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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Full Research Article

volume 44 issue 3 (june 2025) : 511-516,   Doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-474

Effect of Dietary Rubber Leaves and Probiotics “Bacillus pumilus St. L1” on  Blood Profile, Milk Yield and Milk Quality in Goats

R
Raguati Raguati1,*
0009-0004-0161-2874
A
Anie Insulistyowati1
0000-0002-7807-1306
A
Afzalani Afzalani1
0000-0003-2929-501x
R
Rahmi Dianita1
000-0002-3390-0983
R
Raden Abdul Muthalib1
0000-0002-3457-522x
1Animal Science Study Program, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Jambi University, Jambi-36361, Indonesia.
Cite article:- Raguati Raguati, Insulistyowati Anie , Afzalani Afzalani , Dianita Rahmi, Muthalib Abdul Raden (2025). Effect of Dietary Rubber Leaves and Probiotics “Bacillus pumilus St. L1” on Blood Profile, Milk Yield and Milk Quality in Goats . Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 44(3): 511-516. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-474.

ABSTRACT

Background: This study aims to evaluate the potential of rubber leaves (RL) as an alternative feed ingredient supplemented with Bacillus pumilus St. L1 probiotics in diets on the hemogram profile and milk production and quality of etawah crossbred (EC) goats.

Methods: This study used twelve lactating EC goats. The treatment diets were T0; 60% native grass (NG) + 40% concentrate (CON). T1; 45% NG + 15% RL + 40 CON + 1% probiotics. T2; 30% NG + 30% RL + 40% CON + 1% probiotics. T3; 15% NG + 45% RL + 40 CON + 1% probiotics. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD). Probiotics Bacillus pumilus St. L1 (2.8 x 1017 cfu/ml) supplement as 1% based on the dry matter. The parameters observed were dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, milk quality, feed efficiency and blood profile (erythrocytes and Hematocrit. Analysed variance was applied and the differences between treatments were measured using Duncan’s multiple.

Result: Including RL and probiotics in the diets showed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in DMI, milk production, milk quality and blood profile. The research results showed an increase in DMI with an average of 597.92 - 890.84 g/head/day, milk production 265.49- 360.24 g/head/day and feed efficiency 37.19 - 39.87%. Normal blood profile (erythrocytes 8.300 - 9.210 x106/μL, Hematocrit 26.500 - 34.000 %, Hemoglobin 8.133 -9.500 g/dL; Leukocytes 10.758 - 13.308 103/mm3). The use of 45% RL and probiotics in the diet was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other treatments.

INTRODUCTION

Goat milk is very beneficial for human health because the milk nutrients contain fatty acids (FA) (Nudda et al., 2020). Goat’s milk is useful for treating intestinal inflammation (Yadav et al., 2016). One of the goat breeds that produces milk is the Etawa Crossbred (EC) goat. EC goat milk contains dry matter 13.63 - 14.54%, fat 3.74 - 4.19%, protein 3.62 - 3.80%, lactose 2. 71 - 3.73% and SNF 8.31 - 8.84% (Raguati, 2016). Dairy goat milk contains fat (2.51 - 2.72%), protein (3.15-3.67%) and lactose (4.54 - 4.75%) (Costa et al., 2021). The health status of goats is reflected in their blood haemogram profile. One of the determining indicators that a goat is infected with a disease can be seen in the hematological and biochemical parameters of its serum (Singh, et al., 2014). Healthy livestock and high productivity can be achieved with a nutritious and balanced diet. Feed is essential for blood metabolism because it needs protein, vitamins and minerals to form blood cells.
       
Smallholder farmers usually provide only native grass for the livestock. Field grass has an average crude protein (CP) of 6.18%, DM of 91.64% and ash of 15.87% (Faji et al., 2021). The CP content of nine field grass species in Indonesia is 3.48 - 7.60% (Wahyono et al., 2019). Alternative feed such as rubber leaves (RL) can replace field grass as a fiber source for livestock. Rubber leaves can be used as forage for  goats and their availability throughout the year. The dry matter content of RL is 36.93%, organic matter 95.39%, crude fat 6.95%, crude fiber 30.50% crude protein of 17.56%-21.82% and undegradable protein (UDP) 40.88% (Raguati, 2016; Wigati et al., 2016). RL contains high protein, which increases blood protein and blood viscosity. Several factors, such as management, feed quality and blood nutrient content in the body, can influence animal physiological conditions.
       
To enhance the efficiency of using rubber leaves in animal diets, it is important to incorporate probiotics derived from Bacillus pumilus St. L1. Bacillus pumilus St. L1 is classified as a probiotic (Raguati et al., 2015). Probiotics can increase feed consumption and reduce pathogenic bacteria in the rumen and small intestine, leading to improved nutrient metabolism. It also supply ruminal N-ammonia, promote overall health and milk production (Khattab et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Sahoo et al., 2020).
       
This study aims to evaluate the potential of rubber leaves as an alternative feed ingredient Bacillus pumilus St. L1 probiotics in diets on the hemogram, milk production and quality in EC goats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve EC goats with an average body weight of 30 kg were divided in to four groups. The feed consists of forages consisting of field grass and rubber leaves (60%) and  concentrate (40%). The concentrate consists of 38% rice bran, 28% refined corn, 27% soybean meal, 5% coconut meal, 1% salt and 1% mineral mix. The nutritional content (%) of feed is shown in Table 1. The probiotic used was Bacillus pumilus St. L1 developed in rice bran as much as 1% of the total feed with the number of bacteria: 2.8 x 1017 CFU/ml (Raguati  et al., 2015).

Table 1: Nutrient content of treatment feed.


 
Blood sampling
 
Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein using venoject vacutainer containing EDTA and analyzed for blood profile in the laboratory.
 
Milk production and quality
 
100 ml of milk samples were taken twice a day at the morning and evening during the last week of the study and stored in the refrigerator at 5oC before quality analysis in the laboratory.
       
This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and three groups (milk production): T0: 60% native grass + 40% concentrate. T1: (45% native grass + 15% rubber leaves) + 40% concentrate + 1% probiotics. T2: (30% native grass + 30% rubber leaves) + 40% concentrate + 1% probiotics. T3: (15% native grass + 45% rubber leaves) + 40% concentrate + 1% probiotics. The parameters measured were dry matter intake, milk production, feed efficiency and milk quality (specific gravity, protein, fat, total solids, solid Non-Fat and lactose). Blood profile analyses include erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit value and hemoglobin. Data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Comparisons among treatments were performed Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS statistical software version 17.0.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Dry matter intake
 
The average DMI of EC goats was significantly increased (P<0.05) by the use of rubber leaves supplemented with probiotics in the diet (Table 2). The DMI ranged from 597.92-890.83 g/head/day, which was higher than that obtained by Raguati (2016). The high DMI obtained in this study was influenced by the quality, palatability and energy content of the diet with a higher use of rubber leaves. Wigati et al., (2015) reported that rubber leaves contain up to 21.82% protein and 40.88% non-degradable protein. Meanwhile, Khattab et al., (2020) reported that supplementation of probiotics in diets increased DMI and milk production and reduced the effect of heat stress.

​

Table 2: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. l1” on dry matter intake, milk production and feed efficiency of EC goats.


 
Feed efficiency
 
The treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the feed efficiency of EC goats. The average feed efficiency in this study was 37.19-39.87% (Fig 1), however, T3 treatment showed a feed efficiency value of 45%, which tended to be higher than that of the other treatments. The high feed efficiency value in the T3 treatment was due to the role of probiotics, which influence milk production. Arowolo and He (2018); and Bain  et al. (2022) stated that the use of probiotics effectively increases the digestive process, milk production and milk fat and improves animal health by preventing pathogenic microbes.

Fig 1: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. l1” on feed“efficiency of EC goats.


 
Erythrocytes
 
The results indicated that the treatment significantly affected the total blood erythrocyte levels in EC goats (P<0.05) (Table 3).  A higher proportion of rubber leaves supplemented with the probiotic Bacillus pumilus St. L1 in the diet resulted in an increased production of erythrocytes. The crude protein (CP) content of the feed, which included rubber leaves ranged from 15.40% to 18.22%. This CP is essential for synthesizing microbial proteins in the rumen, which then flow to the small intestine, where they are converted into amino acids that act as precursors for erythrocyte formation, known as erythropoiesis. The mean erythrocyte count ranged from 8.30 to 9.21 million/mm³, indicating good health condition of goats. Normal erythrocyte levels for goats range from 8 to 18 million/mm³ (Weiss  and Waldrop, 2010). These normal levels of erythrocytes suggest that the transport of oxygen and necessary substances in the body is stable. Cases of anemia in cattle occur due to oxidative damage to red blood cells (Kumar et al., 2018).

​

Table 3: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. L1” on blood profile of EC goats.


 
Hematocrit/ packed cell volume (PCV)
 
The treatment had a significant effect on hematocrit levels (P<0.01). The hematocrit levels observed in the T0 treatment were lower than those in T1, T2 and T3 (Table 3). For EC goats fed rubber leaves supplemented with probiotics, the mean hematocrit levels ranged from 26.50% to 34.00%. Including rubber leaves in the diet can enhance hematocrit values because the protein in the feed is effectively utilized by EC goats. The feed protein is utilized optimally in livestock due to the protective effects of tannins found in rubber leaves (Raguati et al., 2022).
       
Hematocrit levels observed were within the normal range, indicating that the goats were in good health of goats. The hematocrit value ranged from 16.6% to 19.0%, which is higher than the findings reported by Hamzaoui et al., (2021). Additionally, the hematocrit levels in livestock are closely related to the levels of erythrocytes and hemoglobin (Laka  et al., 2019). An increase in hematocrit levels typically occurs when there is an increase in blood cell counts or a decrease in blood plasma volume.
 
Hemoglobin
 
The blood hemoglobin levels of EC goats were significantly affected by the treatment (P<0.01). The hemoglobin in the T0 treatment was lower than in T1, T2 and T3 (Table 3). Normal hemoglobin levels indicate that the goats are in good health due to a high-protein intake from rubber leaves. The average hemoglobin level of EC goats ranged from 8.13 to 9.50 g/dl, while normal hemoglobin levels in goats ranged from 8 - 12 g/dl (Weiss and Waldrop, 2010). An increase in blood erythrocyte levels leads to higher hemoglobin, which ensures that the goats blood is sufficiently oxygenated. The elevated hemoglobin is attributed to the protein content in rubber leaves and the action of tannins, which help protect feed protein, making vital nutrients readily available for livestock.
 
Leukocytes
 
The treatment had a significant effect on the leukocyte levels of EC goats (P<0.01). Feeding rubber leaves and probiotics resulted in an average decrease of 19.16% in leukocyte levels. In this study, the total leukocyte count ranged from 10.75 - 13.30 x 10³/mm³, which falls within the normal range of 5.1 - 13.3 x 10³/µL (Mudawamah and Sumartono, 2020)  Fernandez et al., (2021) reported leukocyte counts ranging from 11.6 to 12.11 thousand/mm³ with a basal treatment using sorghum-pea butterfly silage.
       
The mean leukocyte count in the T0 treatment was notably high at 13.30 thousand/mm³, indicating that the goat was unhealthy. Rubber leaves, which are rich in tannins, have an immunomodulatory effect and are bioactive against inflammation in EC goats, as evidenced by normal leukocyte levels. The addition of rubber leaves along with probiotics (T1, T2, T3) helps normalize leukocyte formation. A normal total leukocyte count reflects the livestock’s ability to defend itself. Probiotic supplementation can enhance nutrient consumption and positively impact the blood metabolism of goats (Han et al., 2019).
 
Milk yield and quality
 
Supplying goats with rubber leaves supplemented with probiotics significantly increased both the yield and quality of milk (P<0.05) (Table 2 and 4). The feed protein level in treatment T3 (CP 18.217%) was higher than in the other treatments. Treatment T3, which consisted of 45% rubber leaves and probiotics, produced the highest milk output. Increased DMI correlated with greater milk production. Milk production relies on quality feed and effective management (Zucali et al., 2020). The tannins found in rubber leaves can protect degraded protein in the rumen, improving metabolism in the udder glands. This enhanced metabolism contributes to increased milk production and quality. Additionally, introducing varying doses of probiotics into the diets of the experimental groups of pregnant goats resulted in a significant increase in average daily milk yield and milk quality (Olchowy et al., 2019; Funk et al., 2021).

​

Table 4: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. l1” on milk quality of CE goats.


       
The average protein content in goat’s milk treated with rubber leaves and supplemented with Bacillus pumilus St. L1 ranged from 4.17% to 4.29%. The quality of the milk produced in this study is considered premium, meeting the following characteristics: protein greater than 3.7% (Thai Agriculture, 2008) and above the fresh milk standard of greater than 2.7% (SNI, 2011). The administration of probiotic-supplemented rubber leaves significantly increased (P<0.05) the fat, total solids and lactose content in the milk of EC goats. The average milk content was found to be as follows: fat 3.76% to 4.56%, solid non-fat (SNF) 8.81% to 9.05%, total solids 12.79% to 13.98% and lactose 3.96% to 4.09% (Table 4). For comparison, the milk quality of dairy goats in Brazil showed moisture content between 89.54% and 90.02%, fat content between 2.51% and 2.72%, protein content between 3.15% and 3.67% and lactose between 4.54% and 4.75% (Costa et al.,, 2021). These results were higher than those obtained from feeding pineapple peel powder with probiotics, which yielded an average total milk solids content of 12.38% to 12.58% (Raguati, 2016). Additionally, the SNF content in this study according to previous research, ranges from 12% to 18% and 7.08% to 8.21% (Marwah et al., 2010;  Arief et al., 2020).

CONCLUSION

Providing rubber leaves up to 45% and supplemented with probiotics (Bacillus pumilus St. L1) increased milk yield and quality and improved the hemogram of goats.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Research and Technology and the Rector of Jambi University. The PNBP UNJA Fund funded this research through the LPPM competition scheme. The authors also express their deepest gratitude to the chairman of the guyub farmers group.
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from using this content.
 
Informed consent
 
The Committee of Experimental Animal Care approved all animal procedures for experiments and the University of Animal Care Committee approved handling techniques.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interest.

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    Full Research Article

    volume 44 issue 3 (june 2025) : 511-516,   Doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-474

    Effect of Dietary Rubber Leaves and Probiotics “Bacillus pumilus St. L1” on  Blood Profile, Milk Yield and Milk Quality in Goats

    R
    Raguati Raguati1,*
    0009-0004-0161-2874
    A
    Anie Insulistyowati1
    0000-0002-7807-1306
    A
    Afzalani Afzalani1
    0000-0003-2929-501x
    R
    Rahmi Dianita1
    000-0002-3390-0983
    R
    Raden Abdul Muthalib1
    0000-0002-3457-522x
    1Animal Science Study Program, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Jambi University, Jambi-36361, Indonesia.
    Cite article:- Raguati Raguati, Insulistyowati Anie , Afzalani Afzalani , Dianita Rahmi, Muthalib Abdul Raden (2025). Effect of Dietary Rubber Leaves and Probiotics &ldquo;Bacillus pumilus St. L1&rdquo; on Blood Profile, Milk Yield and Milk Quality in Goats . Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 44(3): 511-516. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-474.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: This study aims to evaluate the potential of rubber leaves (RL) as an alternative feed ingredient supplemented with Bacillus pumilus St. L1 probiotics in diets on the hemogram profile and milk production and quality of etawah crossbred (EC) goats.

    Methods: This study used twelve lactating EC goats. The treatment diets were T0; 60% native grass (NG) + 40% concentrate (CON). T1; 45% NG + 15% RL + 40 CON + 1% probiotics. T2; 30% NG + 30% RL + 40% CON + 1% probiotics. T3; 15% NG + 45% RL + 40 CON + 1% probiotics. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD). Probiotics Bacillus pumilus St. L1 (2.8 x 1017 cfu/ml) supplement as 1% based on the dry matter. The parameters observed were dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, milk quality, feed efficiency and blood profile (erythrocytes and Hematocrit. Analysed variance was applied and the differences between treatments were measured using Duncan’s multiple.

    Result: Including RL and probiotics in the diets showed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in DMI, milk production, milk quality and blood profile. The research results showed an increase in DMI with an average of 597.92 - 890.84 g/head/day, milk production 265.49- 360.24 g/head/day and feed efficiency 37.19 - 39.87%. Normal blood profile (erythrocytes 8.300 - 9.210 x106/μL, Hematocrit 26.500 - 34.000 %, Hemoglobin 8.133 -9.500 g/dL; Leukocytes 10.758 - 13.308 103/mm3). The use of 45% RL and probiotics in the diet was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other treatments.

    INTRODUCTION

    Goat milk is very beneficial for human health because the milk nutrients contain fatty acids (FA) (Nudda et al., 2020). Goat’s milk is useful for treating intestinal inflammation (Yadav et al., 2016). One of the goat breeds that produces milk is the Etawa Crossbred (EC) goat. EC goat milk contains dry matter 13.63 - 14.54%, fat 3.74 - 4.19%, protein 3.62 - 3.80%, lactose 2. 71 - 3.73% and SNF 8.31 - 8.84% (Raguati, 2016). Dairy goat milk contains fat (2.51 - 2.72%), protein (3.15-3.67%) and lactose (4.54 - 4.75%) (Costa et al., 2021). The health status of goats is reflected in their blood haemogram profile. One of the determining indicators that a goat is infected with a disease can be seen in the hematological and biochemical parameters of its serum (Singh, et al., 2014). Healthy livestock and high productivity can be achieved with a nutritious and balanced diet. Feed is essential for blood metabolism because it needs protein, vitamins and minerals to form blood cells.
           
    Smallholder farmers usually provide only native grass for the livestock. Field grass has an average crude protein (CP) of 6.18%, DM of 91.64% and ash of 15.87% (Faji et al., 2021). The CP content of nine field grass species in Indonesia is 3.48 - 7.60% (Wahyono et al., 2019). Alternative feed such as rubber leaves (RL) can replace field grass as a fiber source for livestock. Rubber leaves can be used as forage for  goats and their availability throughout the year. The dry matter content of RL is 36.93%, organic matter 95.39%, crude fat 6.95%, crude fiber 30.50% crude protein of 17.56%-21.82% and undegradable protein (UDP) 40.88% (Raguati, 2016; Wigati et al., 2016). RL contains high protein, which increases blood protein and blood viscosity. Several factors, such as management, feed quality and blood nutrient content in the body, can influence animal physiological conditions.
           
    To enhance the efficiency of using rubber leaves in animal diets, it is important to incorporate probiotics derived from Bacillus pumilus St. L1. Bacillus pumilus St. L1 is classified as a probiotic (Raguati et al., 2015). Probiotics can increase feed consumption and reduce pathogenic bacteria in the rumen and small intestine, leading to improved nutrient metabolism. It also supply ruminal N-ammonia, promote overall health and milk production (Khattab et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Sahoo et al., 2020).
           
    This study aims to evaluate the potential of rubber leaves as an alternative feed ingredient Bacillus pumilus St. L1 probiotics in diets on the hemogram, milk production and quality in EC goats.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Twelve EC goats with an average body weight of 30 kg were divided in to four groups. The feed consists of forages consisting of field grass and rubber leaves (60%) and  concentrate (40%). The concentrate consists of 38% rice bran, 28% refined corn, 27% soybean meal, 5% coconut meal, 1% salt and 1% mineral mix. The nutritional content (%) of feed is shown in Table 1. The probiotic used was Bacillus pumilus St. L1 developed in rice bran as much as 1% of the total feed with the number of bacteria: 2.8 x 1017 CFU/ml (Raguati  et al., 2015).

    Table 1: Nutrient content of treatment feed.


     
    Blood sampling
     
    Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein using venoject vacutainer containing EDTA and analyzed for blood profile in the laboratory.
     
    Milk production and quality
     
    100 ml of milk samples were taken twice a day at the morning and evening during the last week of the study and stored in the refrigerator at 5oC before quality analysis in the laboratory.
           
    This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and three groups (milk production): T0: 60% native grass + 40% concentrate. T1: (45% native grass + 15% rubber leaves) + 40% concentrate + 1% probiotics. T2: (30% native grass + 30% rubber leaves) + 40% concentrate + 1% probiotics. T3: (15% native grass + 45% rubber leaves) + 40% concentrate + 1% probiotics. The parameters measured were dry matter intake, milk production, feed efficiency and milk quality (specific gravity, protein, fat, total solids, solid Non-Fat and lactose). Blood profile analyses include erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit value and hemoglobin. Data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Comparisons among treatments were performed Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS statistical software version 17.0.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Dry matter intake
     
    The average DMI of EC goats was significantly increased (P<0.05) by the use of rubber leaves supplemented with probiotics in the diet (Table 2). The DMI ranged from 597.92-890.83 g/head/day, which was higher than that obtained by Raguati (2016). The high DMI obtained in this study was influenced by the quality, palatability and energy content of the diet with a higher use of rubber leaves. Wigati et al., (2015) reported that rubber leaves contain up to 21.82% protein and 40.88% non-degradable protein. Meanwhile, Khattab et al., (2020) reported that supplementation of probiotics in diets increased DMI and milk production and reduced the effect of heat stress.

    ​

    Table 2: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. l1” on dry matter intake, milk production and feed efficiency of EC goats.


     
    Feed efficiency
     
    The treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the feed efficiency of EC goats. The average feed efficiency in this study was 37.19-39.87% (Fig 1), however, T3 treatment showed a feed efficiency value of 45%, which tended to be higher than that of the other treatments. The high feed efficiency value in the T3 treatment was due to the role of probiotics, which influence milk production. Arowolo and He (2018); and Bain  et al. (2022) stated that the use of probiotics effectively increases the digestive process, milk production and milk fat and improves animal health by preventing pathogenic microbes.

    Fig 1: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. l1” on feed“efficiency of EC goats.


     
    Erythrocytes
     
    The results indicated that the treatment significantly affected the total blood erythrocyte levels in EC goats (P<0.05) (Table 3).  A higher proportion of rubber leaves supplemented with the probiotic Bacillus pumilus St. L1 in the diet resulted in an increased production of erythrocytes. The crude protein (CP) content of the feed, which included rubber leaves ranged from 15.40% to 18.22%. This CP is essential for synthesizing microbial proteins in the rumen, which then flow to the small intestine, where they are converted into amino acids that act as precursors for erythrocyte formation, known as erythropoiesis. The mean erythrocyte count ranged from 8.30 to 9.21 million/mm³, indicating good health condition of goats. Normal erythrocyte levels for goats range from 8 to 18 million/mm³ (Weiss  and Waldrop, 2010). These normal levels of erythrocytes suggest that the transport of oxygen and necessary substances in the body is stable. Cases of anemia in cattle occur due to oxidative damage to red blood cells (Kumar et al., 2018).

    ​

    Table 3: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. L1” on blood profile of EC goats.


     
    Hematocrit/ packed cell volume (PCV)
     
    The treatment had a significant effect on hematocrit levels (P<0.01). The hematocrit levels observed in the T0 treatment were lower than those in T1, T2 and T3 (Table 3). For EC goats fed rubber leaves supplemented with probiotics, the mean hematocrit levels ranged from 26.50% to 34.00%. Including rubber leaves in the diet can enhance hematocrit values because the protein in the feed is effectively utilized by EC goats. The feed protein is utilized optimally in livestock due to the protective effects of tannins found in rubber leaves (Raguati et al., 2022).
           
    Hematocrit levels observed were within the normal range, indicating that the goats were in good health of goats. The hematocrit value ranged from 16.6% to 19.0%, which is higher than the findings reported by Hamzaoui et al., (2021). Additionally, the hematocrit levels in livestock are closely related to the levels of erythrocytes and hemoglobin (Laka  et al., 2019). An increase in hematocrit levels typically occurs when there is an increase in blood cell counts or a decrease in blood plasma volume.
     
    Hemoglobin
     
    The blood hemoglobin levels of EC goats were significantly affected by the treatment (P<0.01). The hemoglobin in the T0 treatment was lower than in T1, T2 and T3 (Table 3). Normal hemoglobin levels indicate that the goats are in good health due to a high-protein intake from rubber leaves. The average hemoglobin level of EC goats ranged from 8.13 to 9.50 g/dl, while normal hemoglobin levels in goats ranged from 8 - 12 g/dl (Weiss and Waldrop, 2010). An increase in blood erythrocyte levels leads to higher hemoglobin, which ensures that the goats blood is sufficiently oxygenated. The elevated hemoglobin is attributed to the protein content in rubber leaves and the action of tannins, which help protect feed protein, making vital nutrients readily available for livestock.
     
    Leukocytes
     
    The treatment had a significant effect on the leukocyte levels of EC goats (P<0.01). Feeding rubber leaves and probiotics resulted in an average decrease of 19.16% in leukocyte levels. In this study, the total leukocyte count ranged from 10.75 - 13.30 x 10³/mm³, which falls within the normal range of 5.1 - 13.3 x 10³/µL (Mudawamah and Sumartono, 2020)  Fernandez et al., (2021) reported leukocyte counts ranging from 11.6 to 12.11 thousand/mm³ with a basal treatment using sorghum-pea butterfly silage.
           
    The mean leukocyte count in the T0 treatment was notably high at 13.30 thousand/mm³, indicating that the goat was unhealthy. Rubber leaves, which are rich in tannins, have an immunomodulatory effect and are bioactive against inflammation in EC goats, as evidenced by normal leukocyte levels. The addition of rubber leaves along with probiotics (T1, T2, T3) helps normalize leukocyte formation. A normal total leukocyte count reflects the livestock’s ability to defend itself. Probiotic supplementation can enhance nutrient consumption and positively impact the blood metabolism of goats (Han et al., 2019).
     
    Milk yield and quality
     
    Supplying goats with rubber leaves supplemented with probiotics significantly increased both the yield and quality of milk (P<0.05) (Table 2 and 4). The feed protein level in treatment T3 (CP 18.217%) was higher than in the other treatments. Treatment T3, which consisted of 45% rubber leaves and probiotics, produced the highest milk output. Increased DMI correlated with greater milk production. Milk production relies on quality feed and effective management (Zucali et al., 2020). The tannins found in rubber leaves can protect degraded protein in the rumen, improving metabolism in the udder glands. This enhanced metabolism contributes to increased milk production and quality. Additionally, introducing varying doses of probiotics into the diets of the experimental groups of pregnant goats resulted in a significant increase in average daily milk yield and milk quality (Olchowy et al., 2019; Funk et al., 2021).

    ​

    Table 4: Effect of dietary rubber leaves and the probiotics “Bacillus Pumilus ST. l1” on milk quality of CE goats.


           
    The average protein content in goat’s milk treated with rubber leaves and supplemented with Bacillus pumilus St. L1 ranged from 4.17% to 4.29%. The quality of the milk produced in this study is considered premium, meeting the following characteristics: protein greater than 3.7% (Thai Agriculture, 2008) and above the fresh milk standard of greater than 2.7% (SNI, 2011). The administration of probiotic-supplemented rubber leaves significantly increased (P<0.05) the fat, total solids and lactose content in the milk of EC goats. The average milk content was found to be as follows: fat 3.76% to 4.56%, solid non-fat (SNF) 8.81% to 9.05%, total solids 12.79% to 13.98% and lactose 3.96% to 4.09% (Table 4). For comparison, the milk quality of dairy goats in Brazil showed moisture content between 89.54% and 90.02%, fat content between 2.51% and 2.72%, protein content between 3.15% and 3.67% and lactose between 4.54% and 4.75% (Costa et al.,, 2021). These results were higher than those obtained from feeding pineapple peel powder with probiotics, which yielded an average total milk solids content of 12.38% to 12.58% (Raguati, 2016). Additionally, the SNF content in this study according to previous research, ranges from 12% to 18% and 7.08% to 8.21% (Marwah et al., 2010;  Arief et al., 2020).

    CONCLUSION

    Providing rubber leaves up to 45% and supplemented with probiotics (Bacillus pumilus St. L1) increased milk yield and quality and improved the hemogram of goats.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Research and Technology and the Rector of Jambi University. The PNBP UNJA Fund funded this research through the LPPM competition scheme. The authors also express their deepest gratitude to the chairman of the guyub farmers group.
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from using this content.
     
    Informed consent
     
    The Committee of Experimental Animal Care approved all animal procedures for experiments and the University of Animal Care Committee approved handling techniques.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interest.

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