<div>Background: The study was carried out to assess the consciousness of dairy farmers about rabies as an oldest zoonosis.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Using the simple random sampling method, 180 dairy farmers from 36 villages of 6 talukas of Panchmahals and Mahisagar districts of Gujarat state (India) were selected.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The majority of dairy farmers (90.56%) had high to very high level of consciousness about rabies. The majority of dairy farmers had medium to high level of knowledge (72.22%), high to very high level of sensitivity (91.11%) and favorable to most favorable attitude (95.55%) towards the control of rabies. Path analysis show the maximum positive direct effect had exerted by scientific orientation and mass media exposure and age exerted maximum negative direct effect. Economic motivation and extension participation exerted maximum indirect positive effects. Dairy farmers can enhance their consciousness about rabies through participation in different extension activities with using mass media, internet and other psychological variables. The findings of this study would serve as a guideline for researchers, training institutions, planners, extension agencies and concerned organizations in the formation of effective realistic training programmes to impart consciousness amongst the dairy farmers about rabies and other zoonoses.</div>

Consciousness of Dairy Farmers about Rabies an Oldest Zoonosis

<div style="text-align: justify;">The emerging coronaviral infection named as COVID-19 was officially declared as pandemic on 11, March 2020 by WHO. It has so far been reported from 215 countries or territories affecting about twenty seven million people infected globally. The novel attributes on COVID-19 with sporadic reports on animal, alarms the future chances of animal mediated COVID-19 transmission. Despite lockdown in two-third of the global population, health officials are worried about the risky nature of animal infection in the current pandemic situation. The reverse zoonotic index cases in the current epidemic reported sporadically in animals through infected humans. Reported evidence suggests that bat as the major reservoir involved in COVID-19. However, still, the role of intermediate host involvement in the human COVID-19 transmission from the bat is not yet understood. It is clear that humans play a potent source of infection to transmit the disease to other humans and animals. A literature survey was conducted to a) understand the level of animal&rsquo;s involvement in COVID19 pandemic and b) to measure the amount of risk of reverse zoonoses in pet animals, exposed animals etc. The epidemiological investigation suggested the need for strong surveillance on the human-animal interface area with strict advisory measures to combat this dangerous disease transmission to humans and other animals. Hence understanding animal&rsquo;s role in the current pandemic is of prime importance in devising preparedness and control strategies through unique one health approach. In implementing suitable research protocol at animal-human interface along with environment by devising appropriate control strategies will reduce the future reverse zoonosis risk in the current pandemic through a holistic one health drive.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The Possible Risk of Reverse Zoonosis in COVID-19: An Epidemiological Driving Approach for the One Health Future Challenges: A Review</div>

<div>Background: Porcine brucellosis is a contagious and emerging zoonosis but neglected in most of the endemic countries including India. The disease in pigs is rarely reported due to non-availability of diagnostics or major focus is on bovine brucellosis. Hence, the necessity was felt to diagnose porcine brucellosis by Monoclonal antibody based ELISA, RBPT and STATS for the detection of anti-Brucella antibodies and to record spatial seroprevalence of porcine brucellosis in the country. 
 
Methods: The Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and Bru Alert monoclonal antibody based c-ELISA was employed to screen 148 sera samples for the presence of Brucella antibody.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total 148 samples were collected and tested,&nbsp; the overall prevalence of Brucella infection in pig was 43.2% per cent (64/148) by C-ELISA followed by RBPT 40% (60/148) and STAT 25% (40/148) in the study area comparatively high seropositivity was found in female animals. The agreement between the two test was excellent (Kappa = 0.167) and also, chisquare test indicated an evidence of strong diagnostic weapon for detection of swine brucellosis.</div>

Monoclonal Antibody based Blocking ELISA for Diagnosis of Brucellosis

<div>Background: Canine Leptospirosis is a life-threatening disease and zoonosis. Usually, PCR assay is carried out for early diagnosis but requires a thermal cycler and post-PCR procedures. This limits its use in resource-limited areas. Hence, the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid by recombinase polymerase amplification assay was developed as a versatile alternative for the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis in this study.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The RPA assay to detect Leptospira DNA was optimized with Leptospira reference strains and its performance characteristics such as analytical, diagnostics and reproducibility were assessed. 
 
Result: The limit of detection of RPA assay was estimated as 102 copies of genomic DNA and specific to amplify the pathogenic Leptospira. Out of 150 dog samples screened, Leptospira DNA was detected in 64 (42.6%) by RPA assay and 67 (44.6%) by PCR. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the RPA assay were 92.5% and 97.59% respectively. The RPA assay has a good diagnostic agreement with a kappa value of 0.905. The reproducibility assessment with the third-party testing laboratory revealed a better agreement with a kappa value of 0.81. The simplicity, rapid and less expensive enable this assay to perform at resource-limited laboratories or point-of-care testing.&nbsp;</div>

Development and Evaluation of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Canine Leptospirosis

<div>Background: Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with worldwide distribution. In Thailand, endemic bovine and caprine brucellosis is a serious public health threat. Brucellosis in cattle and buffalo is primarily due to Brucella abortus while Brucella melitensis predominates in sheep and goats. The main factors maintaining the disease in humans and animals are unhygienic food habits, poor animal husbandry processes, lack of awareness and ineffective surveillance systems. Therefore, prevention of human brucellosis would depend on controlling the disease in livestock. The current study aimed to study the epidemiological situation to develop an effective control strategy. 
 
Methods: The estimated seropositivity rates at the herd and animal levels were compiled during 2009-2018. The sera were submitted to the National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH) and the Regional Veterinary Research and Development Centers (VRDCs), where serological tests were performed. The testing used screening based on the Rose Bengal test (RBT) followed by confirmatory tests, the complement fixation test (CFT) and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA). The data were collected, the proportion of the estimated seropositivity rate was analyzed. The seropositive animals were followed up and specimens were collected for isolation and PCR identification.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the accumulated seropositivity rate of the brucellosis of dairy cattle, beef cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep at the herd level from 2009 to 2018 was 7.12% (95% CI: 6.99-7.26) and the animal level was 0.92% (95% CI: 0.91-0.93). The species identification presented Brucella abortus five isolates, whereas Brucella melitensis presented 31 isolates from the total of 36 isolates. This information of the serological status and Brucella spp., including diagnostics patterns could be used as base data for better managing the prevention and control measures of brucellosis in Thailand and other countries.</div>

The Seroprevalence Rates and Approach Management of Brucellosis in Thailand

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Present study was aimed to record diversity, prevalence and risk assessment of nematode parasites in Indian gerbil, Tatera indica, a wild rodent species found in crop fields. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total 180 Indian gerbils (T. indica) were live trapped from crop fields of Ludhiana, Punjab between April, 2019 to March, 2020 and examined for the diversity and prevalence of nematode parasites in liver and gastrointestinal tract.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Only 33 (18.33%) gerbils were found infected with four nematodes species i.e. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (39.40%), Calodium hepaticum (21.21%), Trichuris muris (21.21%) and Syphacia muris (18.18%). Eggs of N. brasiliensis, T. muris and S. muris were found in faecal samples. &nbsp;Pale yellow lesions on surface of liver and subsequent histopathology of infected liver indicated the presence of C. hepaticum eggs entrapped in parenchyma. Host age (&chi;2 = 8.78, P = 0.03) and season (&chi;2 = 9.21, P = 0.01) significantly affected the prevalence of N. brassiliensis and C. hepaticum, respectively. Shannon-Weiner index and Species Evenness of nematode parasites were maximum in monsoon season (1.04 and 0.94, respectively). Based on results proper rodent pest management is advised by integrated control measures at village level to prevent spread of diseases caused by them.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Diversity, Prevalence and Risk Assessment of Nematode Parasites in Tatera indica found in Punjab State</div>

<div>Background: The importance of zoonotic fungal infections is increasing today and continues to increase due to changing living conditions.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Between 2012 and 2019 evaluated of fungi species isolated from 51 (20.07%) of 254 samples from 10 different animal species (dog, cat, horse, cow, goat, sheep, camel, penguin, bird, rabbit) with 10 different sample types Thus, the risk of those with zoonotic characteristics was assessed. Despite fungal hyphae and/or spores were seen in 63 (24.8%) of 254 samples in the direct microscopic examination, the isolation of fungi on Sabouraud dextrose agar occurred in only 51 of these samples (20.07%).&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: Of all the 51 samples, 9 (17.64%) samples had more than one fungal agent. The predominant isolate was Aspergillus spp. with an isolation rate of 24 (47.05%), followed by Malassezia spp. 11 (21.56%), Alternaria spp. 6 (11.76%), Penicillium spp. and various yeasts 4 (7.84%), Microsporum spp. 3 (5.88%), Candida spp., Mucor spp., Geotrichum spp. 2 (3.92%) and Trichophyton spp. and Rhizopus spp. 1 (1.96%). Besides, samples were examined for the presence of bacteria and one or more of the bacteria were also isolated from 14 (27.4%) of 51 samples. This assessment in the veterinary microbiology laboratory has shown that the isolated fungi agents pose a significant risk of infection for people who take care of these animals or consume animal products and pet owners.</div>

​Evaluation of Fungi Isolated in the Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory in Terms of Human Health

<div>Impediment to the aquaculture industry and consequently, impoverishment of the Nigerian populace can be attributed to several factors ranging from managemental to infectious or noninfectious. Despite the abundantly blessed land capacity and nourishment, the industry continues to face several losses. As part of the very important infectious agents known to cause high morbidity and mortality across several fish species is Edwardsiella tarda. E. tarda is directly associated with enteric septicemia in several fish species and ages. Infections caused by this bacterium is usually presented as gastrointestinal (gastroenteritis) and extra-intestinal (myonecrosis, bacteremia and septic arthritis) infections. E. tarda is an economic and public health threat because of its extensive impacts on the aquaculture industry as well as its ability to cause severe human infections such as diarrhea, gastroenteritis, typhoid-like illness, peritonitis with sepsis, cellulitis and meningitis. Furthermore, they are associated with the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and animal population. The threat posed by this bacterium have necessitated this current review on the overview of the risk factors and the presence of the organism in Nigeria. An elucidation into the bacterium, its epidemiology, threat to aquaculture industry and the global population are reviewed and the probable ways to control the presence of the organism are also discussed. Novel genetic engineering of the genes of the organism as a vital tool to drug and vaccine development are germane in this current age as a useful tool and strategy to have a world safe and in health. In conclusion, this review highlighted the necessary steps and approach to mitigate the bacterium and safe the Nigerian aquaculture from the emergence of a fatal infectious disease from fishes to human, as well as improvement in global trading.</div>

Edwardsiella tarda- The Despised Threat to Nigerian Aquaculture and Human Health: A Review

<div>Background: Echinococcus granulosus is a cyclophyllid cestode parasite that lives as an adult in the intestine of canids and is the most common cause of hydatidosis in ruminants (intermediate hosts). It also offers a public health risk because of the possibility of human infection. The incorrect disposal of dead animals, access of farm dogs to the internal organs of sheep and grazing in areas with wayward dogs are the most common production methods that might increase the risk of sheep being exposed to hydatidosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural spread of E. granulosus infection in wayward dogs, as well as the sterility and fertility rates of hydatid cysts in herbivores of Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia). 
 
Methods: Fecal samples from 150 dogs were collected from several locations in Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia) where livestock rearing takes place and the existence of wayward and semi-feral canines from August 2021 to February 2022. Parasitic eggs were recovered from fecal samples using the flotation method, followed by centrifugation at 1200 &times; g. Examination of slaughtered animals was done by comprehensive visual examination, palpation and incision of the internal organs, including lungs, liver, muscles, kidneys and heart. All hydatid cysts detected in the organs were collected for cyst count, cyst fertility testing and protoscolices viability testing. Examination of cysts and viability of protoscolices. A 0.1% aqueous solution of eosin stain was used to examine the survival of protoscolices. According to Smyth and Barret (1980), deceased protoscolices became stained (purplish-red color) five minutes after exposure to staining, whereas living protoscolices remained colorless (recorded as alive) under the microscope. 
 
Result: 1698 sheep, 450 goats and 240 camels (slaughtered in Al-Kharj Abattoir) were examined as to their livers, lungs, muscles, kidneys and hearts were checked for hydatidosis. In a study of 150 dogs, 21 (14%) were shown to be naturally infected with E. granulosus eggs. Hydatid cysts were also identified in 156 (9.18%) sheep, 36 (7.5%) goats and 24 (10%) camels. In comparison to other tissues, the liver and lungs had the highest percentage of infestation, with values of 50.6% and 25.6% in sheep, 58.3% and 16.6% in goats and 66.6% and 16% in camels, respectively. The older age groups had higher infection rates than the younger ones. The highest percentage was seen in sheep over the age of 12 months (10.4%) and camels over the age of 6 years (12%). Hydatidosis is a serious economic and zoonotic problem. Therefore, we should take preventative measures in Al-Kharj city to avoid environmental pollution and infection of both humans and animals.</div>