Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are expressed in response to heat stress and the polymorphism in HSP genes at single nucleotide level is reported to be associated with heat tolerance and production performance traits in cattle. ATP1B2 gene was mapped to Bos taurus autosome 19 (BTA 19) spanning nearly 4310bp, comprising 7 Exons and 6 Introns. The present study was conducted in Sahiwal cows (n=108) raised under sub-tropical climate with the objectives to identify SNPs in targeted regions (Intron 2, 4 and Exon 3, 5) of ATP1B2 gene and to analyze their association with heat tolerance traits in Sahiwal cows. Respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded during probable extreme hours in winter, spring and summer seasons. Heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) was also calculated to check the adaptability of the animals during the period of heat stress. The comparative sequence analysis revealed a total of two SNPs in Intron 2 of ATP1B2 gene i.e. g.2243G&gt;A and g.2366T&gt;C. Out of these two identified SNPs, only one SNP i.e. g.2243G&gt;A was found to be significantly (PC, RR, RT and HTC were having non-significant association with the different genotypes i.e. TT and TC. These findings suggest that AA and GA genotype of SNP g.2243G&gt;A of ATP1B2 gene can be utilized as potential marker for propagating thermo-tolerant cattle.

Novel SNPs in ATP1B2 Gene and their Association with Heat Tolerance Indicator Traits in Sahiwal Cattle

<div>Thermal stress is a unique and complex process which alters the normal physiological mechanisms. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to be highly conserved and ubiquitous proteins synthesized in response to several stimuli. The HSP inducers have been categorized as environmental (heat shock, UV radiation, heavy metals, amino acids, oxidative stress, etc.) pathological (bacterial or parasitic infections, fever, inflammation, etc.) and physiological (growth factors, cell differentiation, hormonal stimulation or tissue development, caloric restriction, etc.). The HSPs play an important role for maintaining cellular functioning under environmental challenges and protein denaturation conditions. There is a great potential for using HSP72 expression to detect natural adaptation and exposure to stress in natural populations. Leptin is a 16 kDa polypeptide hormone secreted primarily from the cells of white adipose tissue. Leptin acts through both central and peripheral mechanisms to affect feeding behaviour, lipid and glucose metabolism, thermogenesis, reproductive and endocrine functions. Leptin also plays an important role in the regulation of body weight and composition, e.g. reduction in feed intake and increase in energy expenditure. Bovine lymphocytes express Ob-Rb gene (leptin receptor) and also express leptin. There are ample information on the central role of leptin in brain and neural tissue regulation. In dairy cattle, the increase in milk yield has been associated with a negative energy balance and a decrease in fertility during early lactation. The hormone leptin is involved in regulation of nutritional status and reproductive function.</div>

Role of HSP and Leptin in Dairy Animals during Thermal Stress: A Review

Background: Cellular tolerance to heat stress is mediated by heat shock proteins (HSPs). The HSPs act as molecular chaperones and are transcribed in response to stress. Among different families of these proteins, HSP70 is considered to be related to the development of temperature tolerance. Unraveling polymorphism in heat shock protein genes could be a step towards the identification of genetic markers for selecting heat-tolerant cattle.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was carried out in Sahiwal (n=50) and Crossbred cows (n=50) with the objective to identify polymorphisms in HSP70 gene. Two fragments (295 and 220 bp) of HSP70 gene were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique. Statistical analysis was performed to study the association of each SSCP genotype on physiological, production and reproduction traits in Sahiwal and crossbred cows using the univariate GLM model of SPSS 25. 
 
Result: The PCR-SSCP of 295 bp fragment of HSP70 gene revealed two genotypes AA and AB in Sahiwal cows and two genotypes AA and AC in crossbred cows. The association analysis revealed that genotype AA had higher peak milk yield in Sahiwal cows while the same genotype had higher total lactation milk yield, lower service period and calving interval in crossbred cows. The 220 bp fragment was found to be monomorphic in both Sahiwal and crossbred cows.&nbsp;

Association of SSCP Polymorphisms of HSP70 Gene with Physiological, Production and Reproduction Performance in Sahiwal and Crossbred Cows

Expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) synthesized by bacterium (Pseudomonas spp.) during stress condition (elevated temperature) is identified and studied their association in adaptation to environmental extremes. Collection, screening, isolation and identification of zoom land soil bacterium were carried out by growing bacterial cells on selective Agar Cetrimide media. Optimization of culture conditions (incubation time and temperature) for the maximum production of cell (Dry Cell Weight) also considered for the identified organism (Pseudomonas spp.) in LB media during micro-aerobic batch culture; where maximum cell growth was found 1.80 gm/L at 10 hours incubation period and 37&deg;C incubation temperature, while rpm was 120. Subsequently, bacterial cell was grown in LB media for 6 hours at 37&deg;C and 120 rpm into shaking incubator, then incubated for 2 hours, where maximum cell growth was observed 2.38 &plusmn; 0.06 gm/L during elevated temperature (50&deg;C), stimulated by heat shock proteins. Then different intracellular and extracellular soluble protein extraction, purification was attempted from soil bacterium by centrifugation, sonication, repeated freezing and thawing. SDS-PAGE was performed for the separation of heat shock protein, where protein bands intensity 90, 84, 70 and 45 kDa were found according to their molecular weight. Pseudomonas spp. can produce heat shock protein during harsh condition which can help them to survive by effective adaptation mediated by universal regulatory mechanisms affecting several pathways. Hsps are expected to play a significant role to conferring tolerance in response to changes in high temperature. They are also responsible for survival of bacterial cells and increasing soil fertility which associated with virulence. So, this study will help to understand the impact of soil microorganisms to revive the soil fertility though people burn their paddy fields after harvesting in zoom areas of Bangladesh.&nbsp;

Studies of heat shock protein response isolated from zoom&nbsp;land soil bacterium (Pseudomonas spp.)&nbsp;

Background: Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP70, are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed proteins that are synthesized in response to a variety of stressors. Among these, HSP70 plays a crucial role in cellular protection during heat stress by being rapidly up-regulated, thereby exerting a cytoprotective effect. Acting as molecular chaperones, HSPs help maintain the proper three-dimensional structure of proteins under adverse environmental conditions. As a result, they enhance cellular adaptability and contribute significantly to stress tolerance and thermal regulation. The present study aimed to examine the expression pattern of the HSP70 gene in Red Kandhari cattle across different seasons, with a particular focus on assessing relative thermal stress during summer in comparison to the winter and rainy seasons. 
 
Methods: In the present experiment, apparently healthy, male (n=12) and females (n=12) experimental animals of Red Kandhari cattle with the average age ranging from 1-4 yrs were selected from Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani. Blood samples (2 mL) were collected once for the three different seasons viz. summer: April-May (May: THI 83.36), rainy: June-September (September: THI 78.24) and winter: January-February (January: THI 67.84) during 2023. A quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) expression study was undertaken to evaluate the relative m-RNA expression pattern of the HSP70 gene during different seasons. 
 
Result: The study revealed that the relative mRNA expression of the HSP70 gene was significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) during the summer season compared to the winter and rainy seasons in Red Kandhari cattle. Additionally, expression levels were significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) in the rainy season than in winter. These findings suggest that fluctuations in ambient temperature and humidity lead to increased HSP70 gene expression. Notably, during the summer, the elevated expression of heat shock proteins in Red Kandhari cattle appears to support cellular adaptability, enhance stress tolerance and maintain thermal homeostasis.

Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) m-RNA Expression Pattern during Different Seasons in Red Kandhari Cattle of India

<div>Heat shock response (HSR) is a universal mechanism in all organisms upon heat shock (HS) to prevent stress damages. It is under tight regulation by heat shock factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs). On the attenuation of HSR, Heat Shock Factor Binding Protein1 (HSBP1) interacts with HSF1 and thus converting the active trimer form of HSF1 to inert monomer state. Thus, play an important role in regulating heat shock genes. The present study aimed to explore single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in HSBP1 and their association with the thermo tolerance traits (respiration rate, rectal temperature and heat tolerance coefficient) for identification of most thermal adapted Murrah buffaloes. Two hundred female Murrah buffaloes were genotyped using custom sequencing to identify SNP. Only one novel SNPs in exon 3 at position g.1892C&gt;T and two nucleotide variation g.1327C&gt;G and g.1202C&gt;T were identified through direct DNA sequence scanning. Homozygous wild type genotypes (CC) were found in higher frequency (0.84, n=168) than homozygous recessive (0.10, n=20) and heterozygous (0.06, n=12) mutant genotypes at SNP locus g.1892C&gt;T. The association among the different genotype of this SNP locus with thermo tolerance was analyzed using Generalized Linear Model procedure in Statistical Analysis System. However, no significant difference was detected among the genotypes in terms of thermo tolerance traits in the study.</div>

<div>Novel SNP identified in HSBP1 gene and its association with thermal tolerance traits in Murrah buffalo</div>

<div>Background: ROS ( Reactive Oxygen Species) accumulated&nbsp; during heat stress induced oxidative stress is involved in triggering the activation of transcription factor, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) which further results in the up regulation of HSP. A cooperation between PGC1&alpha; and HSF1 in the induction of HSPs in response to thermal stress was reported in mice. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of HS (Heat Stress) on HSP-70 and PGC-1&alpha; expression in broilers.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Method: The study was conducted in two phases, one during autumn and the other during summer with a total of 300 birds. During the first phase, 60 chicks were divided into six replicates with 10 birds in each and during the second phase, 240 chicks were divided into four groups with six replicates containing 10 birds in each. The experimental rations given to different groups were as control (Basal ration), HS I (Basal ration), HS II (Basal ration+0.3 ppm Se, HS III (Basal ration+0.6 ppm Se) and HS IV (Basal ration+0.9 ppm Se). Hepatic tissues were collected for analysis at 21 d and 42 d. 
 
Result: The MDA levels and expression of HSP-70 protein in hepatic tissues were increased due to HS both at 21 and 42 d, while the expression of PGC-1&alpha; protein increased at 42 d. Se supplementation at 0.3 ppm was effective in decreasing the concentration of MDA and HSP-70 protein at 21d, whereas 0.6 ppm and 0.9 ppm were effective at 42d. Se supplementation decreased the expression of PGC-1&alpha; protein at 42 d during HS.</div>

Effect of Organic Selenium during HS in Broiler Chicken: The Interplay of HSP-70 and PGC-1&alpha;

<div>Background: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that play a critical role in recovering cells from stress and form a primary system for intra cellular self defense. They are highly conserved and play a crucial role in cellular thermo tolerance and heat stress response. Though there are many HSP genes, thermo tolerance is mainly correlated with HSP70 and HSP90 genes in Livestock species. Polymorphisms in these genes have shown an association with heat tolerance, milk production, fertility and disease susceptibility in livestock. They can be used as genetic markers for the selection of animals with better climate resilience, immune response and superior performance. 
 
Methods: The present study was carried out in Sahiwal (n=50) and Crossbred cows (n=50) with the objective to identify polymorphisms in HSP90AA1 gene. A 450 bp fragment of bovine HSP90AA1 gene covering exon3 was subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique to identify the polymorphism. PCR-SSCP patterns were correlated with the physiological, productive and reproductive traits in Sahiwal and crossbred cows using the univariate GLM model of SPSS 25. 
 
Result: The PCR-SSCP of exon 3 of HSP90AA1 gene yielded two conformational patterns AA and AB corresponding to two allelic variants A and B in both Sahiwal and crossbred cows. The allele frequencies of A and B were 0.78 and 0.22 and 0.84 and 0.16 in Sahiwal and crossbred cows, respectively. The association analysis of SSCP patterns revealed that genotype AA had higher lactation length in Sahiwal cows and higher total lactation milk yield and peak yield in crossbred cows.&nbsp;</div>

​Genetic Polymorphism within Exon 3 of HSP90AA1 Gene&nbsp;and its Association Studies in Sahiwal and Crossbred Cows

Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are group of proteins which are synthesized during heat stress. HSP genes have been reported to be associated with heat tolerance and production performance in cattle. HSP90AA1 gene has been mapped on Bos taurus autosome 21 (BTA 21) and spans nearly 5368 bp comprising 11 exons out of which first exon does not translate. The present study was carried out in Sahiwal cows (n=100) with the objectives to identify SNPs in targeted regions (exon 3, 7, 8 &amp; 11) of HSP90AA1 gene and to analyze their association with heat tolerance traits in Sahiwal cows. Respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) was recorded once during probable extreme hours in winter, spring and summer season. Further, heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) also calculated to see the adaptability of the animals during the period of heat stress. On the basis of comparative sequence analysis, total five SNPs were revealed at position of A1209G, A3292C, T4935C, T5218C and A5224C in the targeted region of HSP90AA1 gene. Out of these, only two SNPs at A1209G and A3292C loci were found significantly associated with heat tolerance traits in Sahiwal cows. Whereas, THI has a highly significant associated with RR, RT and HTC in all the seasons. At A1209G locus in Sahiwal cows for traits RR, genotype AA (18.40&plusmn;0.46a), AG (19.60&plusmn;0.85b) and GG (21.18&plusmn; 0.64ab) and trait HTC AA (1.78&plusmn;0.04a), AG (1.85&plusmn;0.03b) and GG (1.91&plusmn; 0.02c) differ significantly (p&lt;0.01) while trait RT, AG (38.32&plusmn;0.10b) and GG (38.27&plusmn;0.08ab) didn&rsquo;t differ significantly. For a locus A3292C for traits RR, genotype AA (21.55&plusmn;1.01a), AC (19.66&plusmn;1.59b) and CC (18.40&plusmn;1.03c) differ significantly (p&lt;0.05), while traits RT, genotype AA (38.41&plusmn;0.12), AC (38.28&plusmn;0.20) and CC (37.96&plusmn;0.15) didn&rsquo;t differ significantly. For trait HTC, AA (1.93&plusmn;0.04a), AC (1.85&plusmn;0.06b) and CC (1.79&plusmn;0.05c) found significantly (p&lt;0.05) differ with each other. Our study indicated that Sahiwal cows of AA and AC genotype had better thermo-tolerance capacity, which had been useful for genetic improvement of Sahiwal cattle for heat tolerance traits.

Novel SNPs in ATP1B2 Gene and their Association with Heat Tolerance Indicator Traits in Sahiwal Cattle

Role of HSP and Leptin in Dairy Animals during Thermal Stress: A Review

Association of SSCP Polymorphisms of HSP70 Gene with Physiological, Production and Reproduction Performance in Sahiwal and Crossbred Cows

Studies of heat shock protein response isolated from zoom land soil bacterium (Pseudomonas spp.)

Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) m-RNA Expression Pattern during Different Seasons in Red Kandhari Cattle of India

Novel SNP identified in HSBP1 gene and its association with thermal tolerance traits in Murrah buffalo

Effect of Organic Selenium during HS in Broiler Chicken: The Interplay of HSP-70 and PGC-1α

Genetic Polymorphism within Exon 3 of HSP90AA1 Gene and its Association Studies in Sahiwal and Crossbred Cows

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 90AA1 gene and their association with heat tolerance traits in Sahiwal cows