<div style="text-align: justify;">High prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescent girls is a matter of great concern because of double demand of growth and activity. Therefore, the present study was conducted among 200 unmarried adolescent girls(10-18 yrs) with an objective to assess the prevalence of anemia and to improve the dietary behavior and reduce iron deficiency anaemia through nutrition intervention. The effectiveness of nutrition intervention was evaluated through various parameters viz. Body Mass Index (BMI), haemoglobin (Hb) level, food frequency and knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) scores. Nutrition intervention was imparted to the subjects for a period of one year. Consequently, the average Hb level of the subjects increased significantly (p&pound;0.01) from 8.55 to 10.66 g/dl. A significant (p&pound;0.01) increase in BMI i.e. 17.7 to18.8 Kg/m2 was also found in the selected subjects. Further, Nutrition education also showed a significant improvement (p &pound;0.01) in the food frequency of the entire Hb forming food items as well as KAP scores among adolescent girls.&nbsp;</div>

Effectiveness of long term community based nutrition intervention&nbsp;for prevention and management of anaemia among adolescent girls

<div style="text-align: justify;">Twenty adult dogs of either sex, divided into 2 equal groups were used for evaluation of atracurium (0.5 mg/kg IV) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg IV) in atropine-butorphanol-diazepam premedicated and propofol (till effect IV) induced dogs which were further maintained on isoflurane with controlled IPPV mode of the ventilator for positive pressure ventilation. A total of 13 ophthalmic and 7 orthopaedic interventions were done in both the groups. Pulmonary parameters were measured at baseline (pre-operative), just after induction and at 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the administration of NMBA and the recovery parameters were recorded after weaning from the anaesthetic gas. The eyeballs deviated to the ventro-medial position after the induction with diazepam and propofol and resumed the central position within 30 seconds of atracurium or vecuronium administration thus, proving highly beneficial for the eye globe and corneal interventions. On a comparative basis, atracurium and vecuronium provided muscle relaxation for 40.1 &plusmn; 4.71 and 37.7 &plusmn; 1.01 minutes respectively. Uniform and pronounced muscle relaxation along with excellent sedation was found in both the groups. All pulmonary parameters remained within normal range. Following discontinuation of the isoflurane, the time taken to bear weight was 38.88 &plusmn; 1.45 and 39.63 &plusmn; 4.08 minutes in the atracurium and vecuronium groups respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Comparison of atracurium and vecuronium as muscle relaxants for ocular and orthopaedic interventions in dogs

<div>Background: Hoof lesions and lameness in cattle is currently a serious problem in the dairy industry and significantly affects the health and welfare of animals. High milk yield has been associated with lameness and claw lesions. It was found that 87.5% of lame animals were suffered from claw lesions and hoof lesions were present in all the cows having lameness. Hoof trimming is performed to prevent hoof lesions and improve gait by correction and maintenance of the hoof symmetry and shape. Lameness caused by hoof disorders can be treated by correct hoof trimming. The aim of this study was to know the production performance in dairy cattle before and after hoof trimming. 
 
Methods: In this study twenty lame cows were selected and lameness index score was given to them (0-5 score). The nutrient requirements of the animals were met as per ICAR (2013) through concentrate feed and ad libitum green fodder. Care was taken to ensure that feed was provided at same levels throughout the study period and to nullify any effects of feed on lameness.&nbsp; Milk yield in kg/day were recorded before week of hoof trimming (HT) and after hoof trimming intervention it was recorded on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day, 8th day, 11th day, 14th day.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Our results showed that significant difference (P&le;0.05) in milk yield was on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day and 8th day when compared with before week of HT (13.25&plusmn;0.83). Significant increase in milk Fat % (P&le;0.05) was observed on 11th day and 14th day (4.10&plusmn;0.04), significant decrease (P&le;0.05) in milk SNF % was observed on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day and 8th day (8.45&plusmn;0.03), whereas significant difference (P&le;0.05) in milk protein % was observed on 0, 3 and 6th day (2.64&plusmn;0.04) when compared with before week of HT. From this study it was concluded that the hoof trimming intervention has an immediate effect on production performance of dairy cows. Further this is a novel improved intervention using angle cutter modified to trim the hoof which is safe and painless compared to conventional Hoof cutter which caused a lot of cutting and bleeding hooves.</div>

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​Effect of Hoof Trimming Intervention on Milk Yield and Composition in Dairy Lame Cows

<div style="text-align: justify;">Ninety non-insulin dependent male diabetics in the age group of 40-60 years free from serious complications of diabetes were selected from the Ludhiana Mediways Hospital under the supervision of diabetologist .Selection was based on their fasting and post prandial blood glucose level followed by blood pressure.The selected subjects were divided into three groups I, II and III, each group having thirty subjects. &nbsp;The subjects of group I was not given any supplement or intervention whereas the subjects of group II and III were given intervention in the form of 10 gm of Broccoli floret and leaf powder, to be incorporated in missi roti for a period of 3 months. Along with supplementation, nutrition counseling was also given. The nutrition education was given for 3 months during supplementation after 15 days interval to the subjects of group II and III through individual and group contact.Subjects were imparted nutrition education regarding the disease, its symptoms, causes, complications and dietary modifications using appropriate charts, health benefits of broccoli, benefits of physical exercise by individual and group contact during the feeding trails. The anthropometric measurements of the subjects were measured. Significant improvements were observed in weight only,and no significant diffrences were found in BMI, MUAC and TSFT of the subjects in Group II, and III after study. There were also a significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in the knowledge, attitude and practice score obtained by the subjects in II, and III and a non-significant increase (P&lt;0.01) was seen in knowledge, attitude and practice score of the subjects in Group I. Therefore, it can be reported from the results that nutrition education significantly improved the nutritional status of the diabetics. Nutrition counseling by the dietician plays an important role in the management of diabetes. There is a need to conduct well designed community based diabetes prevention programme to stem the rising trends of diabetes in the country.</div>

Impact of nutrition intervention on anthropometric parameters and KAP score on nutritional status of non-insulin dependent diabetics

Climate-resilient crops are pivotal in guaranteeing food security in the face of climate change. Millets can effectively adjust to the prevailing climatic conditions in a specific geographic area. Millets offer a range of benefits that make them a valuable component of sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. The factors that can harm millet productivity and crop yields include delayed sowings, using low yielding crop varieties, poor plant population, cultivating crops on nutrient deficient soils without fertilizers, unprofitable farming systems, weed infestation and insufficient protective irrigation. To optimize the productivity of millets some agronomic interventions are necessary. For productivity enhancement of millets, modified land configuration techniques will address the soil related problems. An ideal crop geometry ensures the establishment of a healthy and uniform stand in the main field. Development of low-cost input technologies such as microdosing, balance fertilisation will be necessary for productivity optimisation. Soil test based balanced nutrition by applying organic nutrient sources along with NPK and micronutrients will enhance the productivity over the application of only fertilizers. Optimum irrigation and integrated weed management help to improve millet productivity. Millets can assure agricultural sustainability in drylands under intercropping system. Intercropping millet with various pulses and oilseeds offers a significant opportunity to make the most efficient use of land and other resources. This diversification can enhance agricultural productivity and better address the needs of a growing population.

Agronomic Interventions for Optimizing Productivity in Millets: A Review

<div>Background: Soybean leaf blight has been viewed as a possible biotic stress responsible for decreasing yield potential of soybean in Kashmir over the years. Therefore, its etiology and recording associated yield loss were deemed necessary corresponding to baseline findings for deciding any chemical or non-chemical intervention in disease management.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field and laboratory investigations were undertaken during crop periods of 2019 and 2020. Disease specimens were collected from various locations across valley and the pathogen was isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar medium. To identify the host range of soybean isolate, nine pulse crops were tested under controlled conditions (Tem. 22&plusmn;3&deg;C and RH&gt;80%). The relative yield loss and critical stage of chemical intervention were assessed by exposing soybean populations to disease at different phenological stages which created five different levels of disease in a field experiment laid in RBD with four replications. 
 
Result: Phoma sojicola (syn. Ascochyta sojicola) was associated pathogen of this disease of soybean in Kashmir. Typical disease symptoms on leaves comprised of roughly circular and brown lesions (up to 20 mm diameter) with concentric rings having interspersed pycnidia. Most often the diseased tissue fall apart and gives it a shot hole expression. Radial daily mycelial growth of the pathogen was 3.62 mm colony was grey olivaceous in the centre and light olivaceous towards periphery. Conidia were hyaline, oblong to ellipsoidal and 1-2 celled with average dimensions of 7.98 x 2.87 &micro;. Chlamydospores were brown olivaceous, globose to sub-globose with average dimensions of 16.89 x 9.30 &micro;. After artificial inoculation, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna sinensis, V. radiata, V. mungo, Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba and Cajanus cajan manifested disease symptoms after variable incubation periods of 8-13 days, while as Lens esculenta and Pisum sativum resisted the invasion. Early appearance of the Phoma blight (V-1 stage) in soybean can reach a terminal intensity of 67.16 per cent besides causing 51.72 per cent yield loss. Tolerable yield loss (5.63%) was achieved only when the crop was maintained disease free up to R-3 (beginning pod development) stage.</div>

​Phoma Blight of Soybean in Kashmir: Etiology, Relative Yield Losses and Critical Stage of Management Intervention

<div>Background: Postpartum anoestrus is the most devastating cause of the dairy farming which causes more economic losses to the farmers. The present study was conducted to record the incidence of postpartum anoestrus and to evolve a suitable therapeutic regime for addressing postpartum anoestrus in Lakhimi cows. 
 
Methods: A total of 1000 Lakhimi cows maintained in different villages of Assam were selected and the incidence rate was recorded on the basis of breeding records provided by the farmers, per-rectal examination and ultrasonography screening of genital organ. To study the effect of hormonal and nutritional interventions in post partum anoestrus cows, the cows were divided randomly into seven groups comprising twelve animals in each group. The different treatment regimes were Hydroxyprogesterone caproate + eCG, Clomiphene citrate alone, Clomiphene citrate + Mineral mixture, GnRH analogue alone, GnRH analogue + Mineral mixture, Mineral mixture alone and control. The response to different treatment regimes was based on oestrus response, mean interval from the end of treatment to onset of oestrus and conception rate. 
 
Result: The incidence of postpartum anoestrus was found to be 20.60%. Clomiphene citrate + Mineral mixture administration regime brought about the highest oestrus induction response (100.00%) and conception rate (66.67%).</div>

​Induction of Postpartum Oestrus in Lakhimi Cows through Hormonal and Nutritional Interventions

Climate change has been the major threat to livestock systems sustainability globally. This climate change has provoked many stressors, for instance, cold, heat, humidity, rain, ice and wind, that can directly or indirectly exert influence on the endocrine system and impact the performance of an animal including their production potential, reproductive system and regular estrous cycle. Also, the environmental stressors can contribute to the amenability of animals to infections; it is therefore, vital to understand how stressors alter the animal&rsquo;s adaptive capacity and efficient methods in coping stress. This review aims at the scientific evidences regarding challenges due to cold stress and its potential mitigation by nutritional interventions. The cold is amongst the most potential environmental stressors which can adversely affect production potential as well as the growth of animals. Under cold stress the animals&rsquo; dietary intake increases, but the production capacity declines, furthermore, it can also culminate in physiological fluctuations, behavioral shift, tissue and intestinal impairment and soaring death rate. Maintenance of animal in its thermoneutral zone is important, otherwise any deviation from it proves life threatening. So, to cut back on the economic losses timely course of action must be taken to prevent the damages ascribed to the stressor. To maintain the production performance along with profitability, it is thus recommended to adapt scientific feeding regimens and also incorporate feed supplements (especially vitamins and minerals) to combat the devastating effects of cold stress.

Mitigating Cold Stress in Livestock by Nutritional Interventions: A Comprehensive Review

<div>Background: Bio-fortification, the process of integrating nutrients into food crops, provides a sustainable and economic way of increasing the density of micronutrients in important staple crops. Agronomic bio-fortification is the easiest, practicable and fastest way for bio-fortification of pulse grains with Fe, Zn, or other desirable micronutrients. Increasing micronutrient rich foods and improving dietary diversity will substantially reduce micronutrient disorders. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during the post rainy seasons of 2015, 2016 and 2017 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur (Karnataka) to know the effect of soil and foliar fertilization of Zn and Fe on chickpea genotypes. Two genotypes (Annigeri 1 and JG 11) and six fertilization treatments (Control, 0.5% Zn, 0.1% Fe, Zn + Fe, seed treatment with 2 g Zn kg-1 seeds and soil application of Zn) were tested in medium black soils in split plot design with three replications. 
 
Result: The pooled data of three seasons indicated that the genotype JG 11, performed better than Annigeri 1 in terms of seed yield (1309 kgha-1), net returns (₹&nbsp;31634ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.52). On biofortification of Zn and Fe, foliar fertilization of Zn @ 0.5% + Fe @ 0.1% at flowering stage recorded significantly higher grain yield (1321 kgha-1), net returns (₹ 31179ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.44) over rest of the treatments. Further, foliar fertilization of Zn + Fe had significant influence on nutrient concentration (Zn and Fe) in chickpea grains. Thus, it could be concluded that combined biofortification of Zn + Fe to chickpea crop could be the viable agronomic intervention for getting higher productivity and nutritional security.</div>

<div>Biofortification of Zn and Fe in Chickpea through Agronomic Intervention in Medium Black Soils of Karnataka</div>

Background: Modern poultry genotypes produce more body heat due to their greater metabolic activity accompanied with tropical environment often worsens the situation. Nutritional interventions play an important role in ameliorating the negative effects of heat stress which will be more economical and sustainable approach.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to evaluate the role of osmolyte (betaine) as a heat ameliorating agent, an experiment was conducted in broiler chicken with gradient levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg for a growing period of 42 days. Each group comprised 48 birds in six replicates of 8 each. Thermo-Humidity Index value ranged 85-87 throughout the experimental period. Production performance, immunity, gut morphometry, hemato-biochemical and stress indicators were studied.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Supplementation of betaine significantly improved production performance as well as breast meat yield (P&lt;0.05). Supplementation (1 and 1.5 g/kg) significantly (P&lt;0.01) improved both the humoral and cellular immunity. Betaine supplemented groups also depict significant (P&lt;0.01) rise in hemoglobin and relative immune organ weight.&nbsp; Addition of betaine to basal diet significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased the villus length and also lowered H:L ratio, with better ALT and AST values than the control. Villi structure was more improved in 1 g/kg dose level. The present study confirms that, supplementation of betaine at 1g/kg levels could significantly improve overall growth performance, gut morphology and welfare in heat stressed broiler chickens.

Effectiveness of long term community based nutrition intervention for prevention and management of anaemia among adolescent girls

Comparison of atracurium and vecuronium as muscle relaxants for ocular and orthopaedic interventions in dogs

Effect of Hoof Trimming Intervention on Milk Yield and Composition in Dairy Lame Cows

Impact of nutrition intervention on anthropometric parameters and KAP score on nutritional status of non-insulin dependent diabetics

Agronomic Interventions for Optimizing Productivity in Millets: A Review

Phoma Blight of Soybean in Kashmir: Etiology, Relative Yield Losses and Critical Stage of Management Intervention

Induction of Postpartum Oestrus in Lakhimi Cows through Hormonal and Nutritional Interventions

Mitigating Cold Stress in Livestock by Nutritional Interventions: A Comprehensive Review

Biofortification of Zn and Fe in Chickpea through Agronomic Intervention in Medium Black Soils of Karnataka

Mitigation of Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens during Hot Summer Seasons Through Betaine Hydrochloride Osmoprotectant Intervention