<div>Background: Since last decade demand for healthy and nutritious foods with additional health promoting functions has continuously been increased. Although meat and meat products traditionally have higher levels of fat therefore these products offer the good opportunity to develop low fat functional meat products. Fat replacements should contribute a minimum of calories to a product and should not be detrimental to organoleptic qualities. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to assess suitability of various functional ingredients for the development of low fat chevon patties. 
 
Methods: Pre-weighed quantity of minced chevon meat, along with other ingredients were added and chopped in a bowl chopper till desired consistency of the emulsion was achieved. Weighed quantity of emulsion was taken and molded in to patties shape and cooked at specified time and temperature combination. Three selected variant i.e carrageenan (CG), poppy seed (PS) and sago flour (SF) were used for the study. All samples were processed for physicochemical, mineral estimation, instrumental texture, color and sensory analysis. 
 
Result: Significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower fat and cholesterol contents and higher moisture and fat retention were observed in carrageenan incorporated chevon patties. However, calcium, iron, manganese and zinc contents were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in poppy seed incorporated low fat chevon patties. The instrumental textural and color profile were also differ significantly (P&lt;0.05). The flavor score was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher for chevon patties with carrageenan. The carrageenan added low fat chevon patties (CG) were found superior and widely acceptable among the sensory panelists. Hence, 0.6% carrageenan added chevon patties were selected to develop low fat chevon patties.</div>

Comparative Study of Different Fat Replacer in the Development of Low Fat Chevon Patties

<div>The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of grape seed extract (GSE) and its effect on the physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of chevon nuggets during frozen storage. Antioxidant potential by various biochemical tests (Antioxidant ability assays, total phenol content, total flavonoid content) were evaluated. The result showed that GSE exhibit high antioxidant ability assays (312.06&plusmn;1.69 &igrave;g ascorbic acid), total phenol content (190.34&plusmn;2.26 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (83.43&plusmn;2.36 mg rutin/g). The chevon nugget treated with GSE had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and free fatty acid % (FFA) compared to control during frozen storage. Addition of GSE significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced the total plate, total psychrophilic and yeast &amp; mold count in chevon nuggets during storage at -18&plusmn;2oC. The GSE treated chevon nuggets recorded significantly (P &lt; 0.05) superior score of flavor, juiciness and overall acceptability than control. It can be concluded that GSE has excellent antioxidant properties, could be used as an antioxidant to meat products without affecting its quality and acceptability.</div>

<div>Effect of Grape (Vitis vinifera) Seed Extract on the Physico-Chemical, Microbial and Sensory Characteristics of Chevon Nuggets</div>

<div>Background: The study was aimed to explore the antioxidant potential and functional value of guava (Psidium guajava L.) powder, bael (Aegle marmelos L.) pulp powder and dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus L.) peel powder in muscle foods.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The fruit powders were incorporated at 1.5% level in Chevon nuggets and its effects on various physico-chemical, textural, sensory attributes and microbiological parameters of products were evaluated against control.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher phenolics was found in bael pulp powder (82.32 mg GAE/g) and carotenoids (3.91 mg/kg) and Vitamin C (162 mg/kg) in guava powder. Incorporation of fruit powder significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the emulsion stability, cooking yield, moisture percentage and fat percentage of nuggets, whereas no significant effect was observed for protein percentage. Even sensory attributes were improved in treated nuggets, but the overall acceptability scores were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher for the control batch as adjudged by the panelists. The fruit powders were found to retard lipid peroxidation rate as well as microbial proliferation rate of the Chevon nuggets during refrigerated storage (4&plusmn;1&deg;C). When compared to the control batch addition of fruit powders had a significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction on both the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and TPC, TCC, TPSC and YMC. Hence fruit powders can be potentially used as natural preservatives and their functionality can be explored in ready to eat meat foods without affecting their acceptability.</div>

Antioxidant Potential of Fruit-based Phytochemical on the Quality Attributes and the Shelf-life of Chevon Nuggets

<div>Background: Adulteration of meat with their cheaper or inferior counterparts has become a common practice in the meat industry which threatens the feelings as well as the health of the people. Meat adulteration has issues relating to social, religious, economic, and public health. Therefore, it is important to develop simple and reliable techniques for the authentication of species of meat. Mitochondrial markers have been widely used in species identification and authentication as PCR of species-specific markers of mitochondrial origin is relatively rapid, accurate, sensitive and cost-effective as compared to other PCR based assays. The present study was carried out for authentication of raw and cooked meat from different species using PCR amplification of species-specific Cytb and D-loop markers of mitochondrial origin. 
 
Methods: In this study, detection of different raw meat viz. beef, carabeef, mutton, chevon, chicken, duck meat and dog meat as well as meat samples subjected to different processing temperatures was done using PCR of species-specific mitochondrial Cytb and D-loop markers. Samples of beef, carabeef, mutton, chevon, chicken, duck meat and dog meat were collected randomly from different locations of the North-Eastern region of India. The meat samples were subjected to heat treatment in hot water (80oC) to have 75oC core temperature. They were also 
cooked in steam to have the core temperature of 95oC. The samples were also subjected to autoclaving at a temperature of 121oC and 15 lb pressure.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The markers used in this study successfully amplified unique fragments for beef, carabeef, mutton, chevon, chicken, duck meat and dog meat. The sizes of the amplified products were 126 bp for beef, 226 bp for carabeef, 254 bp for mutton, 453 bp for chevon, 256 bp for chicken, 292 bp for duck meat and 100 bp for dog meat. The results were consistent in the meat samples which were subjected to different cooking temperatures ranging from 75-121oC. Consequently, these markers were validated for cross-amplification by checking them with other meat samples and no amplifications were observed in non-target species. The results suggested that all the markers were highly specific for the target species. The simplicity, sensitivity and stability of the assay indicated that this method could be very useful for meat authentication and thereby to detect adulteration.&nbsp;</div>

<div>A Method for Authentication of Meat by PCR Amplification of Species-specific Markers of Mitochondrial Origin</div>

The present study describes the prevalence of extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli in raw chevon, milk and human samples in different districts of Chhattisgarh state. A total of 330 samples comprising of chevon (n=126), raw milk (n=104), human urine and stool (n=100) were collected from Bilaspur, Durg, Raipur, Rajnandgaon and Dhamtari districts of Chhattisgarh and processed for isolation of E. coli. The biochemically confirmed E. coli isolates were further screened of for the presence of blaTEM gene by PCR amplification. Analysis of samples indicated an overall prevalence of 31.52%. The highest prevalence of E. coli was recorded in fresh chevon samples (38.09%) followed by human urine samples (37.14%), human stool samples (30%) followed by milk samples (20.19%). In &ndash;vitro antibiotic sensitivity test of E. coli isolates revealed that all isolates to be highly sensitive towards imipenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amoxyclav, ampicillin, oxytetracyclin. The highest numbers of E. coli isolates were found resistant to erythromycin, cefotaxim, ceftazidime, cephalexin and cifixime. The 49 E. coli isolates were found to have Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index more than 0.2, thus indicating indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. The 44 (42.3%) isolates were identified as presumptive ESBL producers and out of them 39.4% isolates were found to harbour the blaTEM gene on their plasmid DNA indicating the presence of multidrug resistant ESBL producing E. coli in foods of animal origin and human samples.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum b-Lactamases (blaTEM) producing Escherichia coli isolated from humans and&nbsp;foods of animal origin in Chhattisgarh, India

<div>Background: The intensive rearing systems of goats needs dietary formulations that will meet animal requirements, mainly the protein and energy to allow optimum growth rate. Alternative systems to attain 15-20 kg body weight by three months of age with better meat quality is need of the hour. Broiler goat production system is most suitable system of rearing for meat goat production. The current study was conducted to examine the impact of broiler goat production system on the carcass traits and meat quality characteristics of Malabari male kids.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fourteen pre-weaned kids were randomly allotted to two treatments. Treatment-I (T1) kids were allowed to suckle thrice a day during four weeks and twice in a day during consequent weeks. Whereas in Treatment-II (T2), kids were reared intensively by providing finely ground concentrate feed mixed with equal quantity of rice gruel from a feeding bottle after 7 days of colostrum feeding from the mother. The animals were slaughtered at an age of three months and the final body weight, carcass traits like dressing percentage, weight of different body parts and meat quality parameters like pH, color, cooking loss and shear force were analysed. The proximate composition and sensory evaluation was performed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Broiler goat production system could produce significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher final average body weight compared to natural system. All the carcass traits were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in T2. The broiler goat production system could double the net live weight during the same period compared to natural suckling system with higher dressing % and the chevon produced was tender with less cooking loss. Hence, this system can be recommended for chevon production in shorter period with higher dressing % and lesser cooking loss in Malabari male kids.</div>

<div>Carcass Traits and Meat Quality Characteristics of Malabari Male Kids Reared under Different Production System</div>

Background: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), is a leading cause of food borne infections of zoonotic significance, for which different food animals are considered reservoir and source of infection. Goats are mostly slaughtered at small slaughterhouses with poor hygienic conditions making chevon a likely transmission source for salmonellosis.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of NTS in goats from Rewa city of Madhya Pradesh and surrounding areas. A total of 240 samples from freshly 
slaughtered goat carcasses, including meat (n=120) and intestinal content (n=120) were collected from different butcher shops and processed for isolation and identification of Salmonellae by culture, biochemical methods and molecular methods.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 10.43% prevalence of Salmonella (only one serotype S. typhimurium) was found including 14.17% positivity in meat and 6.67% in intestinal content of sampled goats. AMR pattern indicated that the 68% of isolated Salmonella were Multi Drug Resistant and showed high resistance towards different antibiotics including third generation cephalosporins. Invasive and virulence markers like invA and spiA were present in all the isolates but spvR and spvC were not detected.&nbsp; Significant correlation was detected between phenotypic and genotypic (blaTEM and ampC gene) drug resistance pattern. A significant Pearson square correlation (0.468) (p&lt;0.0001) was found between the occurrence of Salmonella in intestinal content and meat but percent positivity of cross contaminated meat was also found very high (52.94%).

Cross Sectional Study on Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Freshly Slaughtered Goat Samples From Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India

Background: Foodborne diseases are a huge social burden in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Escherichia coli is a natural inhabitant of the human and warm-blooded animal digestive tracts. It is considered as an indicator organism for direct or indirect faecal contamination of raw meats. The presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in meat accounts for a public health risk. 
 
Methods: In current study, all 39 characterized E. coli isolates recovered on screening 405 fresh meat samples collected from different butcher shops in the Udgir city, Marathwada region of Maharashtra were also tested for Congo red dye binding assay and haemolysis assay. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of recovered isolates was carried out using the disc diffusion method. 
 
Result: Overall occurrence of E. coli in fresh meats was noted to the tune of 9.63% and the corresponding group wise occurrence in chicken and chevon samples were 12% and 7.32%, respectively. All E. coli tested positive in the Congo red dye binding assay and haemolysis assay, suggesting virulent nature of isolated organisms. On screening for antimicrobial resistance, these isolates were found resistant to mainly &acirc;-lactams (94.87%), lincosamides (84.62%), 4th Generation cephalosporins (82.05% each), DHFR Inhibitors (64.10%), glycopeptides (51.28%). The multidrug resistant isolates showed resistance to a minimum of 4 and maximum of 12 antibiotics with MAR index ranging from 0.27 to 0.8 and 9 resistance patterns.

The Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Multiple Drug Resistance Index Studies of E. coli from Fresh Meats in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra

<div>Background: Purgi goats are native to Ladakh. They are used for fibre production and are known for the quality chevon. A study was, therefore, undertaken to study the effect of non-genetic factors on growth traits of Purgi Goats in its breeding tract. 
 
Methods: Flocks of 80 farmers from 8 villages of district Kargil were monitored to collect the data pertaining to growth traits during 2017 and 2018. The data so collected were suitably classified to study the major fixed effects like birth year, kid, parity of dam, season of birth and type of birth. 
 
Result: The averages were1.21&plusmn;0.02, 3.62&plusmn;0.02, 5.82&plusmn;0.02, 8.73&plusmn;0.03, 10.71&plusmn;0.04 and 13.49&plusmn;0.09 for BW, WW, 6MW, 9MW, 12MW and 18MW, respectively. The coefficients of variations of all the traits were low. Highest variability of 13.49 was observed for 18MW. The values of least squares means (LSM&rsquo;s) of 0.96&plusmn;0.05, 3.74&plusmn;0.03, 5.80&plusmn;0.05, 8.74&plusmn;0.06, 10.87&plusmn;0.08 and 13.91&plusmn;0.19 for birthweight (BW), weaning weight (WW), six months body weight (6MW), nine months weight (9MW), yearling body weight (12MW) and eighteen months (18MW) weight were observed in the present study. The effects of sex of kids, season of birth and year of birth were significant (p&lt;0.05) on all traits under study, whereas effect of birth-type was significant (p&lt;0.05) on BW and WW and effect of parity was non-significant on all traits under study. All the traits BW, WW and 6MW were positively correlated among themselves. The correlations ranged from low (between BW and WW ) to high (WW with 9MW and 12MW).</div>

Growth Performance of Purgi Goats under Field Conditions in Kargil District (Ladakh)

Background: The goat population in the North East Hill region is approximately 4.37 million, with Assam being the major contributor (6,169,193), while Mizoram accounts for 14,820 goats. Goats are a vital livelihood source for the region&rsquo;s people, with chevon being a preferred meat over pork and beef. Despite its potential, goat farming faces challenges such as inadequate feeding practices, limited grazing land and a significant gap between meat production and demand. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study evaluated the effects of weaning age on the growth performance of 24 local nondescript goat kids (aged 0-3 months) reared under the agro-climatic conditions of Mizoram. Over a 90-day period at the Goat Unit, Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, Aizawl, the kids were divided into three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) with eight animals each. In T1, kids were kept with their mothers for 90 days. In T2, kids were weaned at 60 days and fed cow milk at 1/14th&nbsp;of their body weight, while T3&nbsp;kids were weaned at 45 days and fed cow milk at 1/12th&nbsp;of their body weight until day 60, then at 1/14th&nbsp;until day 90. All kids were given ad libitum access to creep feed and fodder starting on day 15. Total income from live weight gain was calculated considering total cost of feed and milk provided. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The production economy of three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) was analyzed. Initial&nbsp; average body weights were 1.26 kg (T1), 1.31 kg (T2) and 1.27 kg (T3), increased to 5.86 kg, 6.08 kg and 5.9 kg, respectively. Feed and fodder costs were Rs. 115.51 (T1), Rs. 116.45 (T2) and Rs. 114.45 (T3), with total intake of 3.176 kg, 3.202 kg and 3.147 kg per head. Income from live weight gain was highest in T1&nbsp;(Rs. 1724) but lower in T2&nbsp;(Rs. 1280.79) and T3&nbsp;(Rs. 981.54) due to additional cow milk costs.

Comparative Study of Different Fat Replacer in the Development of Low Fat Chevon Patties

Effect of Grape (Vitis vinifera) Seed Extract on the Physico-Chemical, Microbial and Sensory Characteristics of Chevon Nuggets

Antioxidant Potential of Fruit-based Phytochemical on the Quality Attributes and the Shelf-life of Chevon Nuggets

A Method for Authentication of Meat by PCR Amplification of Species-specific Markers of Mitochondrial Origin

Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum b-Lactamases (blaTEM) producing Escherichia coli isolated from humans and foods of animal origin in Chhattisgarh, India

Carcass Traits and Meat Quality Characteristics of Malabari Male Kids Reared under Different Production System

Cross Sectional Study on Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Freshly Slaughtered Goat Samples From Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India

The Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Multiple Drug Resistance Index Studies of E. coli from Fresh Meats in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra

Growth Performance of Purgi Goats under Field Conditions in Kargil District (Ladakh)

Effect of Weaning Age on the Performance of Goat Kids in Mizoram