Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research

  • Chief EditorHarjinder Singh

  • Print ISSN 0971-4456

  • Online ISSN 0976-0563

  • NAAS Rating 5.44

  • SJR 0.176, CiteScore: 0.357

Frequency :
Bi-Monthly (February, April, June, August, October & December)
Indexing Services :
Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Assessment of Querectin Influence on Multiple Physiological, Biochemical and Immunological Parameters in Diabetic Rats

Sara Saeb Rasheed1, Rawnaq Z. Fadhil1, Salah M.M. AL-Chalabi1, Rawaa Adnan Khalaf1, Ferial A. Al Mahdawi2, Ahmed Flayyih Hasan1,*
  • 0009-0007-9208-5046
1Biotechnology Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
2Department of Biology, Al-Farabi University College, Baghdad, Iraq.

ABSTRACT

Background: Diabetes is a worldwide disease threatens a large number of the human population due to their complication which extended to almost all body organs. Recently querectin were studied to their pharmaceutical activities. 

Methods: Therefore this paper studied the effect of querectin on multiple physiological, biochemical and immunological markers for diabetic rats supplemented with querectin 150 m/k orally for 30 days.

Result: The result revealed that lipid profile improved in treated rats in-compared to untreated groups as cholesterol result was 176±3.09 mg/dl versus 210±5.2 mg/dl in the untreated group, triglyceride 150.3±2.85 mg/dl versus 176±4.30 mg/dl, high density lipoprotein result was 37.42±2.9 mg/dl versus 24.43±3.2 mg/dl, low density lipoprotein 109.59±6.85 mg/dl versus 151.29±5.70 mg/dl and very low density lipoprotein (30.45±2.90 versus 35.20±3.52) mg/dl in P value ≤0.01. In addition, glucose level was gradually reduced in treated group against non-treated one (200.43±1.96, 320±2.85) mg/dl. Urea and creatinine level was restored in quarectin treated rats (29.50±2.43, 0.96±0.06) mg/dl respectively in compared to diabetic untreated rats (37.54±3.53, 1.6±0.05) mg/dl. Immunological parameters including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) showed a significant reduction in comparison to untreated rats (2.48±0.39, 4.70±1.22) for TNF-α, (4.38±1.59, 7.69±1.32) for IL-1, (3.24±0.12, 5.05±1.42)  and (4.60±0.53, 5.05±0.54) for CRP. Similar results was shown in lactate dehydrogenase (157.54±3.65, 17.54±3.32) for treated and non treated rats respectively, anti-oxidant parameters were measured and te results were catalase significantly restored in treated group (10.30±2.76, 13.70±2.63), super oxide dismutase (7.13±2.67, 9.94±2.94) and malondialhdeyde (2.90±0.39, 4.89±0.48) in a P value ≤0.05.

INTRODUCTION

Quercetin is a potent natural compound found in fruits, vegetables, flowers and other plants, numerous studies have shown that this component has valuable therapeutic potential for both prevention and treatment numerous disease due to anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory properties (Yan et al., 2023). Quercetin has significant anti-diabetic influence that help in reducing blood sugar and elevating insulin sensitivity, thus had been demonstrated to influence various factors and signaling pathways involved in insulin resistance and the development of type2 diabetes (Dhanya et al., 2022; Al-Khuzaay et al., 2024). As well as, this compound capable of preventing and reduction the diabetic complication including cardiovascular, neuropathy, delayed wound healing and diabetic nephropathy by targeting the key mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of these complications (Ansari et al., 2006; Yahya et al., 2024). The antioxidant activities of querectin relay on free radicals and their ability to reduce lipid peroxidation moreover; it has also been proven to up regulate antioxidant level (Rahmani et al., 2023; Abd El-Rahmana et al.,  2024). The oxidative stress is a key role in diabetes and considerd as the causative of cellular disturbance in kidney and causes vascular permeability enhancement then tissue damage, beside it has been recognized as a factor in the pathogenesis and progression (Mehany et al., 2006).

Furthermore, this agent capable of reducing kidney damage(one of the main complication in diabetes) through the maintenance of kidney structure. The histological studies of kidney in diabetic rats found congestion, fibrosis and deposition of collagen fiber and infiltration of lymphocytes demonstrating kidney damage. Whereas pathological changes of the kidney tissue in the diabetic group that received quercetin showed less damage and reduced fibrosis when compared with diabetes control group (Yanowsky-escatell et al., 2020).

Polyphenols has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, CRP) and other inflammatory molecules. (Wang et al., 2022; Hameed et al.,  2024). Flavonoid reduce lactate concentrations that increase ROS (reactive oxygen species) and lipid peroxidase production which in turn lead to NF-Kf (nuclear factor kappa-beta) activation and increased VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor) and VEGF2 protein concentration which subsequently elevates  migration and production of (IL-8) and other cytokines that control the oxidative stress.

This role of querecetin on lactate highlighted the anti-carcinogenic properties due to Warburg effect when the most cancer cells would rather to use glycolytic pathway extensively to produce energy rather than Krebs cycle (Tura et al., 2024).

This study aimed to assess the role of querectin on diabetes disease and the complications related to it.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

30 albino male rats weighing (160-180) grams were used in this study, divided into three groups each group contains 10 rats as shown below:


 
Induction of diabetes
 
Alloxan monohydrate (90 mg\kg) (BDH chemicals\England) with a single dose was used to stimulate diabetes in overnight fasting rats. A 5 ml of glucose solution was  given to the rats immediately after treatment. Subsequently the rats were kept under observation for two days and the level of glucose was measured by using glucometer (Rosmax\ Germany). The rats with blood sugar over 250 mg\dl were considered to be hyperglycemic Al Chalabi et al., 2020).
 
Sample preparation
 
All samples (blood) were  collected  under  anaesthetized  condition, centrifuged at 3000 r.p.m for 10 min, the serum was used for further analyses. Included lipids profile, LDH, MDA, CRP, CAT, SOD, TNF-α, IL-1, IL 6, creatinine and blood urea.
 
Lipid profile measurement
 
Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, concentrations were measured using a diagnostic kit produced by BiolaboSABy based on the reading of the optical intensity of the colored compound using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 500 nanometers except for HDL the wavelength was 505 nm.
 
Kidney function measurement
 
Both Urea and creatinine was measured in the serum by spinreact (Hasan et al., 2024).
 
Pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1,6 and TNF-α) measurement
 
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay form Elabscince was used to measure the cytokines according to manufacturing instructions, the measurement wasvelength was 450 nm.
 
LDH measurment
 
LDH activity was measured via the COBAS INTEGRA SYSTEM with cassette which identifies the activity of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme by measuring the absorbance at a wave length of 340 nm.
 
CRP measurement
 
C-reactive protein was measured by spinreact.
 
SOD and CAT measurement
 
SOD was detected using colorimetric assay kit (hydroxylamine  method) from Elabscience and by following the instructions of the kit the yielded activity was expressed as U/ml.
 
MDA measurement
 
Malondialdwhyde (MDA) was evaluated by a colorimetric method through the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive species in elevated temperature at a wavelength of 532 nm.
 
Statistical analysis
 
Mean± standard deviation represents the statistical analysis of all data by student t test grap pad prism 8 and the value considered significant of p value ≤0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results of using quercetin on lipids profile
 
The results indicated a statistical elevation in cholesterol level at P≤0.05 value in both diabetic (210±5.82) mg\dl and control group (145±3.56) mg\dl in compared to quercetin treated group (176±3.09) mg\dl (Table 1).

Table 1: The effect of quercetin on different lipid profiles in diabetic rats.



Triglyceride results showed significant variation among the three groups (Table 1), in quercetin treated group TG. level decrease significantly (150.32±2.85) mg\dl in contrast to control groups (negative and positive) (176±4.30, 110.76±3.54) mg\dl subsequently.

Furthermore, HDL level in diabetic induced group decreased statistically in compared to control group (24.43±3.21 mg\dl), while a significant increase in treated one (37.42±2.90 mg\dl).

Considering LDL data, the diabetic group elevated significantly in compares to control(151.29±5.70, 88.00±5.36mg\dl) subsequently, while these fats decreased in quercetin treated group (109.59±6.85mg\dl)

As for very low-density protein fats (VLDL), a significant difference was indicated in all groups as show in Table 1.

Glucose level in Alloxian stimulated group increase statistically reverse to control, meanwhile the level of glucose in quercetin treated group was diminished significantly as it shown in Table 2.

Table 2: The effect of quercetin on glucose level in diabetic rats.



The data reveled an increase in the level of creatinine and blood urea in alloxan induced group (positive control), while their levels decreased in the diabetic group treated with quercetin when we compared it with untreated group, as show in Table 3.

Table 3: Concentration of urea and creatinine concentrations in diabetic rats treated with quercetin.



Regarding for the levels of interleukin (1 and 6) our results manifested there was a significant elevation in diabetic induced group when we compared them with both negative and quercetin treated groups. As for tumor necrosis factor the results indicated a statistical increase in alloxan induced group contrasted with negative and treated groups. The results did not show any significant alterations in level of CRP between the different groups. Otherwise, the data showed a statically elevation in the activity of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in diabetic group compared to the negative control group, while the enzyme activity decreased in quercetin treated group, as explained in Table 4.

Table 4: Estimating the level of concentrations of IL1 and IL6, TNF-a, CRP and LDH in animals treated with quercetin.


 
Estimation of the concentrations of malondialdehyde, CAT and SOD enzymes
 
The results showed a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde in the diabetic group (4.89±0.48)mmol/ml compared to the control group (1.50±0.06) mmol/ml.and diabetic group treated with quercetin (2.90±0.39).

With reference to catalase enzyme, the data showed significant elevation in diabetic induced group (13.70±2.63) contrasted to the negative and quercetin treated groups (8.53±1.53, 10.30±2.76) respectively.

Finally, the results showed there was a statistical increase in the level of the superoxide enzyme dismutase in the diabetic group (9.94±2.94) IU/L compared to the control group (4.48±1.34) IU/L and the quercetin treated group (7.13±2.67) IU/liter, as show in Table 5.

Table 5: Concentrations of malondialdehyde, CAT and SOD enzyme in animals treated with quercetin.



Diabetes is a global issue and about three hundred eighty two cases were indicated and this number is projected to increase. As diabetes can affect many organs, major arteries and microvesseles (Yi et al., 2006) thus many studies were carried out in order to solve such condition (Abdel-Tawab et al., 2023). Natural plant contain much active compound whether it was active compound or whole plant, these medicinal plant showed apotent influence on diabetes including querectin (Rahmani et al., 2023). It was mentioned that querectin have the ability to inhabits the absorption of cholesterol in intestine due tote down regulation of epithelial cholesterol transporter neimann pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1), which may explain the reduction in the cholesterol level in treated groups. Another effect might bedue toflavonoles influence on gut microbiota composition and permeability makingquerectin a potent hypolipidemic (Tahir et al., 2023),  which was proven  in the result of LDL, HDL and VLDL above. The lowering effect of triglyceride by querectin is not well known, thought it was suggestedthat querectin induce the browning of white adipose tissue by up taking the triglyceride from circulation, beside this type of adipose tissue participates in triglyceridemetabolism (Kuipers et al., 2018). As well as HDL and VLDL where decreased significantly, while LDL level increased statistically. All together indicate that querectin consumption improve blood lipid profile and further study are required to identify the mechanis of this compound on such parameters.Increasing glucose level in thebody cause a mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species generation (Yi et al., 2006). Thus querectin showed a positive effect by lowering the glucose level through inhibiting intestinal absorption of glucose subsequently, the mitochondrial function, ATPase  and hexokinase enzymes restoration all together made querectin a potent antioxidant with a promising effect on diabetic patient (Ahmed et al., 2024). Beside it was found that querectin had the ability to increase anti oxidant enzyme and thereby reducing MDA and nitric oxide level (Wang et al., 2023). It is well known tat flavonoid have three-OHwhich is capable to donate electron and reduce free radicals, all of the above made querectin a candidate as antioxidantfactor (Crespo et al., 2008). Many studies indicated a good anti-diabetic effect of querectin as this compound enhance glucose hemostasis, through the restoration of IRS-1 and phophadytelinsitol-3 which mediated glucose uptake by insulin in the brain of diabetic rats. Another influence was found on the liverasquerectin stimulate AMPK and thereby effecting glucose production from glycogen or production of glycogen from glucose (Yi et al., 2021: Peng et al., 2017). Regarding the influence of querectin consumption on inflammatory cytokine (IL-1, 6, TNF-α) all where reduced significantly. It was suggested that this compound act on leukocyte through targeting multiple enzymes (kinases, phosphetases and membrane proteins) to dominate immune and inflammatory responses. (Ansari et al., 2006) Tumor necrosis factor-a is the major stimulator to inflammation, thus its consider one of the most important targets (Nair et al., 2006). Result above indicated a decrease in this cytokine level, suggested that floavonoid querectin compound increased the regulation of peroxisomes proliferated activator (PPAR-g, which in turn counteract with pro-inflammatory transcriptional factors such as (STAT) and (NF-kb) as well as decreasing the expressing of TNF-α, IL-1b and IL-6(16). C-reactive protein (CRP) considered as a prototype for inflammatory markers due to: long half-life, absence of variation and its stability. In a consentient study with the present result indicated that querectin showed an anti-inflammatory effect on CRP through lowering their level in the diabetic low insulin rats (Mahmoud et al., 2006). Lactate deydrogenase enzyme , in similar study conducted by Chellian et al., (2022) whom used querectin for diabetic rat and mentioned that LDH was reduced in response to querectin attributed to the restored genes of liver functionwhichwas been disturbed by diabetes. It was mentioned that genes expression of LDH reduced by querectin (Han et al., 2006:. Alyasiri et al., 2024). It is well-known that oxidative stress causing damage in the cells, DNA and proteins of kidney which effect the level of urea and cereatenine, this consider as the major complication of diabetes (Jin et al., 2023; Zhu et al., 2024). It was found that querectin compound act as a checker for renal damage that enhanced by toxicant and participate in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and palliated tubular necrosis (Yousuf et al., 2023). Recently it was mentioned that querectin have protective influence on kidney of various models of rodents by prevention the elevation of urea and creatinine levels, as well as maintaining the integrity of kidney by protecting the organ from any histological  alteration (Zeng et al., 2023).

CONCLUSION

From the collected data it can be concluded that querectin is an effective compound in treatment of diabetes and its complication. Although, it requires more studies and larger population to ensure their activities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many thanks to the staff of the Animal House Unit (Biotechnology Research Center/ Al-Nahrain University) for their care and attention to the animals.
 
Ethics
 
Approval was obtained from Biotechnology Research Center- Al-Nahrain University  of the Animal Health Care Committee.
 
Funding
 
None.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES


  1. Abdel-Tawab, Nada H.H., Hassan, H.A., Mohamed, N.M., Hamad, N.H. and Michel, E.F. (2023). Effect of quercetin on diabetic rat. SVU-International Journal of Medical Sciences. 6(2): 708-728.

  2. Abd El-Rahmana, H.A., Hasanb, A.F., Alyasiric, T., El-Wahshd, H.M., Althubyanie, S.A., Basyonyf, M.A. and Mahmodf, D.H. (2024). Co-treatment with cranberry and vitamin-C mitigates reproductive toxicities induced by phenobarbital in male rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 58: 722-738.

  3. Ahmed, S.F., Bakr, M.A. and Rasmy, A.H. (2024). The efficacy of using metformin and/or quercetin for amelioration of gamma- irradiation induced tongue toxicity in diabetic rats. BMC Oral Health. 24(1): 110.

  4. Al Chalabi, Salah M.M., et al. (2020). Benefit effect of ethanolic extract of Bay leaves (Laura nobilis) on  blood sugar level in adult diabetic rats induced by alloxan monohydrate- J. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 23(16).

  5. Al-Khuzaay, H.M., Al-Juraisy, Y.H., Hasan, A.F. and Tousson, E. (2024). Antitumor activity of b-glucan isolated àrom date fruits ùn cancer cells In vivo. Opera Medica et Physiologica. 11(3): 41-48. 

  6. Alyasiri, T., Hameed, H.M. and Hasan, A.F. (2024). The effects of bisphenol A of polycarbonate plastics on various blood and fertility parameters, along with histological changes in male albino rats. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 1-7. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-435.

  7. Ansari, P., Choudhury, S.T., Seidel, V., Rahman, A.B., Aziz, M.A., Richi, A.E. and Abdel-Wahab, Y.H. (2006). Therapeutic potential of quercetin in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Life. 12(8): 1146.

  8. Chellian, R., Behnood-Rod, A., Wilson, R., Lin, K., King, G.W.Y., Ruppert-Gomez, M. and Bruijnzeel, A.W. (2022). Dopamine D1-like receptor blockade and stimulation decreases operant responding for nicotine and food in male and female rats. Scientific Reports. 12(1): 14131.

  9. Crespo, I., Garcia-Mediavilla, M.V., Gutiérrez, B., Sánchez-Campos, S., Tunon, M.J. and González-Gallego, J. (2008). A comparison of the effects of kaempferol and quercetin on cytokine- induced pro-inflammatory status of cultured human endothelial cells. British Journal of Nutrition. 100(5): 968-976.

  10. Dhanya, R. (2022). Quercetin for managing type 2 diabetes and its complications, an insight into multitarget therapy. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 146(2022): 112560.

  11. Hameed, H.M., Razooki, Z.H., Hasan, A.F., Rasool, A.A.A.A. and Abed, I.J. (2024). Therapeutic effect of essential oils (Citrus sinensis) against ehrlich ascites model induced renal toxicity in female mice. Agricultural Science Digest. doi: 10.18805/ag.DF-632.

  12. Han, J.H., Lee, J., Park, W., Ha, T. and Chung, S. (2006). Natural compounds as lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors: Potential therapeutics for lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors-related diseases. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 14.

  13. Hasan, A.F., Hameed, H.M., Hadid, M.A. and Tousson, E. (2024). Impact of chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds extract on ehrlich ascites model induced kidney toxicity in female mice. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 43(4): 750-756. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-397.

  14. Jin, Q., Liu, T., Qiao, Y., Liu, D., Yang, L., Mao, H., Ma, F., Wang, Y., Peng, L. and Zhan, Y. (2023). Oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy: Role of polyphenols. Frontiers in Immunology. 14.

  15. Kuipers, E.N., Dam, A.D.V., Held, N.M., Mol, I.M., Houtkooper, R.H., Rensen, P.C. and Boon, M.R. (2018). Quercetin lowers plasma triglycerides accompanied by white adipose tissue browning in diet-induced obese mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19(6): 1786.

  16. Mahmoud, M.F., Hassan, N.A., El Bassossy, H.M. and Fahmy, A. Quercetin protects against diabetes-induced exaggerated vasoconstriction in rats: Effect on low grade inflammation. PLOS ONE. 8(5): e63784.

  17. Mehany, Ahmed, et al. (2006). Biological effect of quercetin in repairing brain damage and cerebral changes in rats: Molecular docking and in vivo studies. BioMed Research International 2022. 

  18. Nair, M.P., Mahajan, S., Reynolds, J.L., Aalinkeel, R., Nair, H., Schwartz, S.A. and Kandaswami, C. (2006). The flavonoid quercetin inhibits proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha) gene expression in normal peripheral blood mono- nuclear cells via modulation of the NF-kb system. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 13(3): 319-328.

  19. Peng, J., Li, Q., Li, K., Zhu, L., Lin, X., Lin, X. and Xie, X. (2017). Quercetin improves glucose and lipid metabolism of diabetic rats: involvement of Akt signaling and SIRT1. Journal of Diabetes Research. 3417306. doi: 10.1155/2017/3417306.

  20. Rahmani A.H., Alsahli M.A., Khan A.A., Almatroodi S.A. (2023). Quercetin, a plant flavonol attenuates diabetic complications,  renal tissue damage, renal oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Metabolites. 13(1):130.

  21. Rahmani, Arshad, H. et al. (2023). Quercetin, a plant flavonol attenuates diabetic complications, renal tissue damage, renal oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Metabolites. 13(1): 130.

  22. Tahir, Farah, N., Asma, A., Khadija, K. and Rehana, B. (2023). Ameliorative effect of quercetin on lipid, enzymatic, hormonal and biochemical profiling of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology. 30(17): 1950-1967.

  23. Tura, A., Herfs, V., Maaßen, T., Zuo, H., Vardanyan, S., Prasuhn, M., Ranjbar, M., Kakkassery, V., Grisanti, S. (2024). Quercetin impairs the growth of uveal melanoma cells by interfering with glucose uptake and metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 25(8): 4292.

  24. Wang, L., Sun, J., Miao, Z., Jiang, X., Zheng, Y., Yang, G. (2022). Quercitrin improved cognitive impairment through inhibiting inflammation induced by microglia in Alzheimer’s disease mice. Neuro Report.  33: 327-335. 

  25. Wang, T., Wang, Y.Y., Shi, M.Y. and Liu, L. (2023). Mechanisms of action of natural products on type 2 diabetes. World Journal of Diabetes. 14(11): 1603.

  26. Yahya, A., Adil Obaid, W., Mohammed Hameed, O. and Hasan, A.F. (2024). Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies on the effects of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgNPs) on male rats liver. Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research. 10(3): 392-398.

  27. Yan, Lei, et al. (2023). Quercetin: An effective polyphenol in alleviating diabetes and diabetic complications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 63(28): 9163-9186.

  28. Yanowsky-Escatell, Francisco G., et al. (2020). The role of dietary antioxidants on oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 14(2): 81-94.

  29. Yi, H., Peng, H., Wu, X., Xu, X., Kuang, T., Zhang, J. and Fan, G. (2021). The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of quercetin on metabolic diseases: pharmacological data and clinical evidence. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 6678662. doi: 10.1155/2021/6678662.

  30. Yi, X., Dong, M., Guo, N., Tian, J., Lei, P., Wang, S. and Shi, Y. (2006). Flavonoids improve type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications: A review. Frontiers in Nutrition. 10: 1192131.

  31. Yousuf, R., Verma, P.K., Sharma, P., Sood, S., Aït-Kaddour, A. and Bhat, Z.F. (2023). Ameliorative potential of quercetin and catechin against sodium arsenite and mancozeb-induced oxidative renal damage in Wistar rats. Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals. 5: 100079.

  32. Zeng, Y.F., Li, J.Y., Wei, X.Y., Ma, S.Q., Wang, Q.G., Qi, Z. and Tang, H. (2023). Preclinical evidence of reno-protective effect of quercetin on acute kidney injury: A meta-analysis of animal studies. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 14: 1310023.

  33. Zhu, X., Zhang, C., Liu, L., Xu, L. and Yao, L. (2024). Senolytic combination of dasatinib and quercetin protects against diabetic kidney disease by activating autophagy to alleviate podocyte dedifferentiation via the Notch pathway. International  Journal of Molecular Medicine. 53(3): 1-12.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)