higher than that strains unable to form biofilm (p&lt;0.05).&nbsp;</div>

Phylogenetic Group, Biofilm Formation and Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Goose and Fish in Henan, China

<div>Background: Escherichia coli is one of the intestinal microbiota in wildlife as in domestic animals and humans. The prevalent serogroups, pathogenic strains like STEC, EPEC and antimicrobial resistance is less frequently studied in captive wildlife of India. The present study was aimed to study the prevalence of STEC, EPEC and antimicrobial resistant E. coli from captive wild animals in a zoo in Kolkata, India.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study was done during March 2019 to June 2019 for E. coli from faecal samples of captive wild birds and mammals. The pathotypes STEC and EPEC were detected for the presence of stx1, stx2 and eae virulence genes, respectively. Extended spectrum beta- lactamases, ampC beta-lactamases production and antimicrobial susceptibility were detected by standard phenotypic methods.&nbsp; 
 
Result: In this study, some E.coli isolates were found harbouring genes for ETEC and EPEC. Extended spectrum beta- lactamases and ampC beta-lactamases were produced by some isolates. Most E. coli isolates were detected multidrug-resistant but were mostly sensitive to gentamicin and amikacin. This study demonstrated that captive wild animals harbour potentially pathogenic E. coli that were resistant for many antimicrobials.</div>

​Prevalence of Shigatoxigenic, Enteropathogenic and Antimicrobial Drug Resistant Escherichia coli from Captive Wild Animals of Alipore Zoo, Kolkata, India

<div>Background: In the current scenario, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has made it difficult to treat bacterial infections alone using antibacterial agents. 
 
Methods: Milk samples collected from 100 mastitis affected cows from August 2018 to June 2019 and were stored at 4&deg;C. After species confirmation, isolates were subjected to ABST and screened for resistance genes - mecA, blaTEM using PCR. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of tetracycline and ampicillin were determined against both Staphylococcus spp and E. coli, alone and in combination with atorvastatin, vitamin D by using a modified microdilution method.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Staphylococcus and E. coli isolates showed 80.65% and 85.71%, 100% and 85.71% resistance against tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively. Atorvastatin and vitamin D did not display antibacterial effects as sole agents against both bacterial species. However, there was a significant decrease in the MIC of ampicillin against E. coli and Staphylococcus spp when combined with atorvastatin and vitamin D but not for tetracycline.</div>

Effect of Atorvastatin and Vitamin D against Multi-drug Resistant Staphylococcus spp and Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Cases

Background: Foodborne diseases are a huge social burden in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Escherichia coli is a natural inhabitant of the human and warm-blooded animal digestive tracts. It is considered as an indicator organism for direct or indirect faecal contamination of raw meats. The presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in meat accounts for a public health risk. 
 
Methods: In current study, all 39 characterized E. coli isolates recovered on screening 405 fresh meat samples collected from different butcher shops in the Udgir city, Marathwada region of Maharashtra were also tested for Congo red dye binding assay and haemolysis assay. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of recovered isolates was carried out using the disc diffusion method. 
 
Result: Overall occurrence of E. coli in fresh meats was noted to the tune of 9.63% and the corresponding group wise occurrence in chicken and chevon samples were 12% and 7.32%, respectively. All E. coli tested positive in the Congo red dye binding assay and haemolysis assay, suggesting virulent nature of isolated organisms. On screening for antimicrobial resistance, these isolates were found resistant to mainly &acirc;-lactams (94.87%), lincosamides (84.62%), 4th Generation cephalosporins (82.05% each), DHFR Inhibitors (64.10%), glycopeptides (51.28%). The multidrug resistant isolates showed resistance to a minimum of 4 and maximum of 12 antibiotics with MAR index ranging from 0.27 to 0.8 and 9 resistance patterns.

The Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Multiple Drug Resistance Index Studies of E. coli from Fresh Meats in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra

<div>SAR and ISR are key acquired resistances in plants that play major role in imparting resistance to plants against various pathogens namely bacteria, virus, nematodes etc. The increasing awareness towards chemicals has led scientists to work on new mechanism of resistances. Both SAR and ISR are of future perspective for disease management. SAR require salicylic acid as transport molecule along with other complexes that include reactive oxygen species, lipid molecules whereas ISR require Jasmonic acid as signal molecule. SAR is more long lasting and broad spectrum as compared to ISR. Non-pathogenic bacteria and insectivores induce ISR. In future, disease management will be more focused on ISR and SAR.</div>

​Systemic Acquired Resistance vs Induced Systemic Resistance: A Review

<div>Background:&nbsp;Salmonella is recognized as the most prevalent bacterial cause of foodborne diseases worldwide and animal-sourced foods have been reported as a common source of Salmonella infections among humans. 
 
Methods: The commercial chicken eggs, backyard chicken eggs, and duck eggs samples, 60 each, were processed for isolation and identification of Salmonella. All Salmonella isolates were further tested for resistance against six different antibiotics. The prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in the Salmonella isolates was determined by PCR. &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 28 Salmonella isolates were recovered with an overall prevalence of 15.6% and out of them, 11.1% and 4.4% were from eggshell and egg content, respectively. All the isolates were found sensitive to Gentamicin however maximum resistance was observed against Cefotaxime. PCR results revealed that 100% of the isolates were carrying the invA gene however stn gene was detected in 78.6% of isolates. Among presumptively identified &beta;-lactam-resistant Salmonella isolates, 100% and 50% isolates harbored blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, respectively whereas none of the isolates contained the blaSHV gene. All tetracycline-resistant isolates harbored the tetA gene whereas none of the isolates carried the tetB gene. 100% of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were carrying the gyrA gene however parC gene was present only in 60% of isolates. These results indicate that drug-resistant Salmonella spp. were prevalent in eggs sold in the study area which can pose a serious public health problem.</div>

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Distribution of Resistance Genes in Salmonella Isolated from Chicken and Duck Eggs in Chhattisgarh, India