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Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, volume 43 issue 2 (june 2024) : 295-300

Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory and Anti-hemolytic Potential of Polyphenolic Components of Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris)

H. Belkhodja1,*, D. Bouhadi1, K. Sedjrari2, S. Sehanine2
1Laboratory of Bioconversion, Microbiology Engineering and Health Safety, University of Mustapha Stambouli, Mascara, 29000, Algeria.
2Department of Biology, University of Mustapha Stambouli, Mascara, 29000, Algeria.
Cite article:- Belkhodja H., Bouhadi D., Sedjrari K., Sehanine S. (2024). Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory and Anti-hemolytic Potential of Polyphenolic Components of Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris) . Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 43(2): 295-300. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-321.

ABSTRACT

Background: This work aims at the assessement of anti-inflammatory and anti-hemolytic effect of Malva sylvestris.

Methods: The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by the inhibition of protein denaturation method. It was followed by the study of anti-hemolytic potential, based on two methods (haemolysis by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and by hypotonic haemolysis). 

Result: The macerated aqueous extract of M. sylvestris (250 µg/ml) exhibited the highest inhibition percentage of  BSA denaturation compared to other extracts but it appeared to be slightly lower than the drug diclofenac sodium (80.97±1.23%). On the other hand, the macerated aqueous extract showed more protective power against haemolysis (93.42±3.45%). While it was almost similar to the percentage recorded for ascorbic acid (93.68±3.21%). For the second method, it was observed that the decocted acetone extract of M. sylvestris showed a rate of haemolysis inhibition which was the highest (98.09±1.26%) but that it remained slightly lower than aspirin (98.77±0.44%). All of these results showed that M. sylvestris extracts have interesting anti-inflammatory and anti-haemolytic potential and therefore have considerable interest as an alternative treatment against inflammatory mechanisms.

INTRODUCTION

Due to the availability of thousands of bioactive natural substances, plants served as the foundation for the pharmacopeia and therapies of ancient civilizations (Hussain et al., 2014). Among these notably phenolic chemicals give medicinal efficacy and their studies are becoming more crucial due to their health benefits as they have been effective against cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and arthritis, which are linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways (Hui et al., 2017).
       
A complicated biological reaction of vascular tissues to damaging stimuli is often referred to as inflammation. It involves increased membrane damage, protein denaturation and vascular permeability (Ferrero-Millani et al., 2007). The body’s response mechanism is sped up by the chemical mediators from wounded or migrating tissues and cells (Chandra et al., 2012). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatments that treat diseases can be used to treat inflammation. The use of more natural alternatives, such as medicinal herbs, is being encouraged by patients’ rising mistrust of allopathic medications and their side effects (Yougbaré-Ziébrou et al., 2016).
       
Malva sylvestris L., commonly referred as mallow, having flavonoids and other antioxidant polyphenolic chemicals, their leaves have demonstrated highly potent antioxidant effects. Extracts of M. sylvestris were used as a legume and to treat problems with the liver (Jaradat et al., 2015). The present investigation was planned to evaluate the anti-inflammatory in vitro and anti-hemolytic potential of M. sylvestris extracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted during 10-2020 and 06-2021 at the institute of nature and life sciences in Mustapha Stambouli University, Mascara, Algeria.
 
Plant material
 
Common mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) were harvested from Tighennif region, Mascara (Algeria) (35° 25' 00" north, 0° 19' 59" east) in March 2021. The identification and confirmation of the species was carried out by botanist of the biology department in Mustapha Stambouli University, Mascara. After harvest, M. sylvestris was cleaned and then prepared for the extraction.
 
Preparation of extracts
For the maceration, 10 g of M. sylvestris were macerated in 100 ml of the solvent (acetone or distilled water) with magnetic stirring for 48 hoursat room temperature. For the decoction, 10 g of M. sylvestris were combined with 100 ml of the solvent (acetone or distilled water) in a reflux apparatus. In order to create a dry powder that could be stored in sterile bottles, the mixture was filtered and then concentrated in a rotavapor (Romani et al., 2006).
 
In vitro anti-inflammatory assay
 
Protein denaturation inhibition
 
Using the protein denaturation inhibition method described by Lavanya et al., (2010), the in vitro anti-inflammatory capacity of M. sylvestris extracts was assessed. Briefly, 0.05 ml of extract (500 μg/ml) or Diclofenac sodium as a reference anti-inflammatory with the same concentration was added to 0.45 ml of bovine serum albumin (BSA) 5%. The control included 0.05 ml of distilled water and 0.45 ml of BSA 5%. After bringing the pH of each of the listed solutions to 6.3, the combination was incubated for 20 minat 37°C. The temperature was then raised to 57°C for 3 minutes before being lowered. The solutions received 2.5 ml of the PBS (pH 6.3) phosphate buffered saline solution. Absorbance (A) was determined at 420 nm and protein denaturation inhibition was estimated using the formula:


 
 Anti-hemolytic activity
 
Hemolysis by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
 
The test was performed using the Girish et al., (2012) method to assess the preventive impact of M. sylvestris extract against oxidative damage caused by free radicals on human erythrocytes. The reaction mixture was added to 200 μl of 10% (v/v) red blood cell suspension, 50 μl of extracts (3.12-50 mg of the extract prepared in PBS) and 100 l of H2O2 200 μM. The mixture was then incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C before being centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. 800 μl of PBS were added to 200 μl of the supernatant and the absorbance at 410 nm was calculated. The control was made by completely hemolyzing the erythrocyte suspension incubated with H2O2 directly and the absorbance of the supernatant was determined as previously indicated. The standard antioxidant employed was ascorbic acid and the hemolysis percentage was computed by assuming that the hemolysis with H2O2 200 μM was 100%.
 

 
Membrane stabilization assay
 
The method described by Debnath et al., (2013) was performed to study the efficacy of M. sylvestris extracts to prevent hemolysis brought on by the hypotonic solution. In brief, 1 ml of extract at gradual concentrations (125, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/ml) or 1 ml of aspirin (0.1 mg/ml), which was used as a reference, were added to 100 μl of the erythrocyte’s suspension diluted to 10% in an isotonic solution. Erythrocyte suspension in a hypotonic solution made up the control that was thought to have undergone 100% hemolysis. Centrifugation was performed at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes following an incubation period at room temperature for10 minutes. At 450 nm, the supernatant’s absorbance was determined. The following formula was used to determine the percentage of hemolysis inhibition:

 
The membrane stabilization percentage was determine dusing the formula:
 
  
Statistical analysis
 
Data were presented as means±SD. Statistical analysis was assessed by one-way of variance ANOVA analysis. The difference was considered significant at P<0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In vitro anti-inflammatory assay
 
Protein denaturation inhibition
 
Fig 1 showed the percentage of inhibited BSA denaturation that M. sylvestris extracts presented compared to diclofenac sodium. When denatured, the majority of biological proteins ceased to function biologically. The modification of electrostatic, hydrogen, hydrophobic and disulfide linkages in proteins during protein denaturation may be the cause of the generation of autoantigens in inflammatory disorders (Kar, 2012).
 

Fig 1: Percentage of BSA denaturation inhibition by M. sylvestris extracts.


       
It was shown that the macerated aqueous plant extract (250 µg/ml) exhibited the highest percentage inhibition of BSA denaturation (79.7±1.02%) compared to the decocted aqueous, decocted acetonic and macerated acetonic extract which showed an inhibition equal to 75.9±2.3, 67.1±2.5 and 18.47±1.11%, respectively. The comparison with diclofenac sodium showed that the latter presented the inhibition (%) higher than all the extracts (80.97±1.23%). There was evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications inhibited the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and protein denaturation (Sivaraj, 2017).
       
The inhibitory activity of M. sylvestris extracts could be due to the interaction of components with two sites rich in tyrosine, threonine and lysine. Duganath et al., (2010) reported that plant components used in traditionally exerted their pharmaceutical effects through their ability to bind to plasma proteins. Shallangwa et al., (2013) confirmed that the inhibition of albumin denaturation was attributed to the action of flavonoids. Many studies have supported that the compound malvidin 3-glucoside appeared to be primarily responsible for this effect. Thus, the leaves of M. sylvestris possessed topical anti-inflammatory properties (Benso et al., 2015; Mousavi et al., 2021). It was shown that the extracts of M. sylvestris have a pharmacological capacity, in particular through anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects (Paul, 2016; Anuradha et al., 2018).
       
Martins et al., (2014) measured the pro-inflammatory mediators PGE2 in U937 cells to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of alcoholic extracts of M. sylvestris. They hypothesized that the modification of these mediators may be connected to the anti-inflammatory effects induced by M. sylvestris. Several terpenoids, including blumenol A, linalool, malvone, linalool-1-oic acid and dehydrovomifoliol have been found in the extract of fresh M. sylvestris leaves. Some of these ingredients have been noted to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Ghosh and Gaba, 2013; Hamedi et al., 2015).
 
Anti-hemolytic activity
 
Hemolysis by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
 
Table1 presented the percentage protection of M. sylvestris extracts against hemolysis by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) compared to ascorbic acid. The protection percentage against hemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) showed a proportional relation with the concentration of M. sylvestris extract. For example: for the macerated aqueous extract, increasing the concentration from 3.12 to 50 µg/ml gave a percentage of 38.17±2.31 to 93.42 ±3.45%. While the other extracts presented percentages of protection slightly lower than this extract (86.35±2.12%, 85.48±0.99% and 79.69±2.7%) for the decocted aqueous, macerated acetonic and decocted acetonic respectively, for a concentration of 50 µg/ml. On the other hand, it was noted that ascorbic acid recorded the highest protection (93.68±3.21%) for a concentration of 50 µg/ml. Compared to the protective effect reported by Ghaffar and El-Elaimy (2012) (48.52±3.03% at 500 μg/ml), the extracts showed better protective activity for 1/10 of this concentration (50 μg/ml).
       
 

Table 1: The percentage of protection of M. sylvestris extracts against hemolysis by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


 
Inhibition of H2O2 was very important step for antioxidant defense in cellular systems (Turkoglu et al., 2010). This was because even though H2O2 itself was inactive, it can be toxic to cells as it can give rise to a hydroxyl radical (Kumar et al., 2012). When red blood cells were treated with H2O2 (toxic), the percentage of hemolysis was found to be increased because of the oxidative nature of hydrogen peroxide which allowed to cell membrane degradation and release of hemoglobin from the cell (Devjani and Barkha, 2011). Hydrogen peroxide also caused the mobilization of iron by calcium via a Fenton reduction which stimulated the production of hydroxyl radicals (Anirban et al., 2013). All these combined factors caused destabilization of the cell membrane, which was probably the key in cell lysis (Devjani and Barkha, 2011).
       
The protective activity of M. sylvestris extracts against hemolysis by hydrogen peroxide was attributed to the action of polyphenols to scavenge and inhibit free radicals. Polyphenols were known to cause scavenging activity due to their ability to lose protons, form chelators, dismutate radicals and shed hydrogen atoms from their hydroxyl groups with radicals (Aksoy et al., 2013). The quantitative analysis carried out on these extracts showed us the richness of the studied plant in biomolecules. Polyphenols possessed numerous biological effects, mainly attributed to their antioxidant activities in scavenging free radicals, inhibiting peroxidation and chelating transition metals (Omale and Idris, 2014). Polyphenols were the main components for the scavenging ability of M. sylvestris extracts (Dellagreca et al., 2009). Due to the scavenging effect of these bioactive elements, M. sylvestriswas able to scavenge free radicals, leading to the defense against biological molecules oxidation.
       
According to Bonarska-Kujawa et al., (2011), phenolic chemicals were integrated into the outer hydrophilic layer and have no impact on the fluidity of the hydrophobic portion. The incorporation of the extract’s phenolic components into the hydrophilic portion of the membrane appeared to operate as a barrier between the cell and harmful external elements like free radicals (Louerred et al., 2016).
 
Membrane stabilization assay
 
The anti-hemolytic effect of M. sylvestris extracts was evaluated against hypotonic hemolysis to study the stabilization of the red blood cell membrane against osmotic stress. For comparative purposes, aspirin was used. Table 2 and 3 presented the hemolysis% and the protection% of the extracts of M. sylvestris against hypotonic hemolysis. It was observed to be inversely proportional to the concentration of M. sylvestris extracts. This showed a proportional relation between the protection against hemolysis and the concentrations of the extracts. For the concentration of 1000 µg/ml, a hemolysis rate of 8.02±0.33%, 16.23±0.54%, 21.64±1.67% and 1.91±0.78% was recorded for the macerated aqueous extract, decocted aqueous extract, macerated acetonic and decocted acetonic, respectively. While aspirin showed the lowest hemolysis rate (1.22±0.09%). On the other hand, it was noted that the decocted acetonic extract of M. sylvestris showed a hemolysis inhibition rate which was 98.09 ± 1.26%. It was followed by macerated aqueous extract, decocted aqueous extract and macerated acetonic by an average of 91.97±2.87%, 83.76±2.56% and 78.35±0.96%, respectively. It was also found that aspirin recorded the highest percentage of protection (98.77±0.44%) for a concentration of 1000 µg/ml.
       

Table 2: The percentage of hypotonic hemolysis.


 

Table 3: The percentage of protection of M. sylvestris extracts against hypotonic hemolysis.


 
A hypotonic medium was a medium oflower osmotic pressure than the intracellular pressure; this imbalance induced a diffusion of water towards the interior of the cell (hypertonic medium) through the membrane. The massive influx of water into the red blood cell caused it to swell then burst and released its cytoplasmic content, in particular hemoglobin. This was the phenomenon of hemolysis which was observed at NaCl concentrations below 0.9% (Vadivu and Lakshmi, 2008).
       
By lipid peroxidation caused by the free radicals, cell membranes damages will further increase the cell’s susceptibility to several harm (Umapathy et al., 2010). By regulating the passage of sodium and potassium ions, membrane proteins allow for the regulation of cell volume and water content. Damage to the membrane will impact this function. Inhibiting or delaying the lysis of these cells and the subsequent release of their cytoplasmic contents can reduce tissue damage and, consequently, the inflammatory response (Arora, 2019).
       
The cell membrane stabilizing potential of M. sylvestris extracts could be attributed to the presence of oleanolic acid4, a triterpenoid with proven anti-hemolytic and anti-inflammatory properties (Lais et al., 2015; De La Cruz et al., 2016). Studies have shown that this protective action can be explained by the ability of the extract to modify the influx of calcium into erythrocytes (Chopade et al., 2012). So, the stabilization of erythrocytes by extracts could be extrapolated to the stabilization of the lysosomal membrane (Govindappa et al., 2011).
       
It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids, into the membrane of erythrocytes improved the stability of the latter against hypotonic lysis. This property can be explained by the increase in the volume/surface ratio of the cells which could be obtained either by the expansion of the cell membrane. In addition, the deformability and cell volume of erythrocytes were closely related to the intracellular calcium content. Therefore, it found that the protective effect of the M. sylvestris extract would be due to its ability to modify the influx of calcium into erythrocytes (Chopade et al., 2012).
               
According to Vidhya and Shobana (2016), the anti-hemolytic effect of plant extracts was due to their inhibitory effect on the enzymes involved in the production of chemical mediators of hemolysis and inflammation as well as on the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Some polyphenols bind to membrane proteins inducing a change in their conformation. Others bind to PLA2 through hydrophobic interactions with three amino acids from the enzyme active site (Rana and Dahiya, 2019).

CONCLUSION

It can be inferred from the current study that M. sylvestris shown the ability to limit protein denaturation to reduce inflammation and to control hemolysis by using a mechanism to stabilize HRBC membrane and also to inhibit H2O2 hemolysis. Furthermore, it indicated that the bioactive fraction and its main constituent may be a promising lead for the development of new treatment for the prevention against chronic inflammatory diseases.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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