<div><strong>Background:&nbsp;</strong>Enrofloxacin used considerably on large scale among poultry birds. Detection and monitoring of its residues is vital in the domestic and export market. A simple and rapid LCMS/MS method for screening of Enrofloxacin and its metabolite residues in poultry liver samples was described.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:&nbsp;</strong>Target analytes were extracted with a solvent combination of 5% phosphoric acid in 50% acetonitrile in water. It was followed by deep freezing for efficient separation of the liquid phase. Later extractants were subjected to centrifugation at 4<sup>o</sup>C, 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes and supernatant was filtered and injected into LCMS/MS. 0.1% formic acid is used as mobile phase additive for both aqueous and organic mobile phase acetonitrile.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>Accuracy and precision values of the method are within the acceptable limit of (&lt;5% RSD) accorded by the European commission. Standardized method has been applied to determine the Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin residues in liver samples collected in local markets and found within maximum residue limits.</div>


<p>​Screening for Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Chicken Liver by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Accompanied by Optimal Liquid-liquid Extraction with Phosphoric Acid</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Study was conducted to compare the semen quality and fertility of liquid stored semen for three days and frozen-thawed semen in the north-eastern region of India. For liquid semen, the semen ejaculates were extended in Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) extender and preserved at 17&deg;C for three days. For cryopreservation, semen was diluted Lactose-egg yolk-glycerol extender and frozen in straw using programmable freezer with freezing rate of 40&deg;C/min from -6 to -140&deg;C. The preserved evaluated for sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity and fertility. The results revealed that the liquid stored semen has maintained the sperm motility and viability up to day 3 without significant reduction. Similarly the plasma membrane integrity did not differ significantly up to day 2, but it was significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced on days 3 in liquid stored semen. After freezing and thawing, the mean sperm motility, viability and plasma membrane integrity were 58.25 &plusmn; 2.96%, 64.75 &plusmn; 2.47% and 47.06 &plusmn; 2.02%, respectively. These parameters were significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower as compared to the liquid stored semen from day 0 to day 3. After insemination with liquid semen, the farrowing rate was 77.7%, 80.76%, 73.07% and 69.8%, respectively from day 0, day1, day 2 and day 3. The pregnancy rate, farrowing rate and litter size did not differ significantly among different days of liquid storage. These parameters were significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower in frozen semen as compare to that of liquid stored semen. The study concluded that the liquid semen stored up to three days is more efficient than frozen-thawed semen in terms of preserving sperm quality and fertility.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Semen quality and fertility of liquid stored and frozen-thawed semen in crossbred pigs of North-Eastern India</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study aimed to investigate the influence of negative pressure on boar semen quality during liquid preservation at 17&deg;C. Semen samples from ten large white boars were collected and pooled, divided into four equal parts, and diluted with Modena containing 0.4% (w/v) of bovine serum albumin. The semen samples were placed in a closed container with valve, and a negative pressure was applied for 2&ndash;5 minutes using a vacuum pump with a barometer. The control group had no treatment, the P200 group was treated at 200 mbar, the P400 group at 400 mbar, and the P800 group at 800 mbar. During liquid preservation, sperm motility, total antioxidant capacity, and semen H2O2 content were analyzed every 24 h. The effective survival time of boar semen during preservation was evaluated. The results indicated that a suitable negative pressure decreased the effects on reactive oxygen species on boar sperm quality during liquid preservation compared with the control group. Among all the groups, the 400 mbar negative pressure group had the highest sperm motility, total antioxidant capacity, and the percentage of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial membrane potential. The P400 group also had semen H2O2 content than the other groups. A suitable negative pressure improves sperm quality by reducing oxidative stress and the respiratory metabolism of sperm, and the optimum negative pressure is 400 mbar.</div>

Effects of negative pressure on boar semen quality during liquid storage at 17&deg;C

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is one of the natural ingredients that can improve the quality of preserved semen by preventing sperm lipid oxidation and increase the sperm storage time. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract on boar semen quality during short-term preservation at liquid state.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Four mature healthy Large White Yorkshire boars of about 1.5-2 years age group having good reproductive health was selected for the study. Ten ejaculates were collected from each boar. Each ejaculate was divided into 4 aliquots (equal volume and sperm concentration) and <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract&nbsp;(MLE) @ 0 &micro;g/ml (control), 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml w/v was mixed in each aliquot after extension of semen samples with beltsville thaw solution (BTS) extender. The semen was evaluated for initial motility, percent live sperm, sperm abnormalities, sperm membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity and level of lipid peroxidation. Ten gilts/sows were artificially inseminated in each group with the liquid preserved semen to record the conception rates and litter size.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The percent sperm motility, live sperm, plasma membrane integrity and acrosomal integrity of boar spermatozoa were decreased significantly (P&lt;0.01) while preserving the semen sample by using BTS extenders along with 100 &micro;g/ml,200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract at 18&deg;C for 48 hours. The mean percent of motile sperm, live sperm, intact plasma membrane, intact acrosome among the groups <em>i.e.</em>, 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract were increased significantly (P&lt;0.01) as compared to control at 24 and 48 hours of preservation. The mean percentage of sperm abnormalities and lipid peroxidation among the groups <em>i.e</em>., 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract were increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at 0, 24 and 48 (P&lt;0.01) at hours of preservation as compared to control group. The supplementation of <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract in BTS extender at concentration of 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml significantly improved the Large White Yorkshire boar&rsquo;s semen quality during short term preservation at 18&deg;C as compared to control. The conception rate and average litter size at birth among the groups were increased significantly (P&lt;0.01) as compared to control (C). The significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher conception rate and litter size at birth was recorded in T3 group <em>i.e</em>. 300 &micro;g/ml <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract supplemented semen. In conclusion, the concentration of 300 &micro;g/ml <em>Moringa oleifera</em> leaves extract was found to be better among other concentrations.<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<p>Effect of <em>Moringa oleifera</em> Leaves Extract on Quality of Preserved Boar Semen</p>


<p style="text-align: justify;">Low density lipoproteins (LDL) extracted from hens egg yolk (EY) has been studied over EY based extender for liquid storage of mithun semen with the objective to explore the use of LDL in place of EY. Physio-morphological attributes (PMAs) and mobility and velocity parameters were measured by computer assisted sperm analyser (CASA). Leakage of intracellular enzymes, activity of total antioxidants and lipid peroxidation following liquid storage (5oC) of mithun semen were studied. Fifty ejaculates were collected through transrectal massage method from matured mithun bulls and based on the mass activity and individual motility; the semen samples were splited into good and poor quality and diluted with the tris citrate glycerol (TCG) extender and were splited into three equal aliquots: Group I: Control, EY; Group II and Group III contained 8 and 10% LDL (w/v), respectively. PMAs, intracellular enzymatic leakage and biochemical profiles were evaluated at 5&deg;C following 10hrs incubation. Result revealed a significant (p&lt;0.05) improvement in PMAs, CASA parameters and cholesterol content of spermatozoa as well as reduction in leakage of intracellular enzymes, oxidative stress in Group II than control and other treatment group. It was concluded that addition of 8% LDL holds a clear advantage over EY or 10% LDL in liquid preservation of mithun semen.</p>


<p>Low density lipoprotein on poor quality mithun (Bos frontalis) semen preservation<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">This experiment was conducted with the aim to study the effect of replacing egg yolk with soybean lecithin (SL) for cryopreservation of Black Bengal buck semen. Sexually matured Black Bengal buck (n = 5) were used and the ejaculates were obtained using an artificial vagina method. The semen samples were pooled and diluted in Tris extender with 5% Glycerol containing either 15% egg yolk (control group) or SL at different concentrations (1% SL, 1.5% SL and 2% SL). The semen samples were filled in straws and cooled gradually to 5 &deg;C. Semen straws were equilibrated for 3 hours at 5&deg;C and were frozen in static liquid nitrogen vapor and stored in liquid nitrogen. Semen samples were evaluated after initial dilution, after completion of equilibration and after freeze thawing for in vitro sperm characters such as sperm motility, functional membrane integrity and malondioldehyde (MDA) concentration. Semen samples preserved in extender containing 1% SL was able to maintain in vitro sperm characters similar to the extender containing egg yolk. However, significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in all semen parameters was observed as the concentration of soybean lecithin increased above 1% level. It is concluded that an extender containing soybean lecithin @ 1% with 5% Glycerol can be used for replacing egg yolk for cryopreservation of Black Bengal buck semen.&nbsp;</div>

Preservation of Black Bengal buck semen in soybean lecithin based chemically defined extender

<p style="text-align: justify;">Successful preservation of semen for longer period can be achieved by maintaining the viability of spermatozoa from its collection till its use for insemination. Therefore, we perceived the idea to determine the effect of long term storage of cryopreserved buffalo semen on sperm quality, bacterial load and fertility. Twenty years semen samples (1981-2000) from twenty bulls and the data on conception rates of these bulls were collected from record room at ABRC, ICAR- NDRI, Karnal. The data was analyzed using least square analysis. The differences in individual motility percent in the semen between estimated initially at the time of freezing and estimates after storage (at the time of evaluation) were 6.49, 14.09, 13.13 and 6.02 percent, respectively. Even after long term storage (up to 20 years) there were little changes in the sperm motility percent. Changes in non-eosinophilic sperm count, sperm abnormalities, HOST and acrosome status, were less up to 20 years storage of semen in liquid nitrogen and the differences were non-significant between different years of storage semen in liquid nitrogen. In similar fashion the microbial load in semen was decreased with the increased storage period of semen in liquid nitrogen, but the differences were non significant. The differences in sperm motility percent between 370C and room temperature were not significant, but the temperature and incubation period significantly (P&lt;0.01) influenced motility percent estimates. Whereas, temperature-incubation period interaction was not found to be significant. The conception rate and sperm motility was highly and positively correlated (r=0.67 and 0.55) with sperm oocyte attachment. It can be concluded that there was little change occurred in semen quality even after twenty years of storage in liquid nitrogen without affecting fertility of semen.</p>


<p>Effect of &nbsp;long term storage in LN2 on bacterial load and preservability of&nbsp;semen in Murrah bulls</p>


<p style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different extenders viz. Tris citric acid fructose egg yolk (TCFEY), Tris citric acid glucose egg yolk (TCGEY), Egg yolk citrate fructose (EYCF) and Egg yolk citrate glucose (EYCG) on the quality of ram spermatozoa during preservation at 4&deg;C. Semen samples showing more than 3+ mass motility and 70% progressive motility were pooled and subsequently divided into four aliquots. Each aliquot was extended separately in four different extenders viz. TCFEY, TCGEY, EYCF and EYCG and stored at 4&deg;C up to 72h. The quality of spermatozoa on the basis of percentage of sperm motility, live sperm, morphological abnormalities, intact acrosome and hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) reacted spermatozoa was evaluated immediately after extension in particular extenders (0 h), 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after preservation at 4&deg;C. The percent sperm motility was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher for TCFEY and TCGEY than EYCF and EYCG at 72 h of preservation at 4&deg;C. The percent HOST reacted spermatozoa and intact acrosomes were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher and morphological abnormalities were significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower for Tris based fructose extender than other three extenders at 72 h at 4&deg;C. In conclusion, Tris citric acid fructose egg yolk (TCFEY) was found the best in maintaining the quality of ejaculated ram spermatozoa during preservation for 72 h at 4&deg;C. &nbsp;</p>


<p>Effect of different extenders for preservation of ram semen at 4&deg;C</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Novel organic liquid Nutrients have been developed based on banana pseudostem comprising of 10 macro and micro nutrients and 2 hormones, which are naturally synthesized. It is developed by Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari in Year 2009-10 under management and value addition of banana pseudostem (NAIP-II) project. To know the extent of adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients in fruit and vegetable crops, a study was formulated to know the correlation of different factors and characteristics for adoption of the product.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> This study was conducted in the Vyara, Valod, Songadh and Dolvan blocks of Tapi district of Gujarat through Krishi Vigyan Kendra, NAU, Vyara, Tapi during 2018-19. In the study, the sample size was of 100 respondent were selected through stratified random sampling method and determine the correlation of dependent and independent variable on knowledge and adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients in fruits and vegetable crops.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> In this study revealed that the adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients up to 59 per cent in fruit crops and 76 per cent in vegetables crops among farmers. The data on correlation for extent of adoption of Novel organic liquid nutrients in fruits and vegetable crops were showed significantly results with education, training and knowledge at 5 per cent (0.1965) level of probability.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Extent of Adoption of &ldquo;Novel Organic Liquid Nutrients&rdquo; in Fruits and Vegetable Crops&nbsp;</div>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> The curd curry commonly known as kalan in Kerala and Gulab Jamun has been chosen in the present work which is relevant in accordance with its usage with common man. Kalan possesses a normal shelf of two days at normal temperature and room conditions. The present work attempted to preserve the product for two weeks or more at room temperature by applying canning technique. The shelf life of Kalan was proved to be enhanced to two more weeks with proper canning. Kalan is prepared in the laboratory and was packed in sterile bottles which were then sterilized by dipping in sterile hot water for thirty minutes. This process impairs the product sufficient sterility to enhance the preserving quality considerably. The product has been found unchanged in its flavor and taste after the expected expiry period. In the preparation of Gulab jamun,drying and frying strategies facilitates the removal of most of the contaminants and hence the product presented as sterile. The sugar syrup provides further preservation. This technique for preservation can thus become effective. The work presented an attempt that has been made to study the effect of processing / preservation technique.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>Canning technique was applied as a preservation strategy to the product kalan and addition of sugar syrup presented to be the preservation technique for gulab jamun. Both were considered as the natural way of preservation rather than utilizing any artificial strategies or additions. The shelf life of the same was studied in detail under physiological, biochemical and microbiological parameters.<br /><strong>Result: </strong>The two food preservation techniques studied in this project are proved to impart better shelf life to the particular type of dairy based products without the addition of any preservative chemicals.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Physicochemical and Microbiological Examination of Food Preservation Strategies of Indian Dishes Kalan and Gulab Jamun</div>

Screening for Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Chicken Liver by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Accompanied by Optimal Liquid-liquid Extraction with Phosphoric Acid

Semen quality and fertility of liquid stored and frozen-thawed semen in crossbred pigs of North-Eastern India

Effects of negative pressure on boar semen quality during liquid storage at 17°C

Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract on Quality of Preserved Boar Semen

Low density lipoprotein on poor quality mithun (Bos frontalis) semen preservation

Preservation of Black Bengal buck semen in soybean lecithin based chemically defined extender

Effect of long term storage in LN2 on bacterial load and preservability of semen in Murrah bulls

Effect of different extenders for preservation of ram semen at 4°C

Extent of Adoption of “Novel Organic Liquid Nutrients” in Fruits and Vegetable Crops

Physicochemical and Microbiological Examination of Food Preservation Strategies of Indian Dishes Kalan and Gulab Jamun