Submit

Full Research Article

Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, volume 42 issue 4 (december 2023) : 529-534

The Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Some Plant Extracts in Combination against Human Liver Cancer Cell Line

M.A. Moatasem1, J.S. Dhifaf2, H.A. Emaduldeen3, M.T.A. Mohammed3,5,*, S.A. Ibrahim4, J.M. Dhuha5, H.M.Z. Haniza6, D.J. Abd Ulrazaq7, H.I. Falah7, R. Kh. Rana3
1Department of Complementary Medicine, European Board, Iraq.
2Agriculture College, Al Muthanna University, Iraq.
3Environment Research Center, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq.
4Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
5Department of Studies and Planning, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq.
6Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak 35900 Malaysia.
7Ibn Al_Betar Research Center, Corporation of Research and Industrial Development, Ministry of Industry and Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq.
Cite article:- Moatasem M.A., Dhifaf J.S., Emaduldeen H.A., Mohammed M.T.A., Ibrahim S.A., Dhuha J.M., Haniza H.M.Z., Ulrazaq Abd D.J., Falah H.I., Rana Kh. R. (2023). The Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Some Plant Extracts in Combination against Human Liver Cancer Cell Line . Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 42(4): 529-534. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-297.

ABSTRACT

Background: Cancer is still a major health problem worldwide, despite the big development in treatment and diagnostic methods. For this reason, this study aims to find new drugs with low cost and fewer side effects on cancer cells continue. Medical plants represent a suitable candidate for discovering new materials for cancer treatment.

Methods: Ten plants usually used in traditional medicine were used to evaluate their effectiveness as anti-cancer. These plants were divided into two mixtures according to traditional usage, named mixtures A and B. The anticancer effect against HepG2 was determined by MTT assay. The IC50 was also calculated.

Result: Mixture A showed cytotoxicity reached 66.98%, while mixture B showed 63.66% by using 400 µg/ml at 4 8h. The IC50 for mixture A was 53 µg/ml, while for mixture B was 44.29 g/ml. All these results compare to normal cell line HnFd cells. In conclusion, mixing medical plants can effectively increase the anticancer activity of the synergistic effect between the phytochemicals. Future studies will be done to scan these effects.

INTRODUCTION

Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries (Ferlay et al., 2018). Moreover, cancer incidence and mortality are quickly growing worldwide for different reasons, including aging, population growth and socioeconomic development (Gersten and Barbieri, 2021). Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth caused by several genetic and epigenetic changes in genes that control cell proliferation or regulate cell death (Garcia-Oliveira et al., 2021). The methods of treating and diagnosing cancer have greatly advanced over the past decade.

In recent years, the pharmacological effects of medicinal plants have been under-focused and herbal medicine has gained a lot of attention as promising medicine for many diseases, including cancer (Aung et al., 2017). The reason for the demand for herbal medicine return to grow knowledge of natural products that are non-toxic, have minimal side effects and have low expenses and a variety of plants that have not been studied yet (Iqbal et al., 2017).

The therapeutic efficacy of plants returns to their secondary metabolites, which are term as phytochemicals considered pharmaceutical active (Das et al., 2018a). Many of these phytochemicals were revealed to be strong anticancer effects by their impact on the proteins and enzymes and signaling pathways that participate in the initiation or development of cancers (Tariq et al., 2017). These phytochemicals include Alkaloids, phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, oils, glycosides, resin, gums and derivatives. But the phytochemicals that are found naturally in plants in trace amounts while it’s required in high doses to give their therapeutic effect, so there is a suggestion to combine two or more plants to increase their doses (Lewis and Tollefsbol, 2017).

Medical plants represent a suitable candidate for discovering new materials for cancer treatment, so this study aims to find new drugs with low cost and fewer side effects on cancer cells continue.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Medicinal plants
 
Ten plants (Saussurea costus, Teucrium polium, Linum usitatissimum, Artemisia annua, Commiphora molmol, Zingiber officinale, Syzygium aromaticum, Curcuma longa, Cinnamomum verum and Allium sativum) were used in this study to determine their synergistic effect as anticancer. These plants have been known to use in folk medicine for many decades. These plants are commonly used individually, but sometimes by mixing two or more plants for different therapeutic purposes.

Table 1 shows the medicinal plants used in the current study and the types of their phytochemicals mentioned, which were revealed to be responsible for their effect according to previous studies.

Table 1: The phytochemicals of the used medicinal plants.


 
Plants extraction
 
All plants were obtained from the local markets of Baghdad city/Iraq. Mixture A contains ten plants (Saussurea costus, Teucrium polium, Zingiber officinale, Artemisia annua, Linum usitatissimum, Cinnamomum verum, Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativu, Commiphora molmol and Curcum longa). In contrast, mixture B consists of five of ten plants (Saussurea costus, Teucrium polium, Linum usitatissimum, Commiphora molmol and Artemisia annua). Two grams from each crude plant were taken and mixed, then distilled water was added in a ratio of 1:4 and boiled for 15 min. The concentrated extracts were filtered and left at room temperature until all the water evaporated.
 
Location of the experiment
 
Lab experiments were done in the biological labs/ Institute of Biological Sciences/ University of Malaya, Malaysia.
 
Cell culture
 
Human liver cancer (HepG2) and primary dermal fibroblast normal (HdFn) cell lines were used to evaluate the anticancer effect of the plant mixture extract. The cells were cultured (Freshney, 2015) in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks under humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma chemicals, England) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin-streptomycin 1% (100 U/ mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin).
 
Cytotoxicity of plants mixture A and B on HepG2 and HdFn cell lines
 
The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity where the cell line was treated with six concentrations (400, 200, 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 µg/ml) of mixture A and B for 48 h., were incubated with 10 µL of MTT (37°C, 2 h). After the incubation, media in the cells was aspirated, followed by the addition of DMSO (100 µL) in each well. The absorbance was recorded in a microtiter plate reader at 570 nm.
 
Statistical analysis
 
All data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) expressed as the mean± standard deviation of three replicates. Additionally, the best fit method and the regression equation were used for calculating the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

People in Asia and Africa have used traditional or folk medicine for a long time, depending on using plants according to practice and theories (WHO, 2015). Many modern medicines depend on plant phytochemicals or derivatives used in folk medicine (Tanaka and Kashiwada, 2021). In our study, several plants consumed by people as traditional medicine were used to evaluate their anticancer effects against the HepG2 cancer cell line compared to their effect against HdFn normal cell line at 48 h. The results of the A mixture were illustrated in (Table 2) where it showed a concentration-dependent effect against HepG2, whereas the 400 and 200 µg/ml revealed the highest cytotoxicity by 66.98 and 60.65%, respectively. In comparison, the same concentration shows 30.44% cytotoxicity against control cells. Moreover, the IC50 for mixture A shown in (Fig 1) and was 53.0 µg/m against HepG2, while its effect on normal cells HdFn was ineffective in a few concentrations.

Table 2: The cytotoxicity effects of mixture a extract on HepG2 and HdFn cell line.



Fig 1: The IC50 of mixture A affected the HepG2 and HdFn cell line.



Additionally, the results of mixture B against HepG2 were shown in (Table 2), wherein the highest cytotoxicity appears in 400 and 200 µg/ml, which is 63.66 and 50.19% (Table 3 and Fig 2). Moreover, the IC50 against HepG2 was 44.29 µg/ml, while the effect on control cells was 229.6 µg/ml.

Table 3: The cytotoxicity effects of mixture B extract on HepG2 and HdFn cell line.



Fig 2: The IC50 of mixture B affected HepG2 and HdFn cell line.



These results indicate that plant mixtures used in the present study have promised anticancer effects against cancer cell lines. These effects may return to their containing of phytochemicals, as mentioned in Table 1. These phytochemicals were investigated for their anticancer effects individually or combined with one or two chemicals. In Table 4, each plant is mentioned with previous studies that showed its anticancer efficacy and the type of cancer. Our hypothesis suggests that the synergistic effect of these phytochemicals may play a role in increasing their effects as therapeutic reagents as well as anticancer effects.

Table 4: The used medicinal plants and cancer types that inhibited.



Many mechanisms that can do these may increase the concentration bioavailability in the cancer cells, enhancing their effects or targeting the same molecular pathways that inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells or activate tumor suppressor genes that cause the programmed cell death leading to apoptosis. The synergistic effect of phytochemicals on HepG2 cells was studied in previous research by Leng et al., (2018). They found crocin, chlorogenic acid, geniposide and quercetin combination have therapy effects on hyperlipidemia and prevent complications of obesity.

In addition, the combination of two phytochemicals curcumin and Epigallocatchin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea has a more significant inhibitory effect on carcinoma than the individual effect of both phytochemicals (Jin et al., 2017).

Other studies revealed the prevention and antitumor effect of combining some phytochemicals (resveratrol, ellagic acid and grape seed extract) against skin cancer with higher efficacy than using each phytochemical alone. Also, the synergistic effect of different flavonoids increased the chemoprevention in prostate and breast cancer (Wang et al., 2014).

CONCLUSION

The results obtained from the current study indicate that both mixtures of medicinal plants (A and B) show dose-dependent anticancer effects against the liver cancer cell line while not affecting a normal cell. Also, the results suggested that mixing traditional medicinal plants enhances their synergistic anticancer effect. Further studies will be established to find the in vivo effect and exact mechanisms of action, as well as to study the side effect (if found) of this mixing.

ACKNOWLEDEGMENT

The authors would wish to thank the Department of Complementary Medicine, European Board, Agriculture College, Al Muthanna University, Environment Research Center, University of Technology-Iraq, Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Al_Betar Research Center, Corporation of Research and Industrial Development, Ministry of Industry and Minerals, Baghdad, Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics and Sultan Idris Education University for their valuable support and scientific assistance.

ETHICAL STATEMENT

The study was done under the supervision of the Environment Research Center/University of Technology-Iraq and Al_Betar Research Center, Corporation of Research and Industrial Development, Ministry of Industry and Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES


  1. Al-Samarrai, O.R. (2017). Studying of phytochemical, nutritive values and antioxidant ability of commiphora myrrha. Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 17(1):  12-12. https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v17i1.59.

  2. An, K., Zhao, D., Wang, Z., Wu, J., Xu, Y., Xiao, G. (2016). Comparison  of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties and microstructure. Food Chemistry. 197: 1292-1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem. 2015.11.033.

  3. Anwar, H.M., Moghazy, A.M., Osman, A., Abdel Rahman, A. (2021). The therapeutic effect of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) and doxorubicin on diethylnitrosamine induced hepatoc arcinogenesis in male albino rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 22(7): 2153-2163. https:/ /doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.7.2153.

  4. Aung, T.N., Qu, Z., Kortschak, R.D., Adelson, D.L. (2017). Understanding  the effectiveness of natural compound mixtures in cancer through their molecular mode of action. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18(3): 656. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms18030656.

  5. Calado, A., Neves, P.M., Santos, T., Ravasco, P. (2018). The effect of flaxseed in breast cancer: A literature review. Frontiers in Nutrition. 5: 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00004.

  6. Chhabria, S.V., Akbarsha, M.A., Li, A.P., Kharkar, P.S., Desai, K.B. (2015). In situ allicin generation using targeted alliinase delivery for inhibition of MIA PaCa-2 cells via epigenetic changes, oxidative stress and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) expression. Apoptosis. 20(10): 1388- 1409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-015-1159-4.

  7. Cortés-Rojas, D.F., de Souza, C.R.F., Oliveira, W.P. (2014). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): A precious spice. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 4(2): 90-96. https:// doi.org/10.1016%2FS2221-1691(14)60215-X.

  8. Das, K., Dang, R., Sivaraman, G., Ellath, R.P. (2018a). Phytochemical  screening for various secondary metabolites, antioxidant and anthelmintic activity of coscinium fenestratum fruit pulp: A new biosource for novel drug discovery. Turk J. Pharm Sci. 15(2): 156-165. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps. 54376.

  9. Arunava, D., Harshadha, K., Dhinesh, K.S.K., Hari, R.K., Jayaprakash,  B. (2018b). Evaluation of therapeutic potential of eugenol- a natural derivative of syzygium aromaticum on cervical cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP.  19(7): 1977-1985. https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP. 2018.19.7.1977.

  10. DeLuca, J.A., Garcia-Villatoro, E.L., Allred, C.D. (2018). Flaxseed bioactive compounds and colorectal cancer prevention. Current Oncology Reports. 20(8): 1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11912-018-0704-z.

  11. El-Saber Batiha, G., Magdy Beshbishy, A., Wasef, L.G., Elewa, Y.H.A., Al-Sagan, A. A., El-Hack, M.E.A., Taha, A.E., Abd- Elhakim, Y.M., Devkota, H.P. (2020). Chemical constituents  and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review. Nutrients. 12(3): 872. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/nu12030872.

  12. Ferlay, J., Ervik, M., Lam, F., Colombet, M., Mery, L., Piñeros, M., Znaor A., Soerjomataram I., Bray, F. (2018). Global cancer observatory: Cancer today. Lyon, France: International  Agency for Research on Cancer. 1-6. https://gco.iarc.fr/today.

  13. Freshney, R.I. (2015). Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic technique and specialized applications. John Wiley and Sons.

  14. Garcia-Oliveira P., Otero P., Pereira A.G., Chamorro F., Carpena M., Echave J., Fraga-Corral M., Simal-Gandara J., Prieto M.A. (2021). Status and challenges of plant-anticancer compounds in cancer treatment. Pharmaceuticals. 14(2): 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14020157.

  15. Garros L., Drouet S., Corbin C., Decourtil C., Fidel T., de Lacour J.L., Leclerc, E.A., Renouard, S., Tungmunnithum, D., Doussot, J., Abassi, B.H., Maunit, B., Lainé, É., Fliniaux, O., Mesnard, F., Hano, C. (2018). Insight into the influence  of cultivar type, cultivation year and site on the lignans and related phenolic profiles and the health-promoting antioxidant potential of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds. Molecules. 23(10): 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Molecules23102636.

  16. Gersten, O., Barbieri, M. (2021). Evaluation of the cancer transition theory in the us, select european nations and japan by investigating mortality of infectious-and noninfectious- related cancers, 1950-2018. JAMA Network Open. 4(4): e215322-e215322. https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamane tworkopen. 2021.5322.

  17. Gore, G.G., Satish, S., Ganpule, A., Srivastava, S., Athavale, M. (2021). Garlic (Allium sativum) exhibits anticancer and anticancer stem cell activity on breast, prostate, colon, hepatic and cervical cancer cell lines. Int J. Herbal Med. 9: 93-99.

  18. Iqbal, J., Abbasi, B.A., Mahmood, T., Kanwal, S., Ali, B., Shah, S.A., Khalil, A.T. (2017). Plant-derived anticancer agents: A green anticancer approach. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 7(12): 1129-1150. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.016.

  19. Jin, G., Yang, Y., Liu, K., Zhao, J., Chen, X., Liu, H., Bai, R., Li, X., Jiang, Y., Zhang, X., Lu, J.  Dong, Z. (2017). Combination curcumin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits colorectal carcinoma microenvironment-induced angiogenesis by JAK/STAT3/IL-8 pathway. Oncogenesis. 6(10): e384-e384. https://doi.org/10.1038/oncsis.2017.84.

  20. Jung, E.J., Paramanantham, A., Kim, H.J., Shin, S.C., Kim, G.S., Jung, J.M., Ryu, C. H., Hong, S.C., Chung, K.H., Kim, C.W., Lee, W.S. (2021). Artemisia annua L. polyphenol- induced cell death is ROS-independently enhanced by inhibition of JNK in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(3): 1366. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031366.

  21. Khazaei, M., Nematollahi-Mahani, S. N., Mokhtari, T., Sheikhbahaei, F. (2018). Review on Teucrium polium biological activities and medical characteristics against different pathologic situations. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 4(1): 1-6. Retrieved from https://www.jocms.org/index. php/jcms/article/view/323.

  22. Klinger, N.V., Mittal, S. (2016). Therapeutic potential of curcumin for the treatment of brain tumors. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016: 9324085. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2016/9324085.

  23. Ko, Y.S., Jung, E.J., Go, S.I., Jeong, B.K., Kim, G.S., Jung, J.M., Hong, S.C., Kim, C. W., Kim, H.J., Lee, W.S. (2020). Polyphenols extracted from Artemisia annua L. exhibit anti-cancer effects on radio-resistant MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by suppressing stem cell phenotype, â-Catenin and MMP-9. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 25(8): 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules 25081916.

  24. Kumar, P.S., Febriyanti, R.M., Sofyan, F.F., Luftimas, D.E., Abdulah, R. (2014). Anticancer potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines. Pharmacognosy  Research. 6(4): 350-354. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.138291.

  25. Lang, S.J., Schmiech, M., Hafner, S., Paetz, C., Steinborn, C., Huber, R., Gaafary, M.E., Werner K., Schmidt C.Q., Syrovets T., Simmet, T. (2019). Antitumor activity of an Artemisia annua herbal preparation and identification of active ingredients. Phytomedicine. 62: 152962. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152962.

  26. Lazić, B.D., Pejić, B.M., Kramar, A.D., Vukćević, M.M., Mihajlovski, K.R., Rusmirović, J.D., Kostić, M.M. (2018). Influence of hemicelluloses and lignin content on structure and sorption properties of flax fibers (Linum usitatissimum L.). Cellulose. 25(1): 697-709.

  27. Leng, E., Xiao, Y., Mo, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, X., Zhou M., Zhou, C., He Z., He J., Xiao L., Li J.,  Li, W. (2018). Synergistic effect of phytochemicals on cholesterol metabolism and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 18(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2189-6.

  28. Lewis, K. A., Tollefsbol, T.O. (2017). The influence of an epigenetics diet on the cancer epigenome. Epigenomics. 9(9): 1153- 1155. https://doi.org/10.2217/epi-2017-0077.

  29. Lin, X., Peng, Z., Fu, X., Liu, C., Xu, Y., Ji, W., Fan, J., Chen, L., Fang, L., Huang, Y.,  Su, C. (2016). Volatile oil from Saussurea lappa exerts antitumor efficacy by inhibiting epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 7(48): 79761-79773. https://doi.org/10.18632%2 Foncotarget. 12962.

  30. Liu, H., Schmitz, J.C., Wei, J., Cao, S., Beumer, J.H., Strychor, S., Cheng L., Liu M., Wang C., Wu N., Zhao X., Zhang Y., Liao J., Chu E.,  Lin, X. (2014). Clove extract inhibits tumor growth and promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics. 21(5): 247-259. https://doi.org/ 10.3727/096504014x13946388748910.

  31. Patti, F., Palmioli, A., Vitalini, S., Bertazza, L., Redaelli, M., Zorzan, M., Rubin B., Mian C., Bertolini C., Iacobone M., Armanini D., Barollo S., Airoldi C., Iriti M.,  Pezzani, R. (2020). Anticancer effects of wild mountain Mentha longifolia extract in adrenocortical tumor cell models. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10: 1647. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar. 2019.01647.

  32. Ramadan, W.S., Sait, K.H., Anfinan, N.M. (2017). Anticancer activity of aqueous myrrh extract alone and in combination with cisplatin in HeLa cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 16(4): 889-896. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr. v16i4.21.

  33. Rassias, D.J., Weathers, P.J. (2019). Dried leaf Artemisia annua efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer. Phytomedicine:  International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 52: 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018. 09.167.

  34. Sadeghi, S., Davoodvandi, A., Pourhanifeh, M.H., Sharifi, N., ArefNezhad, R., Sahebnasagh, R., Mirzaei, H. (2019). Anti-cancer effects of cinnamon: Insights into its apoptosis  effects. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 178: 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.067.

  35. Salehi, B., Fokou, P.V.T., Yamthe, L.R.T., Tali, B.T., Adetunji, C.O., Rahavian, A., Mudau F.N., Martorell M., Setzer W.N., Rodrigues C.F., Martins N., Cho W.C.,  Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). Phytochemicals in prostate cancer: From bioactive molecules to upcoming therapeutic agents. Nutrients. 11(7): 1483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071483.

  36. Salhab, A.S. (2017). Teucrium polium: Benefits versus risks. 23rd international conference on herbal and alternative remedies for diabetes and endocrine disorders. Bangkok, Thailand. 2/4/2017. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 8(10). https://www.iomcworld.com/proceedings/teucrium- polium-benefits-versus-risks-39772.html.

  37. Semwal, R.B., Semwal, D.K., Combrinck, S., Viljoen, A.M. (2015). Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry. 117: 554-568. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.012.

  38. Sharifi-Rad, M., Pohl, P., Epifano, F., Zengin, G., Jaradat, N., Messaoudi, M. (2022). Teucrium polium (L.): Phytochemical screening and biological activities at different phenological stages. Molecules. 27(5): 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules27051561.

  39. Sharma, J., Singh, R., Goyal, P. (2014). Chemopreventive role of flaxseed oil against chemical induced skin cancer in mammals. J. Cancer Biol Treat. 1(001). https://doi.org/ 10.24966/CBT-7546/100001.

  40. Shati, A.A., Alkahtani, M.A., Alfaifi, M.Y., Elbehairi, S., Elsaid, F.G., Prasanna, R.,  Mir, M.A. (2020). Secondary metabolites of saussurea costus leaf extract induce apoptosis in breast, liver and colon cancer cells by caspase-3- dependent intrinsic pathway. BioMed Research International. 2020: 1608942. https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2020%2F1608942.

  41. Singh, I., Madan, V.K. (2019). Effect of moisture levels on various phytoconstituents of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8(1): 1427-1432.

  42. Singh, N., Rao, A.S., Nandal, A., Kumar, S., Yadav, S.S., Ganaie, S.A., Narasimhan, B. (2021). Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl- a versatile spice used in food and nutrition. Food Chemistry. 338: 127773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127773.

  43. Tanaka, N., Kashiwada, Y. (2021). Phytochemical studies on traditional  herbal medicines based on the ethnopharmacological  information obtained by field studies. Journal of Natural Medicine. 75(4): 762-783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418- 021-01545-7.

  44. Tariq, A., Sadia, S., Pan, K., Ullah, I., Mussarat, S., Sun, F., Abiodun O.O., Batbaatar A., Li Z., Song D., Xiong Q., Ullah R., Khan S., Basnet B.B., Kumar B., Islam R.,  Adnan, M. (2017). A systematic review on ethnomedicines of anti cancer plants. Phytotherapy Research. 31(2): 202-264. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5751.

  45. Tian, X., Song, H.S., Cho, Y.M., Park, B., Song, Y.J., Jang, S., Kang, S.C. (2017). Anticancer effect of Saussurea lappa extract via dual control of apoptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer cells. Medicine. 96(30): e7606. https:// doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000007606.

  46. Wang, P., Wang, B., Chung, S., Wu, Y., Henning, S.M., Vadgama, J.V. (2014). Increased chemopreventive effect by combining  arctigenin, green tea polyphenol and curcumin in prostate and breast cancer cells. RSC Advances. 4(66): 35242- 35250. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06616b.

  47. World Health Organization. (2015). National policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines: Report of a WHO global survey. World Health Organization.

  48. Zhou, X., Huang, N., Chen, W., Xiaoling, T., Mahdavi, B., Raoofi, A., Mahdian, D.  Atabati, H. (2020). HPLC phenolic profile and induction of apoptosis by Linum usitatissimum extract in LNCaP cells by caspase3 and Bax pathways. Amb Express. 10(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13568- 020-01138-9
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)