<div>Background: Discharge of textile effluents are major problems in most of the countries. These effluents contain xenobiotic compounds that affect both water and soil ecosystem.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The research has been performed at Parul Institute of Applied Sciences laboratory, Waghodia, Gujarat in the year 2022. Pots were filled with mycorrhizal soil spiked with methylene blue dye at various concentrations and pinch of iron oxide nanoparticle was spread over all pots except the control one. About 10 marigold seeds were sown per pot which were kept in green house for 3 months. After this, soil samples were collected and biodegradation of methylene blue dye was assessed by HPLC and GCMS technique in the lab.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This research focuses on biodegradation of methylene blue dye on formation of mineral nano particle which is already available in soil as micronutrient i.e iron. Iron has been converted into nanoparticle i.e iron oxide which will act as nutrient supplement for the plants. Mycorrhizal association with iron oxide nano particle proved to be beneficial for plants by alleviating the adverse effects of methylene blue dye and ceasing soil pollution.</div>

Rhizo-nano Remediation of Methylene Blue Dye in Soil

<div style="text-align: justify;">The objectives of this study were to compare conventional preservatives used in milk analysis, including potassium dichromate and bronopol with a non-toxic and biodegradable preservative such as methylene blue, to verify their effectiveness and limitations of use. This was achieved by comparing their effects on raw milk composition at different storage temperatures. The best performing preservative doses were 0.1, 0.036 and 0.01% for potassium dichromate, bronopol, and methylene blue respectively. Raw milk composition was significantly affected (p &lt; 0.05) during the storage period at 25&deg;C for all tested preservatives. However, at 4&deg;C, potassium dichromate and bronopol preservatives maintained stable milk composition during 10 days of storage, whereas methylene blue maintained stable milk composition for three days. Methylene blue can be considered as an environmentally friendly and safe alternative for short-term preservation of refrigerated raw milk samples.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Comparative Study Between Conventional Preservatives and Methylene Blue on Chemical and Bacteriological Composition of Raw Milk</div>

Background: Over the last decades, silver has been engineered into nanoparticles that attracted much attention and found applications in diverse areas. The small size of the nanoparticles has maximized the total surface area leading to increased activity-to-weight ratio. The present study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the methanolic leaf extract of a medicinal plant Ayapana triplinervis Vahl. and assess their antibacterial and dye-degrading properties.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The AgNPs produced were characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM and SEM. The dye degradation property of these AgNPs was also evaluated. 
 
Result: UV-Vis spectroscopy of prepared silver colloidal solution showed an absorption maximum at 410 nm. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of different functional groups which were responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver ions. The SEM analysis revealed that AgNPs are clustered and exhibit both cubical and spherical shape. TEM analysis helped to investigate the effect of capping agent and precursor concentration on the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized also exhibit antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. Catalytic degradation of dyes by these silver nanoparticles in the presence of sunlight was in the order Methyl Red (MR) &gt; Eosin &gt; Methylene Blue (MB).

&nbsp;

Characterization and Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Dye-degrading Potential of Silver Nanoparticles from Ayapana triplinervis Vahl

Background: Indigo is a key ingredient in the natural dyeing of fabrics. However, the conventional use of chemical fertilizers in indigo cultivation has led to an increase in production costs and soil degradation. Low-fertility soils further compromise the growth and yield of indigo plants. To address these challenges, employing manure is recognized as a sustainable approach for indigo cultivation. The use of manure enhances soil nutrient levels, improves soil structure and mitigates production costs. In this study, our objectives were to compare different rates of cow manure in relation to indigo growth, yield and the effect of cow manure rate on the value of indigo blue color. 
 
Methods: The experiments were carried out at the Plant Science Field from June to October 2022. Employing a randomized complete block design (RCBD), the study featured four treatments with four replications each. The treatments included: Treatment 1: no fertilizer (control); Treatment 2: cow manure at a rate of 3,125 kg/ha; Treatment 3: cow manure at a rate of 6,250 kg/ha; and Treatment 4: cow manure at a rate of 9,375 kg/ha. Data collection included plant height, canopy width, number of branches, plant weight, indigo blue weight and indigo blue color value. The CIE color system (Commission International de l&rsquo;&Eacute;clairage) determined the color value. 
 
Result: The application of cow manure at a rate of 9,375 kg/ha resulted in the highest plant height and canopy width, with the corresponding number of branches of 150.73 cm, 46.45 cm and 31.73 cm, respectively. As compared to the other treatments, these values were statistically different. The color that was associated with the indigo finished product was dark blue and the yield; plant weight and indigo blue weight were recorded as 15,663.44 kg/ha and 2,540.44 kg/ha, respectively. The color value of indigo blue showed that the L* values of 24.94, a* -9.32, b* -2.44 and C* 9.63 were not significant but h* 194.66 was statistically significant.

Influence of Different Cow Manure Application Rates on the Growth, Yield and Indigo Blue Color of Indigofera suffruticosa Mill

The concept of color has consistently played a significant role in developing various human societies globally. It impacts all aspects of our lives, including the clothes we wear. As a result, the synthetic textile colouring industry has grown significantly. On the contrary, there has been a resurgence in the attention towards natural dyes due to the environmental apprehensions of synthetic dyes and their harmful health effects, as natural dyes are perceived to be more sustainable. Weeds are plants that are out of place and undesirable in a particular environment. Converting these plants into valorized products will be an efficient way of managing them. Many weeds have been identified as potential sources of natural plant pigments like anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and other natural pigments. Using weed plants for dye extraction not only provides an alternative dye source but also helps to reduce weed plant invasion. A variety of natural colours can be extracted from weeds. Furthermore, several invasive species, including wire weed, siam weed, common purslane, etc., can be used to extract different hues and tints.&nbsp;

Weeds: A Vibrant Source for Eco-dyeing

<div>Background: Chilli is a major spice consumed all over the world. There are reports that chilli is commonly adulterated with Rhodamine B (Rh B) which is a fluorescent but carcinogenic and neurogenic dye. To detect the presence of Rhodamine B dye in chilli powder, fluorescent spectroscopic method was developed. 
 
Methods: Adulterated samples of chilli were prepared by spiking chilli powder with Rhodamine B dye at different concentrations. Effect of different solvents for extraction of dye was studied and fluorescent spectroscopy based method for quantitative detection of Rhodamine B dye in chilli powder was developed. Limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity and recovery studies were carried out. 
 
Result: Rhodamine B dye showed maximum intensity at 577 nm emission wavelength. Solvent effect showed that among the studied solvents; the highest and lowest fluorescence intensity of dye was observed in methanol and water, respectively. Standard curve of Rhodamine B dye was prepared in the range of 0.4-2.4 &micro;g/ml concentration. Under experimental conditions, limit of detection and limit of quantification for pure dye was 0.19 &micro;g/ml and 0.63 &micro;g/ml and for dye in chilli matrix was 0.42 &micro;g/g and 1.47 &micro;g/g, respectively. The developed method could detect Rhodamine B dye in spiked chilli samples with recovery limit of 93%. Fluorescent spectroscopy based developed method is sensitive and capable of detecting Rhodamine B dye in microgram concentration.</div>

Development of Method for Detection of Rhodamine B Dye in Chilli Powder (Capsicum annuum L.)

<div>Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and under safeguard of &lsquo;Schedule III&rsquo; of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This study focused on the detailed gross morphometrical study of mid thoracic ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). 
 
Methods: The present morphometrical study was carried out in six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The measurements of various parameters of ribs were taken with the help of weighing machine, thread, scale and digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was found that the average diameter of the head of the fourth rib was found to be 2.56&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.53&plusmn;0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.59&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head of 5th rib was found to be 0.97&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.95&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.00&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle of sixth rib at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.66&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.64&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.69&plusmn;0.02 cm. Similarly, the average minimum length of the neck of sixth rib at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.68&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.65&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.70&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove of seventh rib at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.56&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.52&plusmn;0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.60&plusmn;0.01 cm.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Mid Thoracic Ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)</div>

<div>Background: There is scanty information on the morphology and morphometry of the arm and forearm bones (humerus, radius, ulna) of the adult blue bull; therefore, the present study was designed to provide details on the morphology and morphometry of the arm and forearm bones of adult blue bull. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on the arm and forearm bones of six adult blue bull of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The bone specimens were collected from Jodhpur zoo after taking official permission from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (PCCF), Government of Rajasthan. The collected bones were processed as per the standard hot water maceration technique. The macerated bones were soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide followed by five days of sun-drying. 
 
Result: The humerus and radius was the long bones, whereas the ulna was aborted long bone. The humerus was a long, less twisted and strong bone with two extremities and four surfaces. The radius was fused to the ulna in the entire length, except for two interosseous spaces, namely, proximal interosseous spaces and distal interosseous spaces. The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters of arm and forearm bones (humerus, radius, ulna) showed a significant statistical difference (p&lt;0.05*) between the males and females of adult blue bull. It can be concluded that the bones of the arm and forearm of the adult blue bull resembled that of small and large ruminants; however, they differed from other domestic and wild animals.</div>

Arm and Forearm Bones of the Adult Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus): A Morphological and Morphometrical Study

<div>Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and is widely distributed in both the forests and adjoining villages with enough green grass. 
 
Methods: The present study was carried out on the mandible of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The biometrical parameters were measured by scale, graduated tape and digital Vernier&rsquo;s caliper. The statistical analysis of the recorded data was done by independent samples t-Test with Systat Software Inc, USA and SPSS 16.0 version software. 
 
Result: The mandible of Blue bull consisted of two rami, i.e. horizontal and vertical rami. The two halves of this bone fused incompletely at the mandibular symphysis, situated at the midline. The average length of horizontal ramus of mandible was found to be 24.7&plusmn;1.02 cm in female, which was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 35.4&plusmn;1.97 cm. Similarly, the average thickness of vertical ramus at the base was found to be 0.53&plusmn;0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.80&plusmn;0.002 cm. The average cranio-caudal length of mandibular notch was found to be 1.32&plusmn;0.01 cm in female, which was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.44&plusmn;0.02 cm. Most of the biometrical observations on different parameters of mandible of Blue bull were having significantly (P&lt;0.05) more values in males than females.&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: Most of the biometrical observations on different parameters of mandible of Blue bull were having significantly (p&lt;0.05) more values in males than females. The present gross and biometrical studies would be useful to the wild life professionals for determination of sex of this animal and solving vetero-legal cases related with this species.</div>

<div>Gross Morphological and Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on Mandible of Adult Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)</div>

<div>Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and is widely distributed in both the forests and adjoining villages with enough green grass. 
 
Methods: The present study was carried out on the orbital cavity and foramina of skull of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The biometrical parameters were measured by scale, graduated tape and digital Vernier&rsquo;s caliper. 
 
Result: The average left cranio-caudal orbital diameter was found to be 5.7&plusmn;0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3&plusmn;0.08 cm. Similarly, the average left orbital depth was found to be 5.7&plusmn;0.08 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3&plusmn;0.06 cm. The average length of left orbital process of frontal bone was found to be 5.1&plusmn;0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3&plusmn;0.07 cm. The average diameter of left supraorbital foramen was found to be 0.31&plusmn;0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.7&plusmn;0.003 cm. Similarly, the average maximum distance between two cranial palatine foramina was found to be 1.8&plusmn;0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 3.3&plusmn;0.12 cm.&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: Most of the biometrical observations on different parameters of orbital cavity and different foramina of skull of Blue bull were having significantly (p&lt;0.05) more values in males than females. The present gross and biometrical studies would be useful to the wild life professionals for determination of sex of this animal and solving vetero-legal cases related with this species.</div>