<div><strong>Background: </strong>Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) with prevalence of 10-13% is a common and economically important condition in dairy cattle affecting fertility. Predisposing factors and aetiology of ovarian cysts are multifaceted. The most widely accepted cause is either absent, insufficient or wrong time occurrence of pre-ovulatory LH-surge. The accuracy of differential diagnosis of cyst per rectum can be increased by simultaneous use of USG and/or plasma progesterone assay and therapeutic success depends on type and duration of cystic condition. The literature on these aspects in crossbred cows is meagre, hence was planned to differentially diagnose the ovarian follicular and luteal cysts based on clinical, sonographic and endocrine findings and to study the estrus response and conception rates following different treatment modalities of COD in crossbred cattle.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> This study was conducted on &gt;90 days postpartum HF crossbred cows with cystic ovaries (n=58) confirmed by per rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The animals with follicular cysts were randomly treated with either conventional Ovsynch or Ovsynch + CIDR protocol (n=10 each) and those with luteal cysts with either Double PG injections 11 days apart or modified Ovsynch protocol (n=16 each) with fixed time AI. A group of six cystic cows was kept as untreated control. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vacutainers, together with trans-rectal ultrasonography, on day 0 (just before initiation of treatment), on day of last PGF2&aacute; injection, on day of induced estrus/FTAI and on day 12 post-AI for determination of plasma progesterone and estradiol-17&acirc; by RIA technique.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Results</strong>: The mean diameters and wall thickness of ovarian cysts regressed significantly (p&lt;0.01) among responded cows of all four protocols. The estrus induction response within 48-96 hrs of last PG injection with Ovsynch, Ovsynch + CIDR, Modified Ovsynch and Double PG protocols was 90.00, 100.00, 87.50 and 81.25 %, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus with FTAI for these protocols were 50.00, 40.00, 50.00 and 43.75 %, respectively and the corresponding overall conception rates for 3 cycles&rsquo; post-treatment were 60.00, 70.00, 68.75 and 56.25 %, respectively, compared to zero result of control group. The mean plasma progesterone concentration varied highly significantly (p&lt;0.01) between periods of treatment in all protocols, the values were lower (p&lt;0.01) on day 0 and on day of FTAI than on the day of last PG injection and on day 12 post-AI. The values on day 12 post-AI were significantly higher in conceived than non-conceived cows. The trend of estradiol-17&acirc; profile on day of last PG injection was reversed than on day 0. The higher levels of estradiol-17&acirc; on day of FTAI were associated with regression of cystic structures and development of new dominant follicles with estrogenic activity concomitant to induced estrus and ovulatory LH surge in most of the animals as evident from USG monitoring, behavioural signs and conception rates.</div>


<div>Ovarian Dynamics, Plasma Endocrine Profile and Fertility Response Following Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Cows with Cystic Ovaries</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Sex hormone dermatoses are uncommon in dog and causes overproduction of one or more of the sex hormones or exogenous administration. Ovarian cyst-induced hyperestrogenemia increased cortisol, hypertestosteronemia, and skin lesions mostly underwent undiagnosed and untreated. This case was documented as clinical pathological changes, diagnosis, and treatment of sex hormone imbalance-induced dermatosis due to an ovarian follicular cyst in a Labrador Retriever bitch.</p>

<p><strong>Methods:</strong> This clinical investigation was carried out in the month of April&rsquo;2022 at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with a history of prolonged proestrus bleeding, perineal pruritus with reddening, swelling, and enlargement of the vulva. Vaginal exfoliative cytology, hormonal assay, ultrasonography, histopathology of skin, and haemato-biochemistry were performed.</p>

<p><strong>Result: </strong>Physical examination revealed hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratinization of the skin. Vaginal exfoliative cytology and progesterone assay revealed cytological estrus. Ultrasonography revealed &gt;10 mm-sized anechoic structures in both ovaries along with uterine endometrial hyperplasia. Hormonal analysis revealed hyperestrogenemia and increased cortisol and testosterone. A biopsy of the perineal skin revealed hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. The case was confirmed as sex hormone imbalance-induced dermatosis due to an ovarian follicular cyst. The animal was treated with two shots of Inj. hCG 500IU in 48 hrs interval followed by OHE after three months.</p>


<p>Successful Management of Follicular Cyst-induced Dermatoses in a Labrador Retriever Dog</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Artificial Insemination is being extensively used for genetic improvement and upgrading the genetic makeup of cattle in the Indian subcontinent and was mainly based on production parameters like milk production and feed conversion efficiency. Attempts to increase milk production over certain limits resulted in the reduction of reproductive efficiency and occurrence of some reproductive disorders.&nbsp;The increased production has also been reported to result in ovulatory abnormalities, predominantly ovarian follicular cysts, which results in reduced fertility. The present research work was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the hormonal therapy for follicular cyst and trans-gluteal aspiration technique for correcting non-responsive ovarian follicular cyst in crossbred cows.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The crossbred cows presented with the history of more than six insemination and with nymphomaniac behavior for the past 5 months were included in the present study. Among the nymphomanic cows, 25 animals which were observed having follicular cyst, based on rectal and ultrasonographic examination were selected. Incidence of follicular cysts were categorized on the basis of side of ovaries, size of cyst, follicular wall thickness, number of cystic follicles, breeds, lactation and response to the hormonal treatments. The blood samples were collected to estimate the level of estradiol and progesterone in the affected cows. Further, the serum and cystic fluid collected were analyzed for biochemical parameters. The conception rate was also recorded in the treated and trans-gluteal aspiration technique adopted cows.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Cows (n=25) were treated with buserelin acetate (Day 0), prostaglandin F2&nbsp;alpha (Day 7) and again buserelin acetate (Day 9). It was found that 14 cows (56.0%) responded and 11 cows (44.0%) were found to be non-responsive to hormonal therapy. Trans-gluteal aspiration of follicle was performed in these eleven cows along with modified Ovsynch protocol. Trans-gluteal approach was found to be effective with 72.73 per cent recovery without any consequences and only 27.27 per cent recurrence was documented. Hence, this technique can easily be adopted in field for correcting non-responsive follicular cyst in cows.<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<p>Hormonal and Biochemical Profile of Follicular Cyst and its Responsiveness to Hormonal Therapy and Trans-Gluteal Aspiration Technique in Crossbred Cattle</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">An ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in an organ can also cause damage to other organs. In this study, the effects of nizatidine were investigated on ovarian I/R injury and subsequent heart damage in rats. Rats were divided into groups; ovarian I/R (IRG), nizatidine 25 mg/kg+ ovarian I/R (NIR), and control (CG) groups. The NIR and IRG groups were given 2 hours of ischaemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion by applying, and subsequently releasing, a vascular clip to the right ovarian artery. While oxidant levels in the IRG group were higher than NIR and CG groups, antioxidant levels were lower. Necrosis, congested blood vessels, haemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration and oedema were observed in the ovarian and heart tissues of the IRG group. These findings were reduced in the NIR group. Nizatidine suppressed oxidative stress in ovarian and heart tissues and may be useful in prevention of I/R&ndash;induced ovarian and cardiac injury.</div>

The effect of nizatidine on ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats

<div>Ovarian senescence is a special type of organ senescence and the ovaries are the earliest aging organs. The ovaries have approximately 1 million to 2 million follicles at birth, but only approximately 1000 primordial follicles are left in menopause. Ovarian function also decreases with age. Women&rsquo;s fertility also declines. The ovaries are the core female reproductive organs and are of great significance for maintaining reproductive system function and endocrine stability. Ovarian aging is also considered an indicator of female body aging, which drives the aging of many organs of the body. Therefore, how to prevent and treat ovarian aging has become a research question that has been widely studied by biomedical scientists and geriatric researchers in recent years. Recently, studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can prevent and treat ovarian aging. This article reviews the characteristics of ovarian aging, the advantages and disadvantages of various clinical treatment measures and the advantages of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy, aiming to provide references for the prevention and treatment of ovarian aging. My article was written at the Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920<sup>th</sup> Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA and written from 2021 to 2022.</div>


<p>​Research Progress on New Methods to Prevent and Treat Ovarian Senescence: A Review</p>


<div>Post-partum anoestrus reduces &nbsp;the productivity of dairy cows by delaying in producing a calf in a year. Therefore, to restore early ovarian cyclicity bilateral ovarian massage was attempted. In present study both ovaries were massaged repeatedly after every 15 days of cross-bred (Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal) dairy cows (n=141) during 2005-6 to 2009-10. Results revealed that the incidence of &nbsp;anoestrus was reduced &nbsp;to 14.18% (20/141) and a 64.53% (91/141) pregnancy rate was recorded following bilateral ovarian massage performed at 15th, 30th, and 45th day &nbsp;post-partum. However, out of the 20 post-partum anoestrus &nbsp;cows (n=20), &nbsp;50% (10/20) of the animals exhibited estrus with 45% (9/20) conceiving following bilateral ovarian massage performed at 60th , &nbsp;75th , &nbsp;90th &nbsp;and 105 days post-partum. The data in relation to &nbsp; animal&rsquo;s age, lactation number versus ovarian cyclicity resumption was insignificant. It was &nbsp;concluded that bilateral ovarian massage was effective in inducing &nbsp;cyclicity in &nbsp;anestrus animals .</div>


<div>Effect of bilateral ovarian massage on post-partum anoestrus interval in cross bred (Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal) dairy cows</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Anatomical abnormalities of the ovaries can be responsible for a variety of reproductive problems, ranging from subfertility to sterility. The current study was aimed to evaluate the ovaries for histological variations and for the identification of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein - 2 (IGFBP-2) by Immunohistochemistry. IGFBP-2 was produced by ovarian tissues and was subjected to dynamic changes during follicle growth, differentiation and degeneration.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted on the genitalia of 100 dairy cows / heifers collected from Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy. Out of these 100 animals, three showed ovarian hypoplasia. Tissue samples from different regions were fixed in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin. Standard procedures were adopted for histoarchitectural studies and samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Hypoplastic ovaries were appeared as small, wrinkled, flattened and elongated structures. Histologically, the ovary was not demarcated into a cortex and medulla distinctly. The ovaries were mostly devoid of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. In partial hypoplastic ovaries, higher number of atretic follicles were noticed when compared with the normal ovary. Some of these atretic follicles showed a thickened zona pellucida. The granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte were degenerated. Tissue samples from the animals with ovarian hypoplasia showed a strong immunoreaction (for IGFBP-2) in the primordial and atretic follicles. The staining intensity and percentage of immunoreactive cells was comparatively higher than that of the control group. More number of IGFBP-2 blocked the positive effect of FSH and suppress steroidogenesis. The overall percentage of positive immunoreactive cells was more than 50 per cent with strongly positive staining intensity.</div>


<p>​Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Studies on Ovaries of Crossbred Dairy Cows with Ovarian Hypoplasia</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Understanding of ovarian follicular dynamics and endocrine regulation is essential to design and use interventions to optimize reproductive efficiency. <em>Bos indicus </em>and <em>Bos taurus</em> cows have some differences in their follicular dynamics and ovarian steroidal hormones. The present study was planned to understand follicular dynamics vis-a-vis ovarian steroids profiles in Sahiwal cattle.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in normal cyclic, pluriparous, non-lactating Sahiwal cows (n=7). Trans-rectal ultrasonography was performed to record the location, size, number of follicles and size of corpus luteum (CL) from the beginning, till the end of experiment. The dataset was used to characterize the follicular wave emergence, growth, regression, time of selection and ovulation of the dominant follicle in each cow.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Three Sahiwal cows showed two wave and four cows showed three wave estrous cycles with mean interovulatory length of 20.33&plusmn;0.33 and 22.50&plusmn;0.28 days, respectively. No significant difference was recorded in the maximum diameter of corpus luteum, P<sub>4</sub> and E<sub>2</sub> plasma levels between 2-wave and 3-wave estrous cycles. The peak progesterone values of 6.00&plusmn;0.91 and 6.2&plusmn;1.2 ng/ml and peak estradiol values of 15.83&plusmn;0.60 and 14.31&plusmn;0.44 ng/ml were recorded in 2-wave and 3-wave estrous cycle, respectively. The results showed that Sahiwal cows had 2-wave and 3-wave estrous cycle and the 3-wave estrous cycle had comparatively longer inter-ovulatory period and smaller maximum diameter of second wave dominant follicle than 2-wave estrous cycle.</div>


<p>Studies on Ovarian Follicular Dynamics and Steroid Profiles in Sahiwal Cattle</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Cereal Cyst Nematodes (CCN) are prevailing in all type of agricultural lands and responsible for enormous losses of cereal crops. The understandings on population densities and management of these nematode are required to improve crop health and productivity.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A study was designed to assess the incidence of cereal cyst nematodes in wheat and rice monoculture cropping regions of eight districts of Punjab province, viz., Jhang, Khushab, layyah, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Gujranwala and Sargodha in Pakistan. Population densities of cereal cyst nematodes were studied by extracting the cysts and second stage juveniles from soil samples and identified the nematode species.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The CCNs were found in 80% of the total 250 samples collected from wheat and rice monoculture fields of at least one crop. In the soil samples collected from wheat fields, an average of 7 to 38 cysts/100g of dry soil with eggs and J2 population of 142-771 were recorded. Whereas from the soil samples of rice fields, 17 to 25 cysts/100g soil were found with 345 to 508 eggs and juveniles. Among the wheat fields, the lowest incidence of 5.5% was recorded in kot&ndash;momin and highest incidence of 16.88% was recorded in Silanwali tehsils of Sargodha region. In rice fields, 24.69 to 27.00% incidence of CCNs was noticed in soil samples of various surveyed regions. Three different species of <em>Heterodera </em>genus were morphologically identified from the collections. The species includes <em>Heterodera oryzae, Heterodera avenae</em> and <em>Heterodera graminophila. H. oryzae</em> was more abundant in rice growing regions while <em>H. avenae </em>and<em> H. graminophila </em>were present dominantly in wheat growing regions. This study provides an inclusive information regarding cereal cyst nematode densities and species in wheat-rice growing regions of Punjab province of Pakistan.</div>


<div>Incidence of Cereal Cyst Nematode Prevailing in Wheat-rice Growing Regions of Punjab Province, Pakistan</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Hepatic lesions in non-domestic felids are poorly characterized. The present study reports multiple hepatic peribiliary cysts in 9 out of 32 lions (<em>Panthera</em> <em>leo</em>) at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The animals were presented for necropsy after the history of clinical signs of lethargy, anorexia, weakness, debilitated body conditions and all animals are in old age (between 15 to 25 years old). Systematic necropsy with gross and histopathological examination was carried out.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Post-mortem examination grossly revealed multiple cysts in liver (varying in each case) with the cystic masses filled with clear fluid, sometimes mixed with bile. A diagnosis for the presence of spontaneous peribiliary cysts was made on the basis of gross and microscopic lesions. Histologically, the cysts were surrounded and composed of compact collagenous tissue. The inner cystic single layer resembled biliary mucosa and composed of columnar epithelial lining, while the submucosa was composed of connective tissue with loss of hepatic cord structure.&nbsp;</div>
