<div>The experiment was conducted at Department of Seed Science &amp; Technology CCS, Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar, Haryana from 2013-15 and comprised of seventeen treatment combinations of manures (viz., FYM and Vermicompost), bio-fertilizers (viz., Rhizobium &amp; PSB) and fertilizers. The freshly harvested fenugreek seeds of all the seventeen treatment plot combinations were stored in plastic containers under ambient conditions up to a period of eighteen months. Seed quality was assessed at a regular interval of six months. A significant decline in seed quality was observed in all the nutrient combinations as the period of ageing increased. It was observed that the treatment combination of Rhizobium and PSB along with 75% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) recorded significantly higher germination % (87.33%), seedling length (24.77 cm), dry weight (7.5 mg), vigour index-I (2163) and vigour index-II (657) followed by PSB with 100% RDN and Rhizobium with 100% RDN after eighteen months of ambient storage as compared to control. The electrical conductivity (333 &micro;S cm-1g-1) was also recorded minimum in the treatment Rhizobium and PSB along with 75% RDN followed by PSB with 100% RDN and Rhizobium with 100% RDN after the period of ambient storage while the maximum was recorded in control. The study highlighted that the slightly reduced dose of inorganic nitrogen was best when applied in combination with bio-fertilizer (Rhizobium+PSB) for maximizing the storage potential of fenugreek seed as compared to the rest of treatments.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Vigour Potential of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) during Ambient Storage</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field study was conducted at COA, Bikaner to elucidate the effect of dates of sowing and nitrogen levels on growth and yield in okra (Varsha Uphar) during kharif, 2014. Results indicated a remarkable significant influence on all the vegetative growth attributes, flower characters and yield parameters in different dates of sowing and levels of nitrogen. The maximum plant height (96.92 cm), number of fruit per plant (17.28), length of fruit at harvest (18.03 cm) and fresh fruit yield (83.44 qha-1) were recorded under 20th July sowing as compared to other sowing dates. Similarly, in respect to earliness i.e., days to plant emergence (9.27) and days to first flowering (37.00) were observed under 20th July sown crop. The superiority of 20th July sown crop is further manifested by higher net return (Rs. 82308.83 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.38). Application of 100 per cent RDN recorded significantly higher plant height (96.59 cm), number of fruits per plant (18.08), length of fruit at harvest (18.13 cm) and fresh fruit yield (91.64 q ha-1). However, with respect to earliness i.e., days to first flowering (36.33) was minimum with no nitrogen. Significantly higher net return (Rs. 93484.77 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.69) was recorded due to application of 100 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen. While 125 per cent RDN gave at par values of all these parameters. Whereas, application of different levels of N had no significant effect on plant emergence. The treatment combination of 20th July sowing date + 100 per cent RDN resulted in higher values for plant height (99.56 cm), number of fruits per plant (20.42) and fresh fruit yield &nbsp;per hectare (95.09 q ha-1).&nbsp;</div>

Effect of dates of sowing and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of okra

Background: With the SDG goals of using the generated output of one season on other season for managing the resource potential so to unlock the crop productivity is being the best alternative that need to be looked out in present climate change scenario. So, the present trial is focuses on the lines of residue management of legumes on maize sequence with nitrogen as the driving gradient in 2021-22 and 2022-23.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment is laid out in split-plot design with 18 treatments consisted of C1N1: groundnut100% RDN-maize, C1N2: groundnut75% RDN-maize, C2N1: soybean100% RDN-maize, C2N2: soybean75% RDN-maize, C3N1: greengram100% RDN-maize, C3N2: greengram75% RDN-maize as main-plots and 3 subplots viz.100% RDN, 125% RDN, 150% RDN (kharif and rabi respectively) during two years of study.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the different cropping systems, the preceding kharif greengram with 100% RDN on rabi zero-till maize showed higher growth parameters i.e. plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD reading), dry matter at 30,60,90 DAS and at harvest and yields in both years. However, with respect to nitrogen levels, application of 150% RDN to rabi maize showed significantly higher growth and yields followed by 125% RDN and lowest was seen in 100% RDN in rabi respectively. On the other hand, the interaction effect was found significant at only 60 DAS in both years.

Nitrogen Gradient Optimization with Kharif Legumes on Agronomic Parameters in Zero-till Rabi Maize

<div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;A field experiment was conducted to study the residual effect of integrated nutrient management in little millet on production potential of succeeding green gram crop under little millet-green gram cropping system. The residual effect of 50% RDN through chemical fertilizer + 50% RDN through vermicompost to Kharif little millet reported the significant effect on growth, yield attributes, seed and stover yields of succeeding green gram followed by 50% RDN through chemical fertilizer + 50% RDN through biocompost. Application of 50% RDN through chemical fertilizer + 50% RDN through vermicompost recorded maximum plant height at 60 DAS (52.08 cm) and at harvest (75.07 cm), maximum number of branches per plant at harvest (5.00), dry matter accumulation per plant (26.56 g), seed index (3.39 g) seed yield (991 kg/ha) and stover yield (2513 kg/ha). Thus, application of 50% RDN through chemical fertilizer + 50% RDN through vermicompost along with a recommended dose of 40 kg P2O5 reported the promising residual effect on growth, yield and yield attributing characters of succeeding green gram in little millet-green gram cropping sequence.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Residual Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management in Little&nbsp;Millet on Growth and Yield Parameters of Rabi-green Gram&nbsp;under Little Millet-green Gram Cropping Sequence</div>

Background: Root morphology acts as a dynamic pull-push mechanism for nutrient uptake, supporting growth above and below ground. Root architecture evolves in tandem with plant development, facilitating efficient nutrient absorption throughout each growth stage. From sowing to harvest, roots adapt to the soil substrate, optimizing nutrient availability. This synergy between root growth and nutrient dynamics is crucial for overall plant health and productivity. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The research trail was planned focusing on root development and nutrient uptake at MRC-ARI, Rajendrangar, Hyderabad during two seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The trail was designed with split-plot comprising of 6 main treatments C1N1: groundnut100%&nbsp;RDN-maize, C1N2: groundnut75%&nbsp;RDN-maize, C2N1: soybean100%&nbsp;RDN-maize, C2N2: soybean75%&nbsp;RDN-maize, C3N1: greengram100%&nbsp;RDN-maize, C3N2: greengram75%&nbsp;RDN-maize and 3 sub-plots viz.&nbsp;100% RDN, 125% RDN, 150% RDN during 2021-22 and 2022-23. 
&nbsp; 
Result: In legume-based maize cropping systems, greengram with 100% RDN demonstrated higher root length, root volume, root density and higher N, P and K uptakes over soybean and groundnut from 30 DAS to harvest in both years. Besides to nitrogen levels, rabi maize treated with 150% RDN had noticeably better root morphology and plant nutrient uptake than 125% and 100% RDN across all crop growth stages. Conversely, the interactive effect (biomass residues x nitrogen gradient levels) in zero-till rabi maize was found to be non-significant in both 2021-22 and 2022-23. 
&nbsp;

Analysing Root Architecture and Nutrients Uptake in Zero-till Rabi Maize with Kharif&nbsp; Legumes and Nitrogen Gradient Levels

Background: The concept of combined use of both organic and inorganic fertilizer should be followed to prevent severe health hazards and to protect the environment. The combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers is an effective way to maintain nutrient supply, gives organic carbon to soil microbes and mobilizes soil-bound nutrients on decomposition through the release of organic acid. Combined use refers to combining all available nutrient sources, such as organic and inorganic sources with components in a prudent manner to create an environment that is both environmentally sound and economically ideal for farming. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted at the research farm of the School of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) during rabi season in the year 2021-2022. The objective of the study was to evaluate the &quot;Effect of organic and inorganic source of nitrogen on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)&quot;. Data recorded on different aspects of crop, viz., growth, yield attributes, yield, quality as well as soil chemical properties were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis. 
 
Result: Among various treatments 25% RDN with vermicompost + 75% RDN from inorganic fertilizers showed a significant impact on the growth and yield parameters of wheat crop. Significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, dry matter and relative growth rate were observed in T12 (25% RDN with vermicompost + 75% RDN from inorganic fertilizers) of crop. It was also showed higher significant impact on yield attributes i.e., number of effective tillers-2, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, quality parameters as well as soil parameter like available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in T12 (25% RDN with vermicompost + 75% RDN from inorganic fertilizers).

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nitrogen on Growth, Yield, Quality and Soil Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Background: The combined application of nitrogen and the incorporation of rice straw play a vital role in enhancing wheat productivity. Rice straw contributes to the enrichment of soil organic matter and supports nutrient cycling, while nitrogen is essential for promoting plant growth and grain development. Understanding the synergistic effects of these two inputs is critical for optimizing wheat yield and improving grain quality within sustainable agricultural systems. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted at Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University During rabi 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 and focused on the impact of various rice straw management practices and nitrogen levels on the yield and quality of wheat that emphasizing the importance of sustainable agricultural practices. The experimental field had sandy loam soil with slightly alkaline pH (7.6), medium in organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium alongside low concentrations of nitrogen. It comprised 12 treatments combinations arranged in Split plot Design and replicated three times to evaluate two factors in main plot (1) Rice Straw management: S0&nbsp;(without straw), S1 (Super Seeder) and S2 (Pusa Bio Decomposer) and (2) Subplot Nitrogen levels N0: (Control), N1: (75% RDN), N2: (100% RDN) N3: (125% RDN). 
 
Result: The results indicated that among the different straw management practices, S&sbquo;&nbsp; (Straw decomposed by Pusa decomposer) significantly enhanced wheat grain yield (49.75 q/ha), straw yield (69.87 q/ha), biological yield (120.00 q/ha) and test weight (43.30 g) compared to other treatments. Similarly, nitrogen levels had a significant impact on wheat performance. The highest grain yield (51.26 q/ha), straw yield (67.71 q/ha), biological yield (118.97 q/ha) and test weight (42.23 g) were recorded under N3&nbsp;(125% RDN). However, these values were statistically at par with N&sbquo; (100% RDN). The harvest index was found to be non-significant for both main plot and subplot treatments. Nutrient uptake in grain (103.60 kg N/ha, 19.89 kg P/ha and 24.40 kg K/ha) and straw (36.09 kg N/ha, 9.77 kg P/ha and 125.37 kg K/ha) was significantly enhanced under S&sbquo; (Straw decomposed by Pusa decomposer). Among nitrogen levels, the highest nutrient uptake in grain was recorded under N&fnof;&nbsp; (125% RDN) with 103.64 kg N/ha, 19.71 kg P/ha and 24.74 kg K/ha, while in straw, it was 34.07 kg N/ha, 9.28 kg P/ha and 117.70 kg K/ha. These values were statistically at par with those under N&sbquo; (100% RDN).

Impact of Different Rice Straw Management Techniques and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

<div>Background: Pearl millet is also called as the &ldquo;Powerhouse of Nutrition&rdquo; as it consists of most of the important nutrients in good quantity and quality which are required for maintaining healthy life. Indiscriminate use of high analysis chemical fertilizers results in the environment pollution which is detrimental to the sustainability; there is an urgent need for adoption of farming practice which ensures sustainability, good soil, human and environmental health. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was taken for three consecutive years during kharif season of 2018 to 2020 at Agronomy Research Farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan to study the impact of various sources of organic nutrients and bioinoculants on growth and productivity of pearl millet. The treatments were comprised of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and microbial biofertilizer consortia (consisting of Azotobactor, Azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria) commercially branded as Biomix, which were tested in randomized block design with three replications. 
 
Result: All the treatments including farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost with and without Biomix had significant effect on soil properties, growth andyield parameters and yield of pearl millet. The pooled data clearly showed that recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) recorded significantly higher grain (3494 kg/ha) and stover (8612 kg/ha) yields of pearl millet and found at par with treatments T6: 100% RDN through FYM + Biomix; T7: 75% RDN through FYM + Biomix; T8: 100% RDN through vermicompost + Biomixand T9: 75% RDN through vermicompost + Biomixover rest of the treatments. With respect to economics T6&nbsp;(100% RDN through FYM + Biomix) recorded highest net returns of Rs. 75602 and B:C ratio (4.14) followed by treatment T7 (75% RDN through FYM + Biomix). Continuous application of organic manures with biofertilizers had also significant improvement on soil OC (0.39%), phosphorus (54 kg/ha), potash (310 kg/ha), Zn (0.92 ppm) and Fe (6.92 ppm) over initial soil status.</div>

Influence of Organic Nutrients and Bioinoculants on Growth and Productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) under Semi-arid Conditions of Rajasthan

Background: The integration of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization presents a synergistic approach to optimize okra production. Drip irrigation not only ensures efficient water use but also facilitates the precise application of fertilizers, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and nutrient uptake. This targeted approach helps in minimizing nutrient losses through leaching and volatilization, issues commonly associated with conventional fertilization application. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Water Technology Centre, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during summer, 2021 on &ldquo;Optimization of irrigation and nitrogen levels under drip fertigation in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot with three replications Bhendi crop (Radhika hybrid) was sown at a spacing of 40 cm x 45 cm. The treatments comprised of three irrigation levels scheduled through drip scheduledat 0.75 Epan, 1.0 Epan and 1.25 Epanin main-plots and four nitrogen levels viz., 75% RDN (112.5 kg N ha-1), 100% RDN (150 kg N ha-1), 125% RDN (187.5 kg N ha-1) and 150% RDN (225 kg N ha-1) in sub-plots. Experimental soil was sandy clay in texture, alkaline in reaction, medium in organic carbon content, low in available nitrogen, high in available phosphorous and available potassium, respectively.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results indicated that, the highest leaf area index, root biomass, pod chlorophyll content and crude fibre content were highest under drip irrigation scheduled at 1.0 Epan treatment. Among the nitrogen levels the highest leaf area index, root biomass, pod chlorophyll content and crude fibre content were recorded with 100% RDN (N2) treat. Among the interaction of treatment combinations, the crop irrigation scheduled at 1.0 Epan in conjunction with 100% RDN (I2N2) recorded maximum leaf area index, root biomass, pod chlorophyll content and crude fibre content.

Impact of Drip Fertigation on Leaf Area Index, Root Biomass and Quality Parameters of Lady&rsquo;s Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

<div>Background: A suitable cropping system seem to be the possible solution to meet the continuous increase in demand for food, stability of income and diverse requirement of food grains. Selection of suitable cropping system for conservation of resources has prime importance now a day. The cropping systems selected in study have higher potential of production along with incorporable residues during winter. The residues of cotton, castor and mustard crops (Crops in selected cropping systems) have more potential to feed nutrients to soil as compared to burning. So incorporation of such crop residues in to soil helps to recycle the nutrients to correct their deficiencies. Farmyard manure is being used as major source of organic manure in field crops. Thus to maintain the soil health, integrated nutrient management approaches involving FYM and mineral source need to be standardized. So there is need to find out agronomically efficient and economically viable cropping system which can perform better for increasing productivity and profitability with association of conservation of natural resources. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Sixteen treatment combinations comprising of four cropping system treatments viz, C1 : Cotton- Summer Pearlmillet, C2 : Greengram + Kharif &nbsp;Castor (Relay), C3 : Greengram - Mustard - Summer Pearlmillet and C4 : Greengram - Rabi Castor and two residue incorporation treatments viz, R0 : No residue incorporation and R1 : Residue incorporation as well as two fertilizer doses viz, F1 : 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer and F2 : 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + 25% RDN through FYM were evaluated in the study. 
 
Result: Cotton - summer pearlmillet cropping system found significantly superior by recording higher pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability while, total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight were found the lowest under greengram- kharif castor (relay) cropping system. Residue incorporation secured top position by recording significantly the highest pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability as well as lowest total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight. Application of 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + 25% RDN through FYM recorded significantly highest pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability. In case of weed count and weed dry weight, 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer found significantly superior by recording lowest total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight. &nbsp;</div>

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Vigour Potential of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) during Ambient Storage

Effect of dates of sowing and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of okra

Nitrogen Gradient Optimization with Kharif Legumes on Agronomic Parameters in Zero-till Rabi Maize

Residual Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management in Little Millet on Growth and Yield Parameters of Rabi-green Gram under Little Millet-green Gram Cropping Sequence

Analysing Root Architecture and Nutrients Uptake in Zero-till Rabi Maize with Kharif Legumes and Nitrogen Gradient Levels

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nitrogen on Growth, Yield, Quality and Soil Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Impact of Different Rice Straw Management Techniques and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Influence of Organic Nutrients and Bioinoculants on Growth and Productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) under Semi-arid Conditions of Rajasthan

Impact of Drip Fertigation on Leaf Area Index, Root Biomass and Quality Parameters of Lady’s Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Impact of Cropping Systems and Resource Conservation Techniques on Productivity and Profitability of Systems