<div>Background: Species threatening is of great concern now-a-days, for Bangladesh as well as the whole world. Present research work has been carried out to make an inventory of the medicinal species of family Fabaceae, determine their status in the flora of Bangladesh and assess their probable threat.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Research was carried out at the University of Chittagong during the period 2014-2016 by the first author as part of her thesis work. Previous records of species were collected from different literatures dating back to 1814 and their place of occurrence was recorded as well. Medicinal literatures were consulted for screening of medicinal species of Fabaceae. Herbarium specimens preserved at different herbaria were examined for updating the time of their collection. Finally field trips were made to relevant localities for assessing their status in the field condition.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study reveals that out of 254 total species, 169 species under 61 genera have medicinal properties. In this investigation, 7 species under 7 genera were identified and documented as Critically Endangered according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources criteria. Enumeration of these threatened taxa is provided with updated nomenclature and short annotation with data on medicinal value, recorded locality, global distribution, first and last authentic record and list of specimens available at different herbaria.</div>

<div>Investigation through Bangladesh Flora: Critically Endangered Medicinal Species of Fabaceae</div>

<div>Background: India has very rich diversity of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are thought to be a rich source of ingredients that can be used in the development of pharmaceutical or synthetic drugs. Aside from that, these plants play an important role in the development of human drug all over the world. Whether in modern or traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used to maintain health, to treat a specific condition, or both. Nardostachys is one of the most important medicinal plant having several therapeutic properties. It is threatened in its natural habitat due to over exploitation for therapeutic purposes and high demand in the traditional medicine system. Keeping these points in mind, we attempted to investigate alternative uses of in vitro grown plants in place of wild plants without disrupting plant-based therapeutics and market demand. And then compare the root extract of the Nardostachys jatamansi plant&rsquo;s antioxidant and flavonoid levels under in vitro and natural growth conditions. 
 
Methods: Nardostachys jatamansi is a plant that is widely used in traditional medicine systems. Because of its wide spread use in traditional medicine, this plant is considered endemic. In our study, we compare of antioxidant quality and Flavonoid amount of Natural and in vitro propagated Nardostachys jatamansi. Firstly we cultivated in vitro plants from Nardostachys jatamansi nodal explants for comparative analysis. The methanol extract of in vitro grown and wild-type plant root extract was then prepared using the maceration method. The extract was subjected to a comparative DPPH method to determine the presence of antioxidant potential in natural and in vitro grown plants. Furthermore, the HPLC analysis was used to detect and quantify the amount of Quercetin in both natural and in vitro propagated plants.&nbsp; 
 
Result: When grown in vitro at a higher concentration, the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi have greater antioxidant potential than when they are grown naturally. They demonstrated antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 29.55 &micro;g/ml for in vitro generated plants and 24.18 &micro;g/ml for naturally grown plants. The concentration of Quercetin (mg/ml) for natural plant species is 1.95 and for in vitro propagate plant is 1.83. The HPLC analysis presents distinct peaks, with the main peaks having retention time for standard Quercetin (10.38) in the natural plant (10.34) and in vitro grown plants (10.32). In the end, natural-type species that had been produced in vitro were used to obtain the potential of micro propagated plants. The DPPH test and flavonoid were tested on the root extract of natural and in vitro plants. Both plants displayed promising antioxidant activity and an HPLC study identified the Quercetin component.</div>

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid of Natural and in vitro Cultivated Nardostachys jatamansi

<div>Raising animals at the household level occupies an important place in the rural economy, providing families with a relatively constant income and a source of food. The demand for organic products of animal origin, the prohibition or limitation use of medicinal substances for various treatments and and the search for alternatives to feed additives, are the key factors that determine the pursuit for natural solutions to increase milk production. Herbal spices can influence the way animals are fed and ultimately have the beneficial effect of stimulating the level of secretory tissue of the mammary gland, which would result in an improvement in milk production. The paper aims to contribute to the review of various studies on galactogenic plants with effect on milk production. The study considered the follow-up of research published in the last few years. Galactogenic plants have triggered a special interest because of their availability, low cost and no toxic residues left in milk. Phyto-pharmacological research on medicinal plants can contribute to the discovery of some new ways of using galactogenic plants in the diet of dairy animals. Following the bibliographic study carried out in the paper, it was established that there are several milk-producing species that can be fed galactogenic effect plants (cows, goats, sheep, buffaloes) and there are a series of medicinal plants more common in making feed mixtures in order to stimulate the growth of milk production (Asparagus racemosus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Cuminum cyminum, Carum carvi, Nigella sativa). Researches about natural alternatives to increase milk production in dairy animals is still limited. It is necessary to carry out further studies about plants with a galactogenic effect on the physiology of milk production in livestock species.</div>

Use of Medicinal Plants with Galactogenic Effect, as a Food Supplement, in Order to Increase Milk Production, in Dairy Animals: A Review

Since ancient times, phase therapy or naturopathy is proving effective in all kinds of diseases. We should make maximum use of natural methods so that the cost of medical treatment in the world can be reduced and treatment can be easily accessible to the poor. The philosophy and methods of naturopathy are based on animism and folk medicine rather than evidence-based medicine. Under naturopathy, there are many methods in the society such as water therapy, homeopathy, sun therapy, acupuncture, acupressure, soil therapy etc. Including different dimensions of phage therapy in the proposed paper, where on one hand the body&rsquo;s resistance to antibiotics is decreasing, on the other hand, the effect of these drugs on the biological nature of micro-organisms is decreasing. Under naturopathy, the basis of treatment and recovery of diseases is - the body&rsquo;s natural power to fight germs. Today the most challenging task is to make cheap and effective treatment accessible to the common man and on the other hand, by freeing livestock from diseases, to include animal products more and more in the daily diet.

Naturopathy: The Body&rsquo;s Natural Power to Fight Pathogens

<div>Background: Medicinal plants constitute an invaluable source of natural substances which can be used in the formulation of new antifungal agents. Among these medicinal plants, the genera Ephedra alata and Bubonium graveolens are used in traditional medicine. In the search for molecules bioactives, resource exploration natural, especially plants medicinal, appears as a track promising because they constitute, by their biodiversity, a great reserve of active substances. This study aimed to evaluation antifungal activity of medicinal plant extracts Bubonium graveolens and Ephedra alata against two fungi namely, Penicillium sp and Aspergillus niger. 
&nbsp; 
Method: During our work, we prepared the various extracts (aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate) for the plants studied, the search for the active compounds of these two species by the extraction method was essentially based. The antifungal tests were investigated by using agar medium methos The tests is estimated by determining the diameters of zone inhibition and growth inhibition rate PI %. 
 
Result: The results obtained show that the aqueous extracts of Ephedra alata and Bubonium graveolens are inactive against two fungi in our study. However, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed very good activity antifungal against the fungal species tested. The evaluation of the antifungal activity of the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had a higher activity (99,70 &plusmn;0,240) against all the molds tested compared to the aqueous extract (63,52 &plusmn;0,959). The extracts of Ephedra alata and Bubonium graveolens significantly inhibited the growth of the two fungi tested. These three extracts showed a good antifungal effect at the laboratory scale. Ours finding demonstrate that Bubonium graveolens and Ephedra alata extracts possesses antifungal activity that might be a natural potential source antifungal compounds used in pharmaceuticals products, cosmetics and food</div>

Antifungal Activity of&nbsp; the Extracts of Two Medicinal Plants from South Western Algeria: Ephedra alata and Bubonium graveolens

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh is one of the largest tribal dominated district in Central India. Baiga and Gond are the main two tribes of the Baihar, Birsa, Paraswada, Langi, Kirnapur, Katangi, Balaghat, Waraseoni and Lalbarra tehsils of Balaghat district. These tribes have enormous knowledge about medicinal properties of the plant species available in natural ecosystems (forests and grasslands). Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the plants used by these tribes for seminal debility and other diseases. 
 
Methods: Survey was carried out during 2019-20 in Biahar, Birsa, Paraswada, Langi, Kirnapur, Katangi, Lalburra and Waraseoni tehsils of the district Balaghat. Judgmental/purposive sampling method used to collect the required information from the tribes of the locality.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Total 35 most important plants were used for curing various diseases and injuries. Along with their botanical description, we explained the method of intake of the plant medicines to cure the diseases. Around 39% of the plants used to cure seminal debility comes under herb category whereas shrub (28%), climber (11%), grass (6%), twiner (6%), small tree (5%) and big tree (5%). Whereas, 76% herbs utilized for curing other diseases, followed by shrub (18%) and twiner (6%).</div>

Ethnobotany of Valuable Medicinal Plants Available in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Balaghat District, Madhya Pradesh

<div>Background: The hilly areas of Uttarakhand embraces a large heirloom awareness of traditional medicinal plants. In Uttarakhand, medical facilities are very less in number. Due to unavailability of modern health facilities, poverty, connectivity with urban centre, awareness, etc people in hilly and rural areas are still depend on traditional medicines for their health care. Some of the communities are using wild plant parts for healthcare.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thus, a study was conducted to document the ethno-medicinal plants used traditionally in Munsyari tehsil of Pithoragadh District of Uttarakhand. Out of 219 villages under tehsil Munsyari, total five villages viz; Basari, Chhija, Diya Palla, Kheta, Kutima were selected purposively. Participatory Rural Appraisal, Group Discussion techniques were used to document the medicinal plants. 
 
Result: These medicinal plants are highly valuable and appropriate for economic upliftment of the region. People are dependent upon food, fruits, fodder and medicinal plants for their healthcare. Hilly people use these traditionally available medicinal plants for health and believe that these are easily available, less expensive and have no side effects as compare to modern medicine. Present scenario as deforestation, tourism affects medicinal plants. Thus, conservation of these species is necessary. Proper policies should be needed to conserve the forests and medicinal plants.</div>

Diversity of Ethno-medicinal Plant: A Study in Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand

<div style="text-align:justify">Natural Dairy cultivating implies raising creatures on natural feed (for example pastures developed without the utilization of chemical fertilizer or pesticides), approaching the field or outside, alongside the limited use of anti-microbials and chemicals. Items acquired from Organic dairy ranch are natural dairy items. Natural cultivating is an arrangement of creation, a bunch of objective-based guidelines that permit ranchers to deal with their specific circumstances independently while keeping up with natural honesty. This article highlighted, the advantages, conditions required, imperatives included and managemental practices of natural dairying, alongside data about the administrative specialists worried about the natural dairy cultivating, were inspected momentarily to make understudies and ranchers mindful of natural dairy cultivating.</div>

Natural Dairy Farming - A New Trend in the Dairy Sector

<div>Milk has been known as nature&rsquo;s most complete food for millennia, playing currently an important role in the diet of over six billion people in the world (G&oacute;rska et al., 2019). They are daily consumption foodstuffs, considered as important source of energy and of a variety of bioactive substances positively associated with human health, such as proteins and peptides, oligosaccharides, lipids, minerals and vitamins. Milk fat is the costliest component and is mainly composed of triacylglycerols (~98%). The high concentration of saturated fatty acids (mainly that of palmitic, myristic and lauric acids) in the milk&rsquo;s lipid fraction has generated some concern, because of their negative effects on human health, especially in relation with the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (Lordan et al., 2018). However, milk&rsquo;s lipid fraction also contains mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9), linoleic acid and certain fatty acids with trans configuration that own immense health benefits. These trans fats are naturally present in milk. Fatty acids that contain conjugated trans double bonds are considered as a separate entity and can be called as Natural Trans Fat such as conjugated linoleic acid. The review aims on highlighting the isomers of CLA in milk, factors influencing CLA content, the health benefits, presence of CLA in dairy products and the aspects in designing CLA enriched milk fat concerning nutrition and health.</div>

Conjugated Linoleic Acid - The Natural Trans Fat: A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">Natural gums, which have a polysaccharide backbone, are widely used in the food processing industry as binders, thickeners and texturizing agents. Although all are hydrocolloids and &nbsp;physico-chemical properties of various gums have been described by various workers, there appears to be lack of detailed studies on their functional properties, which show appreciable differences. The present study was carried out to determine the key functional characteristics of commercially important natural gums. These included flow, solubility, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity, angle of repose, bulk and true density, and coefficient of friction. The bulk density of various gums ranged from 0.95-1.20 g/mL, the lowest densities was that of Babool gum and the highest was of Piyar gum. The compressibility index of various gums ranged from 1 to 38.75%. Khair gum showed the highest solubility (83.65%) and Karaya gum showed the lowest solubility (60.06%). Psyllium gum showed the highest water holding capacity whereas gum Acacia showed the lowest value. Oil holding capacity of different gums varied from 114.66 to 214.66 (g oil/100 g gum). Ghatti and Piyar gums (38.13&deg;) showed comparative decrease in angle of repose, whereas Guar gum showed an angle of repose of 39.80&deg;. &nbsp;</div>

Investigation through Bangladesh Flora: Critically Endangered Medicinal Species of Fabaceae

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid of Natural and in vitro Cultivated Nardostachys jatamansi

Use of Medicinal Plants with Galactogenic Effect, as a Food Supplement, in Order to Increase Milk Production, in Dairy Animals: A Review

Naturopathy: The Body’s Natural Power to Fight Pathogens

Antifungal Activity of the Extracts of Two Medicinal Plants from South Western Algeria: Ephedra alata and Bubonium graveolens

Ethnobotany of Valuable Medicinal Plants Available in Chhattisgarh Plain Region of Balaghat District, Madhya Pradesh

Diversity of Ethno-medicinal Plant: A Study in Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand

Natural Dairy Farming - A New Trend in the Dairy Sector

Conjugated Linoleic Acid - The Natural Trans Fat: A Review

Studies on physico-chemical and functional properties of some natural Indian gums