<div style="text-align:justify">A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic manures and industrial by-products on cane productivity. The soil type of experimental site was sandy loam. The treatments consisted of T1 &ndash; Seasoned pressmud @ 25 t ha-1, T2 &ndash; T1 + Lignite flyash @ 25 t ha-1, T3 &ndash; T1 + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, T4 &ndash; Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Lignite flyash @ 25 t ha-1, T5 &ndash; Biocompost @ 5 t ha-1, T6 &ndash; T5 + Lignite flyash @ 25 t ha-1, T7 &ndash; FYM @ 10 t ha-1, T8 &ndash; NPK alone (RDF). The results revealed that yield attributes and cane yield improved in addition of organic manures and industrial by-products. The addition of integrating Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Seasoned Pressmud @ 25 t ha-1 along with RDF (T3) significantly recorded yield attributes of (125.83 &acute; 1000) of millable cane ha-1, 2.57 cm of cane girth, 27.82 internodes cane-1, 1.37 kg of individual cane weight and cane yield of 165.18 t ha-1. It was observed that vermicompost, seasoned pressmud and chemical fertilizers enhanced yield attributes and yield of sugarcane.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Organic Manures and Industrial by-Products Influence the Yield Attributes and Yield of Sugarcane</div>

<div>Background:&nbsp;Productivity of cowpea in our country is very low. So, there is need to take proper agronomic practices to enhance the productivity of cowpea and foremost important among them is foliar application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients exploiting genetic potential of crop. This is considered to be an efficient and economic method of supplementing part of nutrient requirement at critical growth stages of the crop. Foliar application is credited with the advantage of quick and efficient utilization of nutrients, elimination of losses through leaching, fixation and regulating uptake of nutrients by the plant. In view of above consideration, the experiment entitled &ldquo;Influence of foliar application of different organic sources on growth, yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under varying levels of fertilizer&rdquo; was conducted with objectives to study the effect of different levels of fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of cowpea, to study the effect of foliar application of different organic sources on growth, yield and quality of cowpea, to study the interaction effect of different levels of fertilizer and foliar application of organic sources and to study the economics of different treatments. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) during Rabi 2019-20. Field experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design. The fertilizer levels comprised of three levels viz., F1: 100% RDF, F2: 75% RDF and F3: 50% RDF and foliar application consisted of five different organic sources viz., S0: Control, S1: Panchagavya @ 3%, S2: Vermiwash @ 10%, S3: Cow urine @ 5% and S4: Vasant urja @ 0.5%. There were 15 treatment combinations replicated three times. 
 
Result:&nbsp;It can be concluded that for growing cowpea, it should be supplied with 100% RDF and sprayed with panchagavya @ 3% or cow urine @ 5% foliar application, so as to obtain higher yield and economic returns.</div>

Effect of Foliar Application of Different Organic Sources and Levels of Fertilizer on Growth Attributes, Yield Attributes, Yield, Quality and Economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Background: Second-generation issues facing by Indian agriculture today are changing water tables, nutrient and disease imbalances, contamination of the environment and declining output from agriculture so there is a urgent need to enhance crop productivity to ensure food security. 
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Methods: In this field study, groundnut and sweet corn were used as a test material under ten treatments, including sole groundnut; sole sweet corn; groundnut + sweet corn in 1:1; 2:1 and 3:1 row ratio in both replacement and additive series; mix sowing of groundnut 80% + sweet corn 20% and groundnut + sweet corn in (2:1) with paired row (30-60-30 cm) at Regional Rice Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Vyara, Gujarat (India) during the summer season of the year 2020-21 and 2021-22. Data on growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of both the crops were recorded. 
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Result: The results showed that significant reduction in growth, yield attributes and yield of groundnut were observed under mix/intercropping systems as compared to sole groundnut. Among the mix/ intercropping systems, intercropping of groundnut + sweet corn in (2:1) with paired row (30-60-30 cm) was found superior in terms of the pod yield as well as haulm yield, the productivity and biological efficiency of these systems in terms of groundnut pod equivalent yield (3221 kg/ha), land equivalent ratio (1.88) and area time equivalent ratio (1.75). Crop intensification through groundnut + sweet corn in (2:1) with paired row (30-60-30 cm) or groundnut + sweet corn in (3:1) in additive series could be adopted for obtaining higher groundnut pod equivalent yield.

Growth Attributes, Yield Attributes and Yield of Groundnut as Influenced by Intensification Through Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)- Sweet Corn (Zea mays var. saccarata) Intercropping System&nbsp;

<div>Background: The field experiment was conducted to evaluate pigeon pea varieties viz., AL 882 and Pusa Arhar 16 under different spacing in Amritsar region&rdquo; during kharif season 2019-2020 at Students&rsquo; Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. There were six treatments of spacing S1 (30&nbsp;&times; 12.5), S2 (40 &times; 12.5), S3 (50 &times; 12.5), S4 (30 &times; 25), S5 (40 &times; 25), S6 (50 &times; 25cm) and two varieties V1 (Pusa Arhar 16) and V2 (AL 882). All the cultural practices were performed to get maximum productivity of pigeonpea from each plot.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that cv. AL 882 performed better under spacing 30 &times; 12.5 cm for growth parameters such as plant height and LAI whereas dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and number of primary and secondary branches were significantly higher in spacing 50 &times; 25 cm. Among yield attributes, cv. AL 882 showed significantly higher number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per plant and 100 seed weight (g) under spacing 50 &times; 25 cm than cv. Pusa Arhar 16. However, seed yield was maximum in wider spacing (50 &times; 25 cm) and narrow spacing (30 &times; 12.5 cm) with cv. AL 882 and Pusa Arhar 16, respectively. However, both varieties produced highest stover and biological yield under narrow spacing 30 &times; 12.5 cm.</div>

Influence of Varieties and Spacings on Growth, Yield Attributes and Productivity of Pigeonpea

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at research farm, Agricultural Research Sub-Station, Hanumangarh, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan during Kharif, 2016 &nbsp;to study the effect of water and nitrogen levels on yield attributes, water productivity and economics of cluster bean &nbsp;[Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.].Cluster bean variety RGC-1055 with seed rate of 16 kg/ha was planted using 3 levels of irrigation (100, 200 and 300 mm) and 4 level &nbsp;of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) and analyzed in split plot design with three replication. Results showed that irrigation at 200 mm significantly increased number of pods/plant (44.7), number of seeds/pod (7.8), test weight (28.7g), net returns (Rs 31179/ha) and B:C ratio (2.1) over 100 mm irrigation level.However, water productivity (0.25 kg m-3) was highest at 100 mm irrigation level. Nitrogen level at 40 kg/ha significantly increased number of pods/plant (48.3), number of seeds/pod (8.4), test weight (32.2 g), net returns (Rs.32273/ha), B:C ratio (2.12) and water productivity (0.27 kg m-3) over no application of N.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of water and nitrogen levels on yield attributes, water productivity and economics of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in hot arid region</div>

Background: In the face of limited resources and changing climatic conditions, a major challenge for agriculturists is to ensure food security while addressing the issue of an ever-growing population. In India, the average productivity of soybean is low as compared to world average due to lack of improved agronomic practices, less importance and mostly grown under rain-fed condition. To bridge this gap, factors of production determining the per-unit production plays a crucial role in crop production. Therefore, in order to identify/evaluate the partial factor productivity and their contribution for better crop growth and individual input use efficiency study was undertaken. 
 
Methods: The field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Randomized Block Design with seven crop management practices. To know the efficiency of individual crop management practices on growth, yield parameters, yield, economics and output efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity and agronomy efficiency of applied nutrients. 
 
Result: Three-year results concluded that, soybean grown with full package recorded significantly higher seed yield (2277 kg ha-1) over full package excluding weed management (1889 kg ha-1) and full package excluding RDF (2023 kg ha-1). The yield gap was higher with omission of weed management (388 kg ha-1) and omission of RDF (254 kg ha-1). Further, net returns and crop out-put efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency was higher with full package over the omission of the practice. Thus it can be concluded that, for achieving higher productivity, profitability and agronomic efficiency of applied nutrients under full package comprising all crop management practices can be adopted over the years in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka.

Efficiency of Factor Productivity and Effect of Individual Input of Production on Growth, Yield and Economics of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Production

<div>Background: Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is one of the most important cultivated legume crops with high nutritive value and agricultural importance. The productivity of blackgram is not adequate to meet the domestic demand of the growing Indian population. Consequently, there is an urgent need for enhancement of productivity through proper agronomic practices. With this background, a research was conducted to investigate the effect of liquid rhizobium with organic bio-stimulants on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of irrigated blackgram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications during 2021 (Kharif and Rabi) season. The treatments include 100% RDF foliar application of Dasagavya, liquid rhizobium, fish amino acid, panchagavya, pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) and sea weed extract with different concentration (1% and 3%, respectively) in addition to control.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The experiment results revealed that the application of 100% RDF + liquid rhizobium @ 1% recorded higher growth characters viz., plant height (cm), number of branches plant-1, dry matter production (kg ha-1), leaf area index, yield attributes, grain and haulm yield (kg ha-1). Correlation and regression analysis also indicated that the yield attributes had a positive impact on the grain yield.&nbsp;</div>

​Effect of Liquid Rhizobium with Organic Bio-stimulants on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Leguminous Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

<div>Background: Many genetical, physiological, environmental and organizational constraints associated with the low productivity of forage crops, but the most important among them is lack of quality seeds of improved cultivars to farmers. Scarcity of green fodder and low seed setting forces the farmers not to prefer for seed production. Weather extremities like unbalanced or untimely rains or high speed winds also affected seed setting. All these extremities lead to scarcity of berseem seed in Punjab and farmer are forced to paying high prices at the time of sowing. Maintaining the proper sowing time and time of last cut for fodder and for leaving the crop for seed production may help in keeping the balance between vegetative and reproductive phases for high seed yield to tackle these problems. Therefore, optimum sowing time and last cut is a very deciding factor to achieve maximum green fodder and seed yield. The current experiment aimed to study the effect of different sowing dates and timings of last cut on yield attributes and seed yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). 
 
Methods: In this experiment, crop was sown on five different dates with the broadcast method and also three dates of last cut of crop left for seed production. These treatments were replicated thrice. All other cultural practices were also maintained for optimum berseem productivity. The first cutting of fodder was taken after 55 days from sowing and thereafter 30 days interval. After the time of last cut, crop was left for seed production. At maturity, data on yield attributes were recorded.&nbsp; 
 
Results: Our investigations revealed that late sown berseem increased the yield attributes and seed yield but decreased the green fodder yield. Therefore to get maximum seed production, it is suggested that late sown 20th October has the optimum date of sowing and optimum time for leave the crop is 25th March for seed production.</div>

<div>Effect of Different Sowing Dates and Timings of Last Cut on Yield Attributes and Seed Yield of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)</div>

<div>Background: The main pulses grown in India are chickpea, arhar, lentil, black gram, mung bean, moth bean, horse gram, pea, khesari, cowpea, etc. Black gram is fourth major pulse crop in India, that contributes 13 and 10 per cent of total area and production respectively. This is annual plant that attains 30-100 cm height and its stem is covered with brown hairs and much branched from the base. The pods are long and cylindrical being 5-6 cm length and 4-10 seed in pods. The seeds are generally black, very dark brown. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted in kharif-2019 at research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture Dholi, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield parameters and the yield of black gram cv-PU-31, by the use different sources of nutrient in a integrated manner such as three level of fertilizer i.e. F1-75, F2-100 and F3-125% RDF and two levels of organic manure i.e. M1-control and M2-FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and three levels of biofertilizer i.e., B1-rhizobium, B2-nutrient mobilizer, B3-rhizobium+ nutrient mobilizer. The treatments were allocated in randomized block design (factorial) and replicated thrice.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that F3 produced taller plants, more dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR) yield attributes resulting higher yield of grain and straw (10.78, 22.61 q ha-1 respectively) which was statistically at par with plant height, dry matter, crop growth rate, yield attributes and yield of grain, straw and highest harvest index (10.73, 22.20 q ha-1 and 32.58% respectively) to F2. Among addition of organic manure significantly maximum plant height, dry matter and crop growth rate and yield attributes resulting maximum yield of grain, straw and harvest index (11.2, 22.79 q ha-1 and 33.31% respectively) was found in M2 over M1. In biofertilizer treatments, B3 recorded higher plant height, dry matter and crop growth rate, yield attributes resulting in significantly higher yield of grain, straw and harvest index (10.26, 21.90 q ha-1 and 31.92% respectively) over B1 and B2.</div>

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield Attributes and Yield of Black Gram Cv. Pu-31

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Pulses are an integral part of many diets across the globe and they have great potential to improve human health, conserve our soils, protect the environment and contribute to global food security. The United Nations declared 2016 as the &ldquo;International Year of Pulses&rdquo; (IYP) to heighten public awareness of the nutritional benefits of pulses as part of sustainable food production aimed at food security and nutrition. India is the largest producer, consumer, and importer of pulses in the world. Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is one of the major grain legume (pulse) crops of the tropics and subtropics, endowed with several unique characteristics. It finds an important place in the farming system adopted by smallholder farmers in a large number of developing countries. Although globally pigeon pea ranks sixth in area and production in comparison to other grain legumes such as beans, peas and chickpeas, it is used in more diversified ways than others. 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) during the K season of 2015-16 to evaluate the effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on yield attributes, yield and economics of pigeon pea. Treatment comprised three organic manures (FYM @ 10 t/ha, Nadep compost @ 10 t/ha and vermin-compost @ 5 t/ha) and three levels of inorganic fertilizers (control, 100 and 50% RDF). Thus treatments were tested in a 3-replicated split plot design. 
Result: The result revealed that the number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, pod length, and seed yield/plant were statistically similar in all tested organic manures but the application of vermicompost @ 5 t/ha, significantly improved the 100- seed weight. It also produced a significantly maximum seed yield of 1337 kg/ha, stover yield of 6220 kg/ha and net returns of Rs. 51727/ha. Control and use of 50 and 100% RDF in organic fertilizers gave statistically equal yield attributes (pods/plant, pod length and seeds/pod), seed yield, stover yield, gross returns and net returns of pigeon pea. The seed weight/plant and 100 seed weight were maximum under 100% RDF than control.</div>

Studies on the Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield Attributes, Yield and Economics of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]