<div>Background: In Aquaculture sector, antibiotics are commonly used for treating many diseases (because of intensification) and to promote fish growth. Since, many antibiotics have been used improperly, their deposits in aquatic environment are able to cause toxic effects in fish. However, studies based on toxicity of antibiotics in fish is very low. This study explains about the adverse/toxic effects of three commonly used antibiotics (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride, florfenicol, Sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim) in fish. Inspite of their positive effects, antibiotics are able to cause damage to metabolic system and organs. Accordingly, there are serious worries about the harmfulness of antibiotics in fish and further exploration and methodologies are expected to forestall them in various districts of the world. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study discusses whether the presence of antibiotics alter the normal functioning of organs in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Hematology, biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis have been carried out to determine the effect of antibiotics. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the presence of antibiotics elevates toxic and biochemical lesions in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study will help in getting information related to antibiotics effect in fish.</div>

Adverse effects of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride, Florfenicol, Sulphadimethoxine and Ormetoprim in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Therapeutic dose and Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) level

Background: One of the main reasons for India&rsquo;s decreased food production is the depletion of soil fertility. The primary causes of soil deterioration are lack of awareness among farmers and lack of land use regulations. By limiting the erosion and enhancing the nutrients available to the crops, conservation agriculture increases the organic matter content of the soil and contributes to the improvement of field conditions. But compared to conventional agriculture, the practise of conservation agriculture is less advanced. And also there is a dearth of research on the use of crop residues for the management of soil fertility. So this study was undertaken in order to examine the impacts of crop residue, inorganic fertilizers and cropping system as a component of an integrated crop residues and fertility management system on nutrient uptake and net returns of greengram. 
 
Methods: The experiment consists of strip plot design and was carried out during 2020-21 and 2021-22 under zero till conditions at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU to study the effect of previous crop residues and fertility levels on succeeding greengram.&nbsp; 
 
Result: According to the data, greengram absorbed more nutrients at various growing stages. The residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia composed of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and phosphorous supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) resulted in significantly higher financial returns. In greengram, residue incorporated plots outperformed residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF in terms of nutrient uptake, as well as monetary returns like gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio. In a similar vein, yield in residue-incorporated plots was higher than it was in residue-removal and in-situ burning plots during summer, 2021 and 2022.

Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Summer Greengram as Influenced by Residual Effect of Paddy Residues and Fertility Levels

Background: To work out the residual effect of rice residue, FYM and fertilizers on summer moong (Vigna radiate L.) in Rice-potato-summer moong cropping system. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The present study was carried out at research farm, department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with two factors. Factor A contains&nbsp; five nutrient management treatments in potato (Rice residue+ 125 % NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue+ 100%&nbsp; NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue+ 75 % NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue + 125% NPK + 0 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and Without rice residue + 100% NPK+ 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM) and factor B contains three&nbsp; nitrogen levels in&nbsp; summer moong&nbsp; (0 kg ha-1&nbsp;N, 6.25 kg ha-1&nbsp;N and 12.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;N ). 
&nbsp; 
Result: The plant height, branches, dry matter accumulation, LAI and chlorophyll content index were significantly affected with the treatments applied to preceding potato crop. The application of rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM to potato crop resulted significantly higher plant height, branches, dry matter accumulation, LAI and chlorophyll content index of moong crop as compared to rice residue+ 75% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and rice residue+ 125% NPK + 0 tha-1&nbsp;FYM while at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100 % NPK+ 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM. The significantly higher biometric parameters were observed with 12.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;N which was significantly higher than the 0 and 6.25 5 kg ha-1 N. The application of rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM to potato crop resulted significantly higher yield and yield attributing characters as compared to rice residue+ 75% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and rice residue+ 125% NPK + 0 tha-1&nbsp;FYM while at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100% NPK 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM. The application of higher dose of nitrogen @ 12 kg ha-1&nbsp;also significantly increased the yield and yield attributing characters as compared to lower doses of summer moong. The nutrients uptake ( N,P and K) was also maximum with rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM which was at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100% NPK+ 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM while significantly higher than other treatment. The application of higher dose of nitrogen @ 12 kgha-1&nbsp;in summer moong also significantly increased the nutrient uptake and protein content as compared to lower doses.

Residual Effect of Rice Residue, Fym and Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Summer Moong (Vigna radiata L.) in Rice-Potato-Summer Moong Cropping System

Background: Farmers&rsquo; conventional tillage and residue removal practices in rice-maize-greengram systems in India are input-intensive, costly and soil degradative. A number of soil quality issues have emerged due to continuous cropping and burning of residues threatening the sustainability of rice based cropping systems for the last more than four decades. Nevertheless, the in-situ or in-field decomposition of crop residue using microbial inoculum is rarely studied. This necessitated the use of microbial consortia developed by a combination of potent strains of fungi which can perform harmoniously for rapid decomposition of crop residues. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during 2020-21 and 2021-22 with eight residue-management treatments and three fertility levels to zero till maize at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU using strip plot design and the residual effect on the succeeding greengram was studied. 
 
Result: Greengram growth and yield were significantly higher under residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia consisting of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and P supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) under zero tillage during summer, 2021 and 2022. Growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1, pod length and number of seeds pod-1 in greengram were higher under residue incorporated plots compared to residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF.

Residual Effects of Microbial Treated Paddy Residues Applied to Zero Till Maize on Growth and Yield of Summer Greengram

<div>Background:&nbsp;Enrofloxacin used considerably on large scale among poultry birds. Detection and monitoring of its residues is vital in the domestic and export market. A simple and rapid LCMS/MS method for screening of Enrofloxacin and its metabolite residues in poultry liver samples was described.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Target analytes were extracted with a solvent combination of 5% phosphoric acid in 50% acetonitrile in water. It was followed by deep freezing for efficient separation of the liquid phase. Later extractants were subjected to centrifugation at 4oC, 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes and supernatant was filtered and injected into LCMS/MS. 0.1% formic acid is used as mobile phase additive for both aqueous and organic mobile phase acetonitrile.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;Accuracy and precision values of the method are within the acceptable limit of (&lt;5% RSD) accorded by the European commission. Standardized method has been applied to determine the Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin residues in liver samples collected in local markets and found within maximum residue limits.</div>

​Screening for Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Chicken Liver by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Accompanied by Optimal Liquid-liquid Extraction with Phosphoric Acid

<div>Background: Pesticide residues harm human health and are associated with hemopoietic disorders and many organ cancers. This study analyzes the pesticide residue content in chili cultivated by farmers in rainy and dry seasons, especially for organophosphates pesticides. The residual difference in chili was affected by planting seasons caused by farmers&rsquo; adoption of crop cultivation technologies, including pesticide application.&nbsp;</div>

<div> 
Methods: The analysis was carried out using gas chromatography on 26 samples from 13 chili cultivation locations in Aceh province, Indonesia. Sixteen samples were harvested during the rainy season and the remaining ten were harvested during the dry season.&nbsp;</div>

<div> 
Result: The results showed that pesticide residues were found in two red chili samples planted in the rainy season, while no residue was found from the dry season. In the rainy season&rsquo;s harvested samples, the Organophosphate pesticide residues were chlorpyrifos 0.52 mg kg-1 and 0.16 mg kg-1&nbsp;at Mutiara Tiga sub-district and Meurebo sub-district, respectively. From Meurebo sub-district profenofos 0.74 mg kg-1&nbsp;was found. All detected pesticide residues samples are still below the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the Government of Indonesia and CODEX Alimentarius.</div>

Effect of Planting Season on the Residue of Organophosphate in Chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

<div>Background: The aim is to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue status of tilmicosin after administration through &lsquo;in-crop&rsquo; and &lsquo;in-water&rsquo; routes and compare the effectiveness of the two routes and establish a suitable dosage regimen for treating Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicken. 
 
Methods: The plasma pharmacokinetic disposition of tilmicosin in broiler chicken was investigated after administration orally by direct deposition at crop (25 mg/kg body weight) or drinking water (40 mg/kg b.wt.). Residues of tilmicosin in tissues of broiler chicken were assayed. The plasma and tissue concentrations of tilmicosin were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The plasma concentration-time data was described by the non-compartmental model for both routes and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The data were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. 
 
Conclusion: The mean plasma concentrations of tilmicosin in two routes tested (in-crop, in-water) were effective above MIC reported for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (0.05 &micro;g/ml) up to 24 h. In addition, the drug residue in lungs was found at desirable concentration up to 22 days. However, residues of tilmicosin in tissues were above the advocated maximum residue limit (MRL) till 18th day in muscle and liver and till 22nd day in kidney. The results of the study indicate that the antimycoplasmal drug tilmicosin can be therapeutically efficacious after administration in crop as well as in drinking water.</div>

​Pharmacokinetic Disposition and Residue Status of Tilmicosin in Broiler Chicken after &lsquo;In-Crop&rsquo; and &lsquo;In-Water&rsquo; Administration

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Antibiotics are commonly used in animal husbandry for medicinal, prophylactic and growth promotion purposes. Method: The prevalence of three groups of antibiotics; namely Gentamycin, Streptomycin and sulfonamides was studied in fresh milk available in five different study areas; namely Budhanilkantha, Dharmasthali, Tokha, Nepaltar and Gaushala from Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. The milk samples (n=100) were collected from local dairy collection centers of Kathmandu valley. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis with rapid screening kits revealed that 6% (n=6) samples were positive for antibiotic residues in the fresh milk for gentamycin, streptomycin and sulfonamide groups. Total 5% milk samples contained unidentified antibiotics residues. Sulfonamides residues were found to be highest 3% (n=3) followed by gentamycin 2% (n=2) and streptomycin 1% (n=1) with no any milk sample with multiple residues. Total 2 samples were positive in Dharmasthali, 2 in Gaushala, 1 in Nepaltar, 1 in Tokha and no positive samples from Budhanilkantha area. There was no statistical significant difference between study areas and commonly used antibiotics residues in milk samples (P&gt;0.05).&nbsp; Conclusion: The antibiotic residues were found above the maximum residue limits that presented serious threat to consumer health and raised a serious concern regarding the implementation and monitoring of international regulations.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Determination of Antibiotics Residues in Milk Samples Collected in the Different Sites of Kathmandu, Nepal</div>

Background: The use of antimicrobial agents in livestock production is inevitable and helpful in majority of their applications. However, their indiscriminate frequency of use has resulted in the deposition of antimicrobial residues in animal products and when that exceeds the maximum residue limits (MRLs) beyond permissible daily consumption put human health at risk. The present study aimed to detect Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline residues in the most popular meat (pork) marketed in and around Guwahati City (Kamrup Metropolitan) and its adjoining areas. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The preliminary screening of the antimicrobial residues in 261 pork samples was carried out by microbial inhibition assay using endospores of Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 as test organism. A total of 80 pork samples were further screened by Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography system-UV/Vis (Model: Shimadzu Prominence LC-20AD, Detector- SPD-20A-UV/Vis; RP C18 Column: BDS Premium, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 mm) to detect Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline residues. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The preliminary screening revealed that none of the samples were positive for antimicrobial residues except 3 (three) which were doubtful to have traces of antimicrobial residues. On further screening, Oxytetracycline residues were detected in 2.5% of the samples, while none of the samples detected Tetracycline residue. The concentrations of the residues were 0.471 mg/g and 0.610 mg/g, respectively, which is well above the MRL value recommended by Codex Alimentarius. However, considering the detection of 2.5% Oxytetracycline residues and the absence of Tetracycline residue, it can be concluded that these antimicrobial compounds are not frequently misused in pig husbandry practices in these areas under study.

Screening of Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline Residues in Pork Marketed in Guwahati City and its Adjoining Areas and Confirmation by Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography-UV/Vis

<div>Background: Bio-recycling of crop residues is contemplated as an environment friendly soil enrichment and conservation practice that sustains agricultural productivity in the long run. Legume residues are privileged by the unique nitrogen fixing capacity and rhizospheric properties that enhance soil fertility, thereby reducing the need for chemical nutrient inputs. The present study was conducted to evaluate the residual effect of red gram on fodder maize cultivated as succeeding crop in the southern laterites of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. 
 
Methods: The field experiment to assess the effect of red gram residue incorporation on the growth and yield of fodder maize was carried out in the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during June - August 2019. Fodder maize (African tall) was sown in the plots after incorporation of crop residues of red gram varieties (APK 1 and Vamban (Rg) 3) grown under different planting geometry (40 cm x 20 cm and 60 cm x 30 cm) and NPK doses (40:80:40, 30:60:30 and 20:40:20 kg NPK ha-1) and compared with the package of practices recommendation and in randomized block design (RBD) replicated thrice.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Significantly higher quantities of red gram residues were realised and incorporated in the treatments involving a planting geometry of 40 cm x 20 cm and an NPK dose of 40:80:40 kg NPK ha-1 in both varieties used, Vamban (Rg) 3 and APK 1 (T7 and T1).&nbsp; Nutrient contents in the residues and decomposition in T1 and T7 resulted in the maximum additions in soil, available N, P and K status and dehydrogenase activity. Evaluation of the residual effects of the legume on fodder maize revealed the significantly highest growth and yields in maize raised with chemical fertilizers as per package recommendation and, among the residue incorporated treatments, maximum plant height and fodder yields were recorded in the treatment in which residues of Vamban (Rg) 3 raised at 40 cm x 20 cm spacing and fertilised with 40:80:40 kg NPK ha-1&nbsp; were incorporated, on par with variety APK 1 raised under same management practice. The green fodder yield with residue incorporation was 80-90 per cent that under chemical fertilizer managed treatment. Among the quality parameters, crude protein (9.30%) was the highest with chemical fertilizer application while carbohydrate content (66.23%) was the lowest.</div>

Adverse effects of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride, Florfenicol, Sulphadimethoxine and Ormetoprim in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Therapeutic dose and Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) level

Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Summer Greengram as Influenced by Residual Effect of Paddy Residues and Fertility Levels

Residual Effect of Rice Residue, Fym and Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Summer Moong (Vigna radiata L.) in Rice-Potato-Summer Moong Cropping System

Residual Effects of Microbial Treated Paddy Residues Applied to Zero Till Maize on Growth and Yield of Summer Greengram

Screening for Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Chicken Liver by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Accompanied by Optimal Liquid-liquid Extraction with Phosphoric Acid

Effect of Planting Season on the Residue of Organophosphate in Chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

Pharmacokinetic Disposition and Residue Status of Tilmicosin in Broiler Chicken after ‘In-Crop’ and ‘In-Water’ Administration

Determination of Antibiotics Residues in Milk Samples Collected in the Different Sites of Kathmandu, Nepal

Screening of Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline Residues in Pork Marketed in Guwahati City and its Adjoining Areas and Confirmation by Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography-UV/Vis

Residual Effects of Red Gram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] on Growth, Yield and Quality of Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.)