Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 57 issue 4 (april 2023) : 420-427

Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Mid Thoracic Ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

S. Sathapathy1,*, B.S. Dhote2, M. Mrigesh2, S.K. Sahu1, N. Dahariya1, S.K. Joshi3, S.S. Biswal4, I. Ali5, S.M. Nanda6
1Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, CVSc. and A.H., Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
2Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
3Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jharsuguda, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
4Department of ARGO, TVCC, CVSc. and A.H., Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
5Department of Veterinary Pathology, CVSc. and A.H., Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
6Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, CVSc. and A.H., Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
Cite article:- Sathapathy S., Dhote B.S., Mrigesh M., Sahu S.K., Dahariya N., Joshi S.K., Biswal S.S., Ali I., Nanda S.M. (2023). Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Mid Thoracic Ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 57(4): 420-427. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4233.

ABSTRACT

Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and under safeguard of ‘Schedule III’ of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This study focused on the detailed gross morphometrical study of mid thoracic ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus).

Methods: The present morphometrical study was carried out in six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The measurements of various parameters of ribs were taken with the help of weighing machine, thread, scale and digital Vernier’s calliper. 

Result: It was found that the average diameter of the head of the fourth rib was found to be 2.56±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.53±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.59±0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head of 5th rib was found to be 0.97±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.95±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.00±0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle of sixth rib at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.66±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.64±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.69±0.02 cm. Similarly, the average minimum length of the neck of sixth rib at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.68±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.65±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.70±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove of seventh rib at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.56±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.52±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.60±0.01 cm. 

INTRODUCTION

The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and is widely found in both the forests and adjoining villages with enough green grass (Sathapathy et al., 2017, Sathapathy et al., 2018a and Sathapathy et al., 2018b). It belongs to the family Bovidae and comes under the genus Boselaphus (Sathapathy et al., 2018c, Sathapathy et al., 2018d and Sathapathy et al., 2018e). The Blue bull is quite prevalent in northern and central parts of India especially in the foothills of Himalayas, eastern part of Pakistan and southern part of Nepal, but has vanished from Bangladesh (Sathapathy et al., 2019a, Sathapathy et al., 2019b and Sathapathy et al., 2019c). The adult male of the Blue bull appears like ox and so called as Blue bull (Sathapathy et al., 2019d and Sathapathy et al., 2019e). They are generally seen in day times in the meadow pasture, timberland areas and agricultural land area (Sathapathy et al., 2019f, Sathapathy et al., 2019g and Sathapathy et al., 2019h). The Blue bulls are safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and also under safeguard of ‘Schedule III’ of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Bagchi et al., 2004). The massive body of this animal can be attributed to the large skeleton of the antelope (Sathapathy et al., 2019i). Further, the skeleton of the Blue bull comprises of large and massive bones of axial and appendicular skeleton that not only protects the viscera, but also provides shape and support to the heavy musculature (Sathapathy et al., 2020a and Sathapathy et al., 2020b). The present study developed a baseline data on the sex wise morphometrical differences in the mid thoracic ribs, i.e. fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh pairs of ribs of adult Blue bull that would immensely help the wild life anatomists and Veterinarians in species identification and solving forensic and vetero-legal cases as no previous work has been done in this field on the Blue bull.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was carried out on mid thoracic ribs, i.e. fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh pairs of ribs of six specimens of adult Blue bulls (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The skeletons were taken out from the burial ground that was located in the premises of the office of the Deputy Conservator of Forest Wildlife (WL), Jodhpur. Afterwards, the specimens were processed as per standard technique given by Choudhary et al., (2013). The different parameters such as average diameter of head, average dorso-ventral and cranio-caudal diameters of tubercle, average cranial and caudal lengths of neck, average length of shaft, average proximal, middle and distal widths of shaft, average cranio-caudal and dorso-ventral diameters of cranial and caudal articular facets of head, average proximal, middle and distal diameters of vascular groove, etc. of fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh pairs of ribs of Blue bull of either sex were measured with the help of thread, scale and digital Vernier’s calliper. The recorded data were subjected to routine statistical analysis as per the standard methods given by Snedecor and Cochran (1994) and independent samples t-Test with Systat Software Inc, USA and SPSS 16.0 version software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mid thoracic ribs, i.e. the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh pairs of ribs of Blue bull consisted of a head, neck and a tubercle at the proximal end, shaft or body, distal end with a costal cartilage. The present findings were in agreement with Getty et al., (1930) in cattle, sheep, goat, Grossman (1960) in camel, Frandson and Spurgeon (1992) in cattle, Sebastiani and Fishbeck (2005) in cattle and Dyce et al., (2006) in dog. An accessory tubercle was located below the main tubercle of the fourth, fifth and seventh pairs of ribs at the caudal border of the shaft (Fig 1).

Fig 1: Lateral view of ribs (13 numbers) of left side of adult female Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) with red arrow showing the accessory tubercle in 4th, 5th and 7th ribs.


 
Biometrical observation
 
The biometrical observations revealed characteristic differences between the sexes of the Blue bull.
 
Fourth rib
 
The biometrical observation showed that the average weight of the fourth rib was found to be 72.04±0.21 gm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 71.48±0.07 gm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 72.60±0.25 gm. The average diameter of the head of the fourth rib was found to be 2.56±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.53±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.59±0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.72±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.69±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.74±0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle at the cranio-caudal aspect was found to be 1.04±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.02±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.07±0.02 cm.
 
The average minimum length of the neck at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.93±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.90±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.97±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average maximum length of the neck at the caudal aspect was found to be 1.04±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.01±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.06±0.02 cm. The average length of the shaft was found to be 33.55±0.08 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 33.43±0.08 cm and 33.67±0.13 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of the shaft at the proximal aspect of the rib was found to be 0.81±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.78±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.85±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average width of the shaft at the middle was found to be 1.86±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.83±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.89±0.01 cm. The average width of the shaft at the distal end of the rib was found to be 2.64±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.61±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.68±0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 0.74±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.71±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.76±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average dorso-ventral diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 1.43±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.41±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.46±0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 0.71±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.69±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.74±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average dorso-ventral diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 1.02±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.99±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.04±0.01 cm.

The average diameter of vascular groove at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.67±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.65±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.69±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove at the middle was found to be 0.45±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.42±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.49±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove at the distal aspect was found to be 0.39±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.36±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.41±0.01 cm (Table 1).   

Table 1: Measurements of fourth rib of Blue bull in cm.


 
Fifth rib
 
The biometrical observation showed that the average weight of the fifth rib was found to be 76.06±0.12 gm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 75.85±0.19 gm and 76.26±0.08 gm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average diameter of the head of the fifth rib was found to be 2.53±0.17 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.38±0.24 cm and 2.67±0.24 cm in females and males respectively. The average diameter of the tubercle at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 2.04±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.00±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.08±0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle at the cranio-caudal aspect was found to be 1.12±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.09±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.16±0.02 cm. The average minimum length of the neck at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.44±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.42±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.47±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average maximum length of the neck at the caudal aspect was found to be 0.81±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.77±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.84±0.01 cm.
 
The average length of the shaft was found to be 38.18±0.09 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 37.97±0.08 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 38.38±0.10 cm. Similarly, the average width of the shaft at the proximal aspect of the rib was found to be 1.14±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.10±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.19±0.01 cm. The average width of the shaft at the middle was found to be 1.40±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.37±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.42±0.01 cm. The average width of the shaft at the distal end of the rib was found to be 2.46±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.42±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.50±0.01 cm.

The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 0.97±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.95±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.00±0.01 cm. The average dorso-ventral diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 1.70±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.69±0.01 cm and 1.72±0.01 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average cranio-caudal diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 1.00±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.98±0.01 cm and 1.02±0.01 cm in females and males respectively. The average dorso-ventral diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 1.45±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.42±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.48±0.02 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.64±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.61±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.68±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove at the middle was found to be 0.71±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.69±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.73±0.01 cm.  Similarly, the average diameter of vascular groove at the distal aspect was found to be 0.58±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.55±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be   0.61±0.02 cm (Table 2).   

Table 2: Measurements of fifth rib of Blue bull in cm.


 
Sixth rib
 
The biometrical observation showed that the average weight of the sixth rib was found to be 88.92±0.32 gm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 87.93±0.10 gm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 89.90±0.25 gm. The average diameter of the head of the sixth rib was found to be 3.11±0.07 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.97±0.07 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 3.25±0.09 cm (Table 3). The average diameter of the tubercle at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.66±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.64±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.69±0.02 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle at the cranio-caudal aspect was found to be 1.05±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.01±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.09±0.02 cm. The average minimum length of the neck at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.68±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.65±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.70±0.01 cm. The average maximum length of the neck at the caudal aspect was found to be 1.01±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.99±0.01 cm and 1.03±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average length of the shaft was found to be 40.69±0.11 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 40.60±0.08 cm and 40.78±0.21 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of the shaft at the proximal aspect of the rib was found to be 1.05±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.01±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.09±0.02 cm. Similarly, the average width of the shaft at the middle was found to be 1.82±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.80±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.85±0.01 cm. The average width of the shaft at the distal end of the rib was found to be 1.74±0.15 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.71±0.22 cm and 1.78±0.23 cm in females and males respectively.

The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 1.08±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.04±0.02 cm and 1.12±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average dorso-ventral diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 1.27±.0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.25±0.02 cm and 1.30±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 1.22±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.20±0.01 cm and 1.24±0.02 cm in females and males respectively.

The average dorso-ventral diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 1.54±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.52±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.56±0.01 cm.  The average diameter of vascular groove at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.77±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.74±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.81±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove at the middle was found to be 0.44±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.41±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.46±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of vascular groove at the distal aspect was found to be 0.46±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.43±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.48±0.01 cm (Table 3). 

Table 3: Measurements of sixth rib of Blue bull in cm.


 
Seventh rib
 
The biometrical observation showed that the average weight of the seventh rib was found to be 111.39±0.16 gm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 111.27±0.18 gm and 111.52±0.26 gm in females and males respectively. The average diameter of the head of the seventh rib was found to be 2.93±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.90±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.97±0.02 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.72±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.70±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.74±0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle at the cranio-caudal aspect was found to be 1.16±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.13±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.20±0.01 cm.

The average minimum length of the neck at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.66±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.63±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.69±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average maximum length of the neck at the caudal aspect was found to be 1.10±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.07±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.13±0.01 cm. The average length of the shaft was found to be 41.91±0.15 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 41.60±0.22 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 42.22±0.09 cm.   The average width of the shaft at the proximal aspect of the rib was found to be 2.52±0.45 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.47±0.66 cm and 2.57±0.67 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average width of the shaft at the middle was found to be 1.97±0.09 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.85±0.17 cm and 2.09±0.02 cm in females and males respectively.

The average width of the shaft at the distal end of the rib was found to be 2.37±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.33±0.05 cm and 2.40±0.05 cm in females and males respectively. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 1.12±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.10±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.15±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average dorso-ventral diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head was found to be 1.41±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.38±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.43±0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 1.02±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.95±0.04 cm and 1.08±0.06 cm in females and males respectively.

The average dorso-ventral diameter of the caudal articular facet of the head was found to be 1.46±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.43±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.50±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.56±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.52±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.60±0.01 cm.  Similarly, the average diameter of vascular groove at the middle was found to be 0.64±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.61±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.67±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove at the distal aspect was found to be 0.47±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.44±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.50±0.01 cm (Table 4).   

Table 4: Measurements of seventh rib of Blue bull in cm.



Due to availability of the very scanty literature on the biometrical studies on the ribs of Blue bull and other animals, the data could not be compared.

CONCLUSION

The various parameters of mid thoracic ribs of Blue bull like the average diameter of head, average dorso-ventral and cranio-caudal diameters of tubercle, average cranial and caudal lengths of neck, average length of shaft, average proximal, middle and distal widths of shaft, average cranio-caudal and dorso-ventral diameters of cranial and caudal articular facets of head, average proximal, middle and distal diameters of vascular groove showed characteristic sexual variations. There is no previous information on these parameters in the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh pairs of ribs of Blue bull, nor in any other domestic animals with which comparisons could be made. We therefore believe that the data presented above would form a baseline for further work especially comparability and compatibility are now desirable traits as efforts are geared up towards massive improvement in the livestock sector of the international economy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the Dean, CVASc., GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand and Ministry of Environment of Forests (MoEF), New Delhi and Jodhpur Zoo, Rajasthan, India for providing facilities and support for carrying out research on the bones of Blue bull. Funding was provided by Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi and Indian Council of Agricultural research, New Delhi, India as Ph.D. grant [DST-INSPIRE Fellowship and ICAR-SRF (PGS)] to the first author. The authors are grateful to the co-authors Dr. S.. Sahu, Dr. S.K. Joshi and Dr. S.M. Nanda for their help in statistical analysis of the data. The authors are grateful to Dr. I. Ali and Dr. S.S. Biswal for the preparation of this manuscript. 

REFERENCES


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  7. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Singh, I., Mahanta, D. and Tamil selvan, S. (2017). Gross and morphometrical studies on the sacrum of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 5(6): 1591-1597.

  8. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2018a). Gross anatomical and sex wise biometrical studies on the atlas and axis of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Journal of Animal Research. 8(1): 137-147.

  9. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2018b). Gross morphological and biometrical sexual dimorphic studies on the first, second and third pairs of ribs of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Journal of Animal Research. 8(6): 1041-1046.

  10. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2018c). Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the third to fifteenth coccygeal vertebrae of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 7(11): 411-428.

  11. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mrigesh, M., Mahanta, D. and Tamil selvan, S. (2018d). Gross and morphometrical studies on the sternum of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 7(1): 136-145.

  12. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2018e). Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the first, second and third thoracic vertebrae of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 6(6): 01-06.

  13. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019a). Biometrical sexual differentiation of fifth cervical vertebra of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 7(2): 306-309.

  14. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019b). Gross morphological and morphometrical studies on the first and second coccygeal vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). International Journal of Livestock Research. 9(6): 191-197.

  15. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019c). Biometrical sexual differentiation of fourth, fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae in blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(7): 890-894.

  16. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019d). Gross and morphometrical studies on the first second and third lumbar vertebrae of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(6): 746-750.

  17. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Singh, I., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019e). Gross morphological and biometrical studies on the typical cervical vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(6): 741-745.

  18. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019f). Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the eighth, ninth and tenth pairs of ribs of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Multilogic in Science. VIII (XXVIII): 207-212.

  19. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019g). Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth pairs of ribs of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). The Haryana Veterinarian. 58(1): 104-107.

  20. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2019h). Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the fourth, fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). International Journal of Livestock Research. 9(3): 207-218.

  21. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S. and Mrigesh, M. (2019i). Gross morphometrical study on the atypical (6th and 7th) cervical vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) with special reference to sexual dimorphism. International Journal of Livestock Research. 8(9): 192-201.

  22. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2020a). Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(2): 177-184.

  23. Sathapathy, S., Dhote, B.S., Mahanta, D., Tamil selvan, S., Singh, I., Mrigesh, M. and Joshi, S.K. (2020b). Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(2): 185-190.

  24. Sebastiani, A.M. and Fishbeck, D.W. (2005). Mammalian Anatomy (2nd Edn.), Morton Publishing Co., USA. pp. 27-28. 

  25. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Method (8th Edn.), Ames, lowa, USA. 
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