<div>Background: Potassium fertilization shows beneficial effect on formation of tomato vegetative biomass and productivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which split potassium application and seedling temperature regime affects the growth parameters (leaf number, leaf area, fresh leaf weight and LAI) and yield of various tomato cultivars. 
 
Methods: A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of single dose and split potassium fertilization treatments, cultivar specifics and seedling temperature regime on growth parameters and yield of tomato. Ten high yielding classic round shape tomato cultivars with determinate growth habitat were planted on Fluvisol. Single and split potassium fertilization treatments were tested.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;The seedlings growth temperature regime and splitting the potassium fertilization treatment did not have a significant effect on the development of leaf biomass in tomato plants. Results revealed that leaf number, leaf area, fresh leaf weight and LAI of tomato plants was significantly affected by the cultivar genetic factor. Tomato yield were significantly affected by cultivars and split potassium fertilization treatments. Cultivars that measured the highest leaf area, fresh leaf weight and LAI and were also the highest yielding ones. A positive correlation between LAI and tomato fruit yield was observed.</div>

Effects of Potassium Fertilization, Cultivar Specifics and Seedling Temperature Regime on Growth Parameters and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

<div>Background: Growth and yield characteristics of genotypes depend on genetic and environmental factors. Among the different production factors, varietal selection at any location plays an important role. Proper crop management depends on the growth characteristics of various varieties to get maximum benefit from new genetic material. Among the different water- saving irrigation methods in rice, the most widely adopted is alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Many of the rice cultivars vary in their performance under different systems of cultivation. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana during the kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018. to study the &ldquo;productivity and water use efficiency of rice cultivars under different irrigation regimes and systems of cultivation&rdquo; The treatments consisted of two irrigation regimes Alternate wetting and drying and Saturation as main plot treatments, three establishment methods System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Drum Seeding (DS) and Normal transplanting (NTP) as sub plot treatments and four Cultivars namely DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 as sub-sub plot treatments summing up to 24 treatment combinations laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. 
 
Result: At 60, 90 DAS/DAT and harvest significantly dry matter production (DMP) was recorded with DRR Dhan 43 cultivar (607, 4320 and 11548 kg ha-1 respectively in pooled means of both 2017 and 2018) than other cultivars. Whereas MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 recorded on par dry matter production values at all the crop growth stages during both the years of study. However, DRR Dhan 42 produced the lowest dry matter production compared to other genotypes. DRR Dhan 43 recorded higher dry matter accumulation (g m-2) in root, stem and leaves at all the crop growth stages, during both the years of the study over other cultivars. Alternative wetting and drying method of irrigation recorded significantly higher DMP at all the growth stages of rice (60, 90 DAS/DAT and at harvest) except at 30 DAS/DAT during both 2017 and 2018 as compared to saturation. SRI recorded significantly higher DMP as compared to normal transplanting; however, it was comparably at par with drum seeding at all the growth stages.</div>

<div>Dry Matter Production and Partitioning in Different Plant Parts of Rice Cultivars under Irrigation Regimes and Systems of Cultivation</div>

<div>Background: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) ranks fourth in terms of worldwide production. The states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat accounted for more than 80 per cent share in total production; India ranks second, next to China in global production of potato. Potato crop is extremely sensitive to the deficit or surplus moisture and requires an optimum amount of irrigation at frequent intervals for its proper growth. Phosphorus (P) is an element that is potatoes require in large amounts following Nitrogen and Potassium, P application rates influence on the P efficiency for tuber yield and P uptake. 
 
Methods: In field study, total 36 treatment combinations consisting of three moisture regimes as main plot treatment and 12 combinations of two levels of FYM, three levels of P, carriers as sub-plot treatments evaluated in split plot design with three replications using potato variety Kufri pukhraj as test crop.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among different moisture regimes tested, the treatment receiving maintenance of moisture between 100 and 75 per cent availability at 0-30 cm soil depth (W1) gave significantly higher plant height (52.24 cm), number of tubers per plant (6.74), total tuber yield (335.74 q/ha) and haulm yield (16.64 q/ha) during pooled results. Combinations of FYM and levels of P carriers tested, the treatment combinations FYM and application of P @ 180 kg P2O5/ha in the form of MAP(P3S1M1) showed significantly higher plant height (50.04 cm), tuber per plant (6.87), total tuber yield (323.98 q/ha) and haulm yield (17.16 q/ha) gave during pooled results.</div>

​Effect of Moisture Regimes, FYM and Levels of Phosphorus Carriers on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield by Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Today, the ecosystem is being rapidly destroyed due to habitat loss, animal hunting, road construction, raising of transmission lines, general pollution, and agricultural activities, in addition to many other factors, all of which directly and indirectly affect wildlife. By necessity, rehabilitation units are available for the care and treatment of wild birds and mammals in need of life support. This paper discusses data collected regarding the treatment and rehabilitation of wild mammals and birds brought to the Center for Wildlife Conservation and Rehabilitation at Van Y&uuml;z&uuml;nc&uuml; Y&yacute;l University from 2009-2016. During the course of the present study, total 145 wild animals including 117 birds and 28 mammals. Out of the total treated, 96 wild birds and 21 wild mammals recovered, 12 birds and 4 mammals died without responding to treatments, whereas 9 birds and 3 mammals were euthanized. Additionally, of the 96 birds and 21 mammals that recovered, 15 birds and 6 mammals were determined to be unable to survive in their natural habitats, and were sent to zoo gardens or wildlife conservation and rehabilitation centers. The remaining 96 animals that fully recovered were released back into their natural habitats.</div>

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

<div>Background: Livestock plays a significant role in Indian economy. Cattle population in India is higher (192.6 million), whereas the productivity is not. Quality fodder has to be supplied rather than costly concentrate feeds to reduce cost of production. Water being the important input of agriculture, its per capita availability (1829 m3) is reducing gradually. To improve the use efficiency drip irrigation is preferable rather than flood irrigation. Fertigation improves nutrient delivery and uptake in plants. Bajra Napier hybrid is a multicut perennial fodder grass grown in arid and semiarid region with high biomass yield. 
 
Methods: Experiment was conducted at college farm of Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai to study the growth and yield response of Bajra Napier under different irrigation regimes and fertigation levels. The treatments were laid out in split plot design, with three irrigation regimes in main plot and six fertigation treatments in sub plot.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The combination of 100% ETc with 100% RDF of NPK applied as water soluble fertilizer recorded higher morpho-physiological characters such as plant height, number of tillers and leaves per clump, leaf area index and green fodder yield, during the first two harvests. This might be due to more water availability at 100% ETc which lead to more water and nutrient uptake from the soil, In addition to that water soluble fertilizer at 100% RDF has more nutrient ratio and solubility. Positive correlation was observed between the growth parameters and green fodder yield, As the source and sink are the same in fodder crops.</div>

Growth and Yield Response of Bajra Napier Hybrid under Different Irrigation Regimes with Fertigation Levels and Sources

Background: Pulses form a crucial protein component of the human diet and among the pulses, greengram is third most important pulse crop in India. Water is a critical input for sustained crop production and is becoming limited day by day. Hence, the need of the hour is to evaluate effective resource conservation practices, such as land configurations and scientific scheduling of irrigation to achieve higher productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency. The aim of the study was to identify most resource efficient and economical land configuration, irrigation regimes for summer greengram under sandy loam soils of northwestern India. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted during the summer of 2022 on Student&rsquo;s farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab to investigate the performance of summer greengram as influenced by land configuration and irrigation regimes. The experiment was carried out in a strip plot design consisting of 12 treatment combinations and three replications. The treatment included three land configurations viz, (L1: Flatbed, L2: Ridge and furrow and L3: Broad bed furrow) and four different irrigation regimes [Irrigating at critical growth stages (I1), 0.60 IW/CPE (I2), 0.75 IW/CPE (I3) and 0.90 IW/CPE (I4)].&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among three land configurations tried, L3 recorded significantly higher water productivity, NUE and net return. Similarly, I1 recorded significantly higher water productivity whereas I4 recorded significantly higher NUE and net return. Among the treatment combinations, I1L3 recorded significantly higher water productivity (0.262 kg m-3) whereas I3L3 recorded significantly higher NUE (25.16 kg seed kg nutrient-1) and net income (₹ 72,848 ha-1) as compared to other treatment combinations. Hence, I1L3 and I4L3 can be recommended to farmers for growing summer greengram under sandy loam soil conditions in water scare regions and assured irrigation situation, respectively.&nbsp;

Resource Use Efficiency and Economics of Summer Greengram as Influenced by Land Configuration and Irrigation Regimes in North-western Part of India

Background: Indian mustard, a key oilseed crop in India, is valued for its diverse culinary and health benefits. It faces significant challenges due to a wide range of abiotic stress wherein climate-induced water stress is one of them, which negatively impacts plant population, morpho-physiological growth and biochemical reactions. Thus not only the seed yield but also oil production is declining. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of humic acid and sulfur on phenology, membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation and oil yield in Brassica juncea under varying water regimes during the Rabi season of 2022-23 at the research farm of Lovely Professional University. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with a total of 16 possible combinations of water regimes and chemical treatments which include humic acid and sulfur. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results indicated that most of the traits were noticed as statistically significant for both factors i.e. water regimes and chemical treatments at p=0.05%. Among the treatments, I3&nbsp;(Three irrigation) and C3&nbsp;(Humic acid + Sulfur) were detected as the most effective treatments in terms of percent increase/decrease, resulting highest value over the respective control. The highest % increase was noticed in the initial plant population, final plant population, days taken for maturity, oil content, the moisture content in oil, chlorophyll a, b, a+b and membrane stability index while the reduction in days taken for branching, days taken for the 50% flowering, relative density and malondialdehyde were noticed in the I3&nbsp;and C3. Thus the findings suggest that the 3 irrigations in combination with humic acid and Sulfur can effectively ameliorate the morpho-physiological growth by increasing the chlorophyll contents, integrity of the cell wall and oil yield in Indian Mustard.

Humic Acid and Sulphur Modulating Phenology, Membrane Integrity, Lipid Peroxidation and Oil Yield in Brassica juncea under Water Regimes

<div>Background: During rabi / summer irrigation water is a scarce resource, but crop needs more water due to non-rainy season and warmer climate. Hence, a field experiment was conducted during rabi / summer season of 2016-17 to study the effect of irrigation water regimes on water use efficiency (WUE) of groundnut genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This field study comprised of four main plots as water regimes viz. I1: (control) seven irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS, I2: Stress at pegging stage; withdrawal of one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS, I3: Stress at pegging and pod filling stage; withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS, I4: Stress at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage; withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS and four genotypes as sub plots viz. G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52. Treatments were replicated thrice and laid out in split plot design.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the water regime, I2 recorded significantly higher WUE (6.2 kg ha-1 mm-1) followed by I1 (control; 5.5 kg ha-1 mm-1). Water regime I2 also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,857 kg ha-1 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively) along with other yield attributes, but was found at par with control (I1). This study showed that WUE as well as yield of rabi / summer groundnut can be enhanced if crop was exposed only to mild stress by skipping an irrigation at pegging stage out of total seven irrigations. Among the genotypes, Dh-86 with 2,375 kg ha-1 of pod yield performed significantly better over others like Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1), K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1) and G2-52 (1,880kg ha-1) suggesting differential response to moisture stress, thus choice of moisture stress tolerant genotypes is equally important to enhance WUE. Interaction between irrigation regime and genotypes showed that Dh-86 (G1) with I2 irrigation regime recorded significantly higher WUE (6.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), pod yield (3,168 kg ha-1) and net return (Rs. 95,655 ha-1) and was found at par with full irrigation regime (I1).&nbsp;</div>

<div>Effect of Moisture Regimes on Water use Efficiency of Rabi / Summer Groundnut Genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka</div>

Background: Climate-Smart Aquaculture (CSAq) is built on three pillars, i.e., sustainably increasing productivity and income, improving resilience and mitigating climate change, respectively. Feed constitutes 60%-80% of the total production cost in aquaculture. The reduction of feed cost as well as the pollution originating from uneaten feed have always attracted the attention of aquaculture researchers. Adoption of an optimal feeding regime reduces both feed cost and nutrient loading in the ponds and in turn, enhances the income of farmers and reduces environmental impacts of aquaculture practices. Mixed feeding schedules, pulsed feeding or intermittent feeding have been proposed as some of the climate-smart methods to reduce feed cost and pollution by aquaculture and it has been successfully tested in many fish species. There is lack of sufficient reports on the impact of feeding regimes on the rearing of Labeo rohita, Rohu fry. The information will be useful to farmers for rearing of fry to fingerlings with reduced cost and environmental impact. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A 90-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and feed utilization of Labeo rohita fry under pulsed feeding regimes as a climate smart approach.&nbsp; For the experiment, the feeding regimes followed were, control (daily feeding @5% of the biomass), 1D4R (1 day starvation+ 4 days refeeding at 5% of the biomass), 2D12R (2 days starvation+ 12 days refeeding at 5% Biomass), 4D16R (4 days starvation+ 16 days refeeding at 5% biomass). The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS 9.3. PROC GLM was used for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey&rsquo;s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test was used for all possible pair comparison of treatments at 5% level of significance. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The fishes under 1D4R exhibited significantly higher weight gain, SGR and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and significantly lower FCR and production cost than the control group. Water quality parameters like Total NO2, NO3, total ammoniacal nitrogen and total phosphate were higher in the control group than in the treatments. The results suggest that one-day feed restriction followed by four days of refeeding could be an efficient strategy for rearing Labeo rohita fry to reduce production costs and environmental impact without compromising growth.

Pulsed Feeding Regimes for the Rearing of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Fry: A Climate Smart Approach

Background:&nbsp;Nitrogen plays a crucial role in growth cycling and development, thereby influencing the plant growth and productivity. Understanding the interactions between nitrogen uptake with different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizers could provide a valuable insight for optimizing tomato production. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of nitrogen uptake on tomato production under different nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation regimes.

Methods:&nbsp;The field experiment was carried out during 2022-2023 in split plot design with two irrigation main plots treatments and five different nitrogen fertilizer subplot treatments. Irrigation treatments consisted of 0.6 and 0.8 IW/CPE ratio and the nitrogen fertilizer treatments comprised of conventional urea, neem coated urea, ammonium sulfate, nano-urea and vermicompost.

Result: A higher nitrogen uptake was observed in the treatment combination of 0.6 and 0.8 IW/CPE ratio with vermicompost and nano-urea fertilizer applied treatments. Additionally, optimal irrigation conditions positively influenced nitrogen uptake and subsequent tomato fruit yield. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering nitrogen uptake when determining nitrogen fertilizer rates and irrigation management strategies for tomato production.