Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 55 issue 9 (september 2021) : 1027-1033

Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on Orbital Cavity and Foramina of Skull of Adult Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

S. Sathapathy1, B.S. Dhote2, I. Singh2, M. Mrigesh2, S.K. Joshi3, S.S. Biswal4, S.K. Sahu1, I. Ali5
1Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
2Department of Veterinary Anatomy, CVASc., GBPUAT, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
3Scientist (Animal Science), KVK, Jharsuguda, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
4Department of ARGO, TVCC, CVSc. and A.H., OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
5Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bihar Veterinary College, BASU, Patna-800 014, Bihar, India.
Cite article:- Sathapathy S., Dhote B.S., Singh I., Mrigesh M., Joshi S.K., Biswal S.S., Sahu S.K., Ali I. (2021). Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on Orbital Cavity and Foramina of Skull of Adult Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 55(9): 1027-1033. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4169.

ABSTRACT

Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and is widely distributed in both the forests and adjoining villages with enough green grass.

Methods: The present study was carried out on the orbital cavity and foramina of skull of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The biometrical parameters were measured by scale, graduated tape and digital Vernier’s caliper.

Result: The average left cranio-caudal orbital diameter was found to be 5.7±0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3±0.08 cm. Similarly, the average left orbital depth was found to be 5.7±0.08 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3±0.06 cm. The average length of left orbital process of frontal bone was found to be 5.1±0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3±0.07 cm. The average diameter of left supraorbital foramen was found to be 0.31±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.7±0.003 cm. Similarly, the average maximum distance between two cranial palatine foramina was found to be 1.8±0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 3.3±0.12 cm. 

Conclusion: Most of the biometrical observations on different parameters of orbital cavity and different foramina of skull of Blue bull were having significantly (p<0.05) more values in males than females. The present gross and biometrical studies would be useful to the wild life professionals for determination of sex of this animal and solving vetero-legal cases related with this species.

INTRODUCTION

The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and is widely found in both the forests and adjoining villages with enough green grass (Sathapathy et al., 2017, Sathapathy et al., 2018a and Sathapathy et al., 2018b). It belongs to the family Bovidae and comes under the genus Boselaphus (Sathapathy et al., 2018c, Sathapathy et al., 2018d and Sathapathy et al., 2018e). The Blue bull is quite prevalent in northern and central parts of India especially in the foothills of Himalayas, eastern part of Pakistan and southern part of Nepal, but has vanished from Bangladesh (Sathapathy et al., 2019a, Sathapathy et al., 2019b and Sathapathy et al., 2019c). The adult male of the Blue bull appears like ox and so called as Blue bull (Sathapathy et al., 2019d and Sathapathy et al., 2019e). They are generally seen in day times in the meadow pasture, timberland areas and agricultural land area (Sathapathy et al., 2019f, Sathapathy et al., 2019g and Sathapathy et al., 2019h). The Blue bulls are safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and also under safeguard of ‘Schedule III’ of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Bagchi et al., 2004). The massive body of this animal can be attributed to the large skeleton of the antelope (Sathapathy et al., 2019i and Sathapathy et al., 2019j). Further, the skeleton of the Blue bull comprises of large and massive bones of axial and appendicular skeleton that not only protects the viscera, but also provides shape and support to the heavy musculature (Sathapathy et al., 2020a and Sathapathy et al., 2020b). The present study developed a baseline data on the sex wise morphometrical differences in the orbital cavity and foramina of skull of adult Blue bull that would immensely help the wild life anatomists and Veterinarians in species identification and solving forensic and vetero-legal cases as no previous work has been done in this field on the Blue bull.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present morphometrical study was carried out on the orbital cavity and foramina of skull of six specimens of adult Blue bulls (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The permission for the collection of skull bones was acquired from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF), Government of Rajasthan. The skeletons were taken out from the burial ground that was located in the premises of the office of the Deputy Conservator of Forest Wildlife (WL), Jodhpur. Afterwards, the specimens were boiled in an aluminium vat for about one hour. They were taken out from the vat and air dried for 3-5 days (Choudhary et al., 2013). The morphometrical study was conducted under the supervision of the Zoo Authority, Jodhpur, India. The different biometrical parameters of orbital cavity and foramina of skull were measured and subjected to routine statistical analysis as per standard technique given by Snedecor and Cochran (1994) and independent samples t-Test with Systat Software Inc, USA and SPSS 16.0 version software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The skull of adult Blue bull formed the skeleton of head and face of the animal and comprised of cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones consisted of paired frontal, interparietal, parietal and temporal bones and single sphenoid, occipital and ethmoid bones. The facial bones comprised of paired lacrimal, malar, maxilla, pre-maxilla, palatine, nasal, pterygoid and turbinate bones and single vomar bone. The present findings were in line with the reports of Getty et al., (1930) in cattle, sheep, goat, Grossman (1960) in camel, Frandson and Spurgeon (1992) in cattle, Sebastiani and Fishbeck (2005) in cattle and Dyce et al., (2006) in dog.
 
Biometrical observations of orbital cavity
 
The biometrical observations of orbital cavity of Blue bull revealed characteristic differences between the sexes. The average left cranio-caudal orbital diameter was found to be 5.7±0.11 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3±0.08 cm. The average left dorso-ventral orbital diameter was measured as 5.4±0.16 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 6.1±0.19 cm. The average right cranio-caudal orbital diameter was found to be 5.9±0.12 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.6±0.10 cm Table 1.
 

Table 1: Measurements of orbit of Blue bull in cm.


        
The average left orbital depth was measured as 5.7±0.08 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3±0.06 cm.  The average left orbital circumference was found to be 19.2±0.21 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 16.6±0.17 cm. The average left interorbital distance at the cranial aspect was found to be 10.1±0.13 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 14.1±0.07 cm. Similarly, the average left interorbital distance at the middle was measured as 10.9±0.12 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 13.2±0.17 cm. The average left interorbital distance at the caudal aspect was found to be 16.5±0.14 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 21.1±0.12 cm.
        
The average contribution of frontal bone forming the left orbit was measured as 6.5±0.06 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 7.1±0.08 cm. Similarly, the average contribution of frontal bone forming the right orbit was found to be 6.2±0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 8.3±0.13 cm. The average contribution of lacrimal bone forming the left orbit was measured as 4.2±0.15 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 2.7±0.09 cm. Similarly, the average contribution of lacrimal bone forming the right orbit was measured as 4.9±0.13 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 3.1±0.08 cm. The average contribution of zygomatic bone forming the left orbit was measured as 6.1±0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 6.6±0.19 cm. Similarly, the average contribution of zygomatic bone forming the right orbit was found to be 5.6±0.16 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 6.4±0.12 cm.
        
The average length of left orbital process of frontal bone was measured as 5.1±0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3±0.07 cm. Similarly, the average length of right orbital process of frontal bone (Fig 1) was found to be 3.9±0.04 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 4.2±0.07 cm. The average width of left orbital process of malar bone was measured as 1.2±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.0±0.001 cm.
 

Fig 1: Right lateral view of skull of adult male Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus).


 
Biometrical observations of foramina of skull
 
The biometrical observations of different foramina of skull of Blue bull revealed characteristic differences between the sexes. The average diameter of left supraorbital foramen was measured as 0.31±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.7±0.003 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right supraorbital foramen was found to be 0.27±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.9±0.002 cm. The average diameter of left infaorbital foramen was measured as 0.53±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.1±0.005 cm. The average diameter of left optic foramen (Fig 2) was measured as 0.37±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.1±0.006 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right optic foramen was found to be 0.35±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.1±0.003 cm Table 2.
 

Fig 2: Orbital cavity of adult female Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) showing optic foramen (Red arrow).


 

Table 2: Measurements of foramina of skull of Blue bull in cm.


        
The average diameter of left foramen orbitorotandum was measured as 0.24±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.5±0.001 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right foramen orbitorotandum was found to be 0.25±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.5±0.001 cm. The average diameter of left foramen ovale (Fig 3) was measured as 0.8±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.5±0.005 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right foramen ovale was found to be 0.9±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.5±0.008 cm. The average diameter of left foramen lacerum was measured as 0.40±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.2±0.008 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right foramen lacerum was found to be 0.43±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.4±0.006 cm.
 

Fig 3: Ventral view of skull of adult male Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus).


        
The average diameter of left posterior glenoid foramen was measured as 0.40±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.9±0.005 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right posterior glenoid foramen was found to be 0.38±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.1±0.004 cm. The average diameter of left stylomastoid foramen was measured as 0.31±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.7±0.002 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right stylomastoid foramen was found to be 0.36±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 1.1±0.005 cm. The average diameter of left cranial palatine foramen was measured as 0.249±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.20±0.001 cm. The average diameter of left caudal palatine foramen was measured as 0.354±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.50±0.002 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of right caudal palatine foramen was found to be 0.356±0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.50±0.002 cm.
        
The average vertical diameter of foramen magnum was measured as 3.5±0.12 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 2.68±0.10 cm. Similarly, the average transverse diameter of foramen magnum was found to be 3.2±0.15 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 2.97±0.08 cm. The average circumference of foramen magnum was found to be 11.8±0.22 cm in female, which was significantly more (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 11.1±0.17 cm.
        
The average distance between left and right supraorbital foramina was measured as 5.1±0.15 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 6.1±0.20 cm. The average dorsal distance between left and right infraorbital foramina was measured as 6.9±0.21 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 8.1±0.16 cm. Similarly, the average ventral distance between left and right infraorbital foramina was found to be 5.7±0.13 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 6.1±0.15 cm.
        
The average distance between right optic foramen and right foramen orbitorotandum was measured as 5.1±0.23 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.6±0.26 cm. Similarly, the average distance between right foramen orbitorotandum and right foramen ovale was found to be 0.9±0.002 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 2.1±0.04 cm. The average distance between left supraorbital and infraorbital foramina was measured as 12.3±0.13 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 14.1±0.10 cm. Similarly, the average distance between right supraorbital and infraorbital foramina was found to be 12.5±0.17 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 13.9±0.19 cm.
        
The average maximum distance between two cranial palatine foramina was measured as 1.8±0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 3.3±0.12 cm. Similarly, the average minimum distance between two cranial palatine foramina was found to be 1.3±0.03 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 2.2±0.06 cm. The average distance between left cranial and caudal palatine foramina was measured as 4.4±0.18 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.5±0.12 cm. Similarly, average distance between right cranial and caudal palatine foramina was found to be 4.7±0.13 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 6.1±0.15 cm. The average distance between the two foramen lacerum was found to be 2.8±0.12 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 3.9±0.14 cm.
        
The average distance of left foramen orbitorotandum from left orbit was measured as 6.6±0.10 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 7.4±0.13 cm. Similarly, the average distance of right foramen orbitorotandum from right orbit was found to be 6.8±0.12 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 8.5±0.17 cm. The average distance of left foramen ovale from left orbit was measured as 8.9±0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 10.1±0.14 cm. Similarly, the average distance of right foramen ovale from right orbit was found to be 8.1±0.10 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 10.2±0.12 cm.
        
The average distance between left facial tuberosity and left infraorbital foramen was measured as 5.6±0.07 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 6.1±0.08 cm. Similarly, the average distance between right facial tuberosity and right infraorbital foramen was found to be 6.0±0.16 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 7.9±0.19 cm. The average distance between left infraorbital foramen and rostral part of incisive bone was measured as 8.1±0.20 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 13.7±0.24 cm. Similarly, the average distance between right infraorbital foramen and rostral part of incisive bone was found to be 7.8±0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (p<0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 13.6±0.13 cm.

CONCLUSION

The various parameters of orbital cavity and skull such as orbital diameters, orbital depth, orbital circumference, interorbital distance, length and width of orbital processes of frontal and malar bones, diameters of foramina of skull and distance between individual foramina, showed characteristic sexual variations. There is no previous information on these parameters in orbital cavity and foramina of skull of Blue bull, nor in any other domestic animals with which comparisons could be made. It is believed that the data presented above would form a baseline for further work especially comparability and compatibility are now desirable traits as efforts are geared up towards massive improvement in the livestock sector of the international economy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the Dean, CVASc., GBPUA and T, Pantnagar, Ministry of Environment of Forests (MoEF), New Delhi and Jodhpur Zoo, Rajasthan, India for providing official permission, necessary facilities and support for carrying out the research on the skull bones of Blue bull. Funding was provided by Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi and Indian Council of Agricultural research, New Delhi, India as Ph.D. grant (DST-INSPIRE Fellowship and ICAR-SRF (PGS) to the first author. The first author is very much grateful to the co-authors Dr. S.K. Joshi, S.S. Biswal, S.K. Sahu and I. Ali for their necessary inputs and statistical analysis of the data in preparation of this manuscript.

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