A comparative study was done to estimate the marketed surplus and factors affecting it, price spread, marketing efficiencies and constraints of milk marketing in organized and unorganized sector in Cuttack district of Odisha. A random sampling method was employed for data collection from 120 farmers (82-organized and 38-unorganized sector). Average production, consumption, marketed surplus were 49.45, 4.96, 44.49 litres in organized and 46.97, 5.21, 41.76 litres per day per household in unorganized sector respectively. Marketing efficiencies for channels I, II, III, IV, V were 20.77, 14.45, 10.38, 7.84 and 11.38 respectively which implied that channel I was most efficient. Milk production and price of milk had positive and significant impact on marketed surplus; however family size had negative impact and significant in both market structures. Low price and irregular payments were major milk marketing problems in the study area. Hence, it was suggested that for getting marketing benefit, remunerative price with regular payment to the farmers is needed.

Milk market structure in Cuttack district of Odisha: Orgnanized&nbsp;vs. unorganized sector

<div>Background: Mastitis is the most common and economically important disease of dairy cattle. Subclinical mastitis is a more important form in India than clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) detection done by periodic examination of the udder health by evaluation of milk at the herd level or the individual cow level by milk somatic cell count (SCC), followed by culture of random milk samples. The presented study was undertaken by survey and sampling of milk from lactating crossbred cattle of unorganized dairy farms and farmer&rsquo;s dairy of the peri-urban region of middle Indo-Gangetic Plains. The objective of the study was to monitor the status of SCM in crossbred cattle and associated changes in milk constitutes and oxidative stress in milk.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 147 lactating crossbred cattle were screened for SCM using the modified California Mastitis Test (CMT) using detergent based CMT reagent and compared with conventional CMT reagent, followed by SCC, milk constituents, bacterial isolation and antibiotic sensitivity testing (ABST). General information was collected in pre-tested questionnaire. The data obtained were statistically treated to evaluate significance of the study. 
 
Conclusion: The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in peri-urban cross-bred cattle was 36.74% which varied with parity and stage of milking. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was highest (55.77%) in cross-bred cattle in mid-lactation and Parity 3-5. The mean SCC was significantly higher (7.21&plusmn;0.27) in subclinical mastitis compared to CMT negative (3.66&plusmn;0.06) milk sample. Somatic cell count was positively and significantly correlated with CMT reactions using conventional CMT reagent (rs= 0.86) as well as modified CMT reagent (rs=0.815) attempted using Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. The mean values of milk pH, fat and lactic acid acidity increased significantly (P&le;0.01) in SCM compared to the milk of healthy cattle, except lactose which decreased significantly in SCM milk. The common contagious bacteria responsible for SCM isolate were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. (64.82%) isolates from these SCM milk followed by Streptococcus spp. ABST test conducted on random CMT positive milk sample indicated that gentamicin as most sensitive, followed by enrofloxacin. The present finding indicates the suitability of enrofloxacin as the most useful antibiotic for the treatment of subclinical mastitis in cross-bred cattle of the peri-urban area of middle Indo-Gangetic plains.</div>

Status of Subclinical Mastitis in Crossbred Cattle of Peri-urban Unorganized Herd of Middle Indo-gangetic Plains

<div>Background: We investigated the occurrence of blaCTX-M carrying extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in pigs from 8 North-eastern states of India with special emphasis on the transferability of ESBL gene from resistant E. coli strains to the susceptible Salmonella strains by in vitro and in vivo. 
 
Methods: Fecal samples (n=790) were collected from pigs reared under organized and unorganized farming set up of entire North-eastern region of India. All the samples were processed for isolation and identification of E. coli. All the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity assay by disc diffusion method followed by determination of ESBLs producing ability by double disc synergy test (DDST). All the ESBLs producing isolates were screened for blaCTX-M gene by PCR using specific primers. The representative blaCTX-M gene positive isolates were used as donor to determine the ability to transfer of resistance gene in Salmonella by in vitro and in vivo assays with and without antibiotic selection pressure. &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 2,291 E. coli was isolated, of which 1113 and 1178 were from organized and unorganized farms, respectively. Majority of the isolates were multi-drug resistant with highest resistance against amoxicillin (84.81%) followed by cefalexin (77.17%), sulphafurazole (56.79%), piperacillin (46.40%), tetracycline (38.29%) and cefexime (35.66%). Isolates from unorganized farms showed higher resistance than the isolates recovered from organized farms. A total of 654 (28.55%) isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers by double disc synergy test (DDST) method, of which 65 (2.84%) isolates were positive for blaCTX-M gene. Genotypically, isolates with specific amino acids substitution revealed variation in their antibiotic susceptibility by phenotypic method. blaCTX-M gene could be successfully transferred horizontally from E. coli (donor) to Salmonella (recipient) by in vitro (3.6&plusmn;2.07x10-8 to 4.4&plusmn;2.88x10-8 transconjugate per donor) and in vivo method. By in vivo method in pig model, the frequency of transfer was higher under the antibiotic selection pressure (6.6&plusmn;3.05x10-5 to 7.2&plusmn;1.92x10-5 trans-conjugants per donor) than without antibiotic pressure (5.6&plusmn;2.3x10-4 to 6.8&plusmn;3.35x10-4 trans-conjugants per donor).</div>

Transferable blaCTX-M Carrying Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli from Pig Population of North Eastern Region of India

Background: Multidrug resistant strains of Escherichia coli have been causing worldwide outbreaks of food borne diseases in recent years. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli and the occurrence of transmissible drug resistance among the organism has amplified the complications associated with its control and treatment measures. Data associated with the prevalence, virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates are needed to be studied in order to develop an effective control strategy for colibacillosis in piggeries. The goal of the investigation was to study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and pathotyping of E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic piglets. 
 
Methods: 102 rectal swab samples were collected from diarrhoeic piglets of ICAR-AICRP/MSP on Pig, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam and from different unorganized farms of the state. These samples were then inoculated in Luria Bertani (LB) broth and incubated aerobically at 37oC for 24 hours followed by sub culturing them in MacConkey&rsquo;s lactose agar (MLA) and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar for purification of the suspected E. coli isolates. The isolates were characterized by biochemical tests and motility tests and were pathotyped based on detection of specific virulence genes by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). 
 
Result: Out of 102 rectal swab samples examined, 92 (90.2%) yielded E. coli which included 41 (91.12%) of 45 samples collected from ICAR-AICRP/MSP on Pig, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara and 32 (88.89%) of 36 samples from ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam and 19 (90.48%) of 21 samples from different unorganized farms. All the 92 E. coli isolates were examined for the presence of stx1, est1, elt1 and eaeA genes using specific primers. Among these isolates, 25 (27.17%) were positive for stx1 gene, 18(19.56%) for est1 gene, 6(6.52%) for elt1 gene, 3 (3.26%) for both genes est1 and elt1 and 12 (13.04%) for eaeA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates revealed that the highest percentage (71.74%) of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and the least (4.34%) to imipenem.

Isolation, Pathotyping and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheic Piglets

Background: The present study was undertaken to detect the species of Eimeria in naturally infected poultry using multiplex PCR in organized and unorganized farms of four districts namely Bilaspur, Durg, Korba and Rajnandgaon in plain region of Chhattisgarh.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Multiplex PCR was carried out using primer pairs of seven species and it revealed that there were only 1-3 species of Eimeria per farm and a total of 4 species were only detected in all 4 districts and these were E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. maxima and E. brunetti with the presence of 50.0%, 43.75%, 37.5% and 12.5% among infected farms, respectively. 
 
Result: These samples showed the highest incidence of E. acervulina and lowest incidence of E. brunetti. As per multiplex PCR, mixed infection was present in 37.5% farms and single infection was present in 56.25% farms.

Detection of Eimeria Species in Naturally Infected Poultry using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction in Chhattisgarh, India

<div>Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease causing abortion, stillbirths and loss of milk production in livestock resulting in huge economic losses. Leptospirosis in cattle has been under-reported and under-diagnosed in India due to non-specific symptoms, complex laboratory tests, fastidious nature of bacterium and lack of proper diagnostic facilities. Scanty data pertaining to epidemiological status of leptospirosis is available in land locked states of India including Madhya Pradesh, thus to fulfil the gap, the current work was conducted to investigate seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle. 
 
Methods: In the present study, cattle with a history of repeat breeding, abortion, haemogalactia and mastitis, were screened from various organized and unorganized farms of Jabalpur. A total of 300 blood samples were collected from suspected cattle and serum was separated. Enzyme linked Immune-sorbent assay was done as per the guidelines.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The seroprevalence of leptospirosis among suspected cases was 48.67 per cent, it was significantly higher in organized sector in cattle with the history of abortion followed by repeat breeding. High seropositivity was reported in older cattle.</div>

Seroprevalence of Bovine Leptospirosis using Indirect ELISA

Porcine group A rotavirus (PoRVA) is a major cause of neonatal diarrhea in suckling and recently weaned piglets worldwide. Rota viral diarrhoea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonates of pigs. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection among piglets of organized and unorganized pig farms in Kamrup district of Assam. During the present study 107 diarrheic faecal samples from different pig farms of Kamrup district of Assam were collected. The collected samples were screened for the presence of rotavirus antigen by Immunochromatographic assay and RT-PCR. Of the 107 diarrheic samples, 20 (18.7%) were found to be positive for rotavirus Group A antigen by monoclonal based immunochromatographic assay. All the diarrheic samples found positive for the viral antigen by immunochromatographic assay were also analyzed by RT-PCR and 14 (13.1%) samples were found to be positive. &nbsp;The histopathological studies in the intestinal tissue samples of 12 piglets died of diarrhoea showed atrophy of villous in the small intestine along with sloughing of mucosae. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of intestinal tissues confirmed replication of rotaviruses in the villous enterocytes resulting in villous atrophy. 
&nbsp;

Detection of group a rotavirus and histopathological studies&nbsp;in diarrheic piglets of Kamrup district, Assam

Background: Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in several parts of the world including India. The current study was undertaken for molecular characterization and PCR-based detection of Brucella species of cattle from Maharashtra, India. 
 
Methods: A total of 220 clinical samples (vaginal swabs and placental tissues) were collected from cattle of various organized and unorganized farms from different regions of Maharashtra. These samples were processed for isolation of Brucella organisms and further characterized by PCR and sequencing. 
 
Result: A total of 10 Brucella isolates were recovered from 220 samples (5.54%). BCSP 31&nbsp; and 16S rRNA PCR showed an amplicon of 223 and 1412 bp in 10 isolates respectively. Species identification was performed using IS711 PCR, conventional methodology, Bruce-ladder PCR and AMOS PCR. During the study period, a total of ten isolates from vaginal swab and placental tissues of cattle were identified as Brucella abortus. The phylogenetic analysis detected the close relationship of the organism with that of isolate from Italy. Correct and timely diagnosis of brucellosis is important for control of&nbsp; disease. The molecular methods used in the current study aided to speed up the diagnosis of the disease. 
&nbsp;

Molecular Characterization and PCR-based Detection of Brucella abortus Clinical Isolates from Cattle in Maharashtra, India

<div style="text-align: justify;">To understand the pathology of natural cases of rotavirus (RVA) in bovine calves, a total of 40 cases below 6 months died due to diarrhoea were studied, out of which 7 cases (17.5%) turned positive for RVA by RT-PCR. Histopathology of small intestine showed loss of villous enterocytes, blunting and fusion of villi, elongation of crypts and mononuclear cells infiltration in the lamina-propria. The mesenteric lymph nodes were severely depleted of lymphocytes. These changes were corroborated with presence of RVA antigen in sections by dFAT and nucleic acid by RT-PCR. The fluorescent signals were more in mesenteric lymph nodes than in intestine. Besides, 115 rectal fecal samples were also collected from calves for RVA detection by RT-PCR using VP6 gene specific sets of primers. Dead carcasses of calves (n= 40) belonged to organized dairy farm of Bareilly, while rectal fecal samples belonged to both organized (n= 38) and unorganized farms (n= 77) of Bareilly and Gwalior. The overall occurrence of RVA was 19.3% (30/155), comprising 5/37 cases (13.5%) from Gwalior (MP) and 25/118 cases (21.1%) from Bareilly (UP). These findings suggest the infection of RVA widely prevalent in calves and have potential to escape from the intestinal site to mesenteric lymph nodes.</div>

Rotavirus A associated pathology of intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes and &nbsp;occurrence in bovine calves of Gwalior and Bareilly regions

<div>Background: The Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh is fertile land inhabited by second highest cattle population in India. A study was undertaken from May 2016 to March 2018 on the distribution and abundance of ticks in cattle.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Data was collected from 3 organized farms, 5 Gaushalas and from local farmers. Studied animals were divided into three categories indigenous breeds (n=450), exotic (n=60) and crosses of exotic and local breeds (n=140). The prevalence of tick infestation was studied in the host cattle in the different seasons.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Total eight species of ticks were identified. Among the Ixodid ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was the predominant species (85.28 %) in all seasons. Significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher prevalence was recorded in monsoon season as compared to other seasons. Animals aged 1 year of age (50.87%). Sex-wise, the males had higher infestation rate than the females. In the villages, Gaushalas and in unorganized dairy farms tick infestation prevalence was (45%) as compared to minimal prevalence 4% recorded from organized sector. Infestation in exotic cattle was high in fields as compared to crossbred and indigenous cattle breed. Most of the animals under farm management system were infected with single tick species. While multi species tick infestation was observed in the fields. This could be due to the management practices and timely tick treatment adopted by farms.</div>

Milk market structure in Cuttack district of Odisha: Orgnanized vs. unorganized sector

Status of Subclinical Mastitis in Crossbred Cattle of Peri-urban Unorganized Herd of Middle Indo-gangetic Plains

Transferable bla_CTX-M Carrying Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli from Pig Population of North Eastern Region of India

Isolation, Pathotyping and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheic Piglets

Detection of Eimeria Species in Naturally Infected Poultry using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction in Chhattisgarh, India

Seroprevalence of Bovine Leptospirosis using Indirect ELISA

Detection of group a rotavirus and histopathological studies in diarrheic piglets of Kamrup district, Assam

Molecular Characterization and PCR-based Detection of Brucella abortus Clinical Isolates from Cattle in Maharashtra, India

Rotavirus A associated pathology of intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes and occurrence in bovine calves of Gwalior and Bareilly regions

Epidemiology and Seasonal Variation of Ixodid Ticks in Dairy Cattle of Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India