<div>Background: Garden pea is one of the most important legume crop which require proper crop management practices. Crop regulation is an important practices which enhancing the productivity of garden pea with higher economic return. This can be done by adopting proper application of PGRs. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the effect of PGRs on growth and yield of garden pea. 
 
Methods: The present study was laid out on garden pea (Pisum sativum subsp. hortense) cv. Azad Pea-3 in a randomized block design with three replications and ten treatments comprising different levels NAA, GA3 and Salicylic acid at various stages. The data on growth and yield were recorded and analyzed statistically applying the analysis of variance technique. 
 
Result: Results revealed that the plants treated with 120 ppm gibberellic acid showed 45.39% 38.55%, 40.60% and 32.84% increment in plant height, length of pod, width of pod and number of seeds per pod and taken lowest number of days to 50% flowering over control, respectively. The use of 40 ppm NAA exhibited maximal enhancement in number of pods per plant (57.43-68.02%), seed weight per pod and Pod yield per hectare (50.62-60.26%) over remaining treatments. Conclusively, the results suggest that foliar application of PGRs favors the growth and yield of garden pea.</div>

Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Yield Components in Garden Pea

<div>Background: Drought is one of the most important abiotic factors that limit the growth and development of plants all over the world. In Ethiopia, wheat is the second most important crop and occupies third in total production in the African countries. Low productivity as compared to the national production scale is due to water stress. The present work aimed to study the effect of water stress on the growth and yield performance of wheat. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in an exceeding greenhouse at East Gojjam Zone, Debre Markos University in 2017-2018 to assess the effects of wheat to water stress applied at different growth stages. The experiment comprised of two water stress treatments, maintained by withholding water at tillering, anthesis and at each stage. Different growth and yield performance data were collected and analyzed by SAS software. 
 
Result: Water stress caused a reduction in leaf relative water contents, water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, growth and yield components of the wheat. The results indicated that successive stress at growth stages caused a severe reduction in vegetative growth parameters of wheat. Therefore, the results indicated that the high value of relative water content was related to exaggerated yield and its components of crops. The water-stressed treatment has reduced the growth and yield performance of wheat than unstressed treatments. This was due to a reduction in the osmotic activities of plants.</div>

<div>Growth and Yield Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to under Water Stress Conditions</div>

<div>Background: Black gram (Vigna mungo. L) is one of the most cultivated legume pulse crop with high nutritive value and Malabar neem (Melia dubia) is an emerging industrial agroforestry tree in Southern India. To maximize the land utilization with a field experiment was conducted at Western zone of Tamil Nadu to investigate the performance of black gram varieties under different spatial arrangements of Melia dubia plantations. 
 
Methods: An agroforestry trial was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications during kharif and rabi (2019-20) season. Black gram crop varieties (V1 - CO6 and V2 - VBN 6) were intercropped with M. dubia (1.5 year old plantation) with three different spacing of S1 (3&nbsp;x 1.5 m), S2 (3 x 3 m) and S3 (4 x 4 m) while S0 as open field (Sole crop of black gram) for both the season. 
 
Result: The results of pooled analysis of two season shown that, treatment S0V2 recorded plant height (49.96 cm), number of branches (3.76), number of leaves (259.75), number of flowers (53.44), number of pods (22.85), seed yield per plant (5.38 g) and seed yield per hectare (0.82 tonnes) in open condition. Similarly in intercropping the growth and yield attributes of black gram were minimum performance recorded in CO 6 at closer spacing (3 x 1.5 m). In tree growth maximum pooled height increment (1.57 m) was observed in closer spacing (3 x 1.5 m) and maximum diameter recorded in wider spacing of both varieties. Hence wider spacing of S3 (4 x 4 m) can be suggested for intercropping under M. dubia plantations upto 4 years.</div>

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Growth and Yield Performance of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Malabar Neem (Melia dubia) Plantations in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu

Background: Integrated management of soil, water and nutrient resources is critical in improving animal feed production sustainably as it is highly resource demanding. Barley is considered as an excellent choice for animal feed owing to its rich nutritional composition, energy content, palatability, versatility and economic feasibility. Implementing sustainable crop management practices that improve soil health as well as enhance water and nitrogen availability is critical for improving crop productivity and ensuring improved animal feed production in these challenging environments. In arid regions with scarce water resources and less fertile soil, an interplay between water availability and nitrogen fertilization plays a significant role in enhancing barley production. Thus adoption of conservation agricultural practices coupled with optimized irrigation and fertilization regime is crucial in establishing sustainable animal feed production in the region. However, much insight is not delivered in the area of interactive effects of irrigation and fertilization with conservational agricultural practices on sustainable intensification of animal feed production in arid and semi-arid lands. The study investigated the interactive effect of tillage, mulching, irrigation and nitrogen application rates on growth and yield performance of barley under Kuwait&rsquo;s environmental conditions. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted at KISR Station for Research and Innovation-KSRI (29.3156&deg;N, 47.8403&deg;E), Kuwait. The effect of tillage and mulching on the growth and yield performance of barley was evaluated under combinations of three different irrigation (100% ETc, 75% ETc&nbsp;and 50% ETc) and fertilization application rates (0 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha). Split-split plot experimental design was employed with three replications to study the effect of different treatments on plant height, number of plants per square meter, spike length, number of spikes per square meter, biomass yield, grain weight, harvest index and residue yield. 
 
Result: Tillage, mulching, irrigation and fertilization application rates imposed a significant interaction effect on barley biomass and grain yield. Minimum tilled plots with mulching under 100% ETc&nbsp;irrigation and 100 kgN/ha recorded the highest biomass and residue yield. For grain yield, minimum as well as conventional tillage with mulching produced the highest value under 100% ETc&nbsp;irrigation and 50 kgN/ha. Highest plant height and number of spikes per square meter was noted in plots with minimum tillage and mulching under 100% ETc&nbsp;irrigation.

Effect of Tillage and Mulching on Growth and Yield Performance of Barley under Different Nitrogen and Irrigation Application Rates

<div>Background: Water scarcity is one of the major problems faced by farmers for crop production. Productivity and sustainability of a crop like wheat which is highly susceptible to water stress could be affected the most. Identifying and growing such varieties of wheat which could thrive under restricted irrigation could solve the problem. The current study aimed to evaluate the performance of certain new wheat genotypes under restricted irrigation. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted in eastern sub-Himalayan plains during Rabi season, 2016-2017 to evaluate the performance of certain wheat genotypes under restricted irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three different levels of irrigation, viz., no irrigation, one irrigation at CRI stage, two irrigations at CRI and booting stage, randomly allotted in main plots; while six genotypes comprising HI 1612, HD 2888, C 306, K 8027, HD 3171 and K 1317 were randomly allocated in sub plots. 
 
Result: It was observed that with increase in number of irrigation, the overall biomass production increased irrespective of genotypes. The highest biomass (7.38 t ha-1) was achieved in plots where two irrigations were given. Higher leaf area with increased plant height and tiller number as well as higher values of major yield components viz., number of spikes m-2 and number of filled grain spike-1 were also achieved in plots receiving two irrigations. The twice irrigated plot also exhibited higher yields (3.02 t ha-1) as compared to once irrigated plot. With increase in number of irrigation the grain yield increased significantly. Among the genotypes, HI 1612 reflected the maximum grain yield (2.76 t ha-1) under restricted irrigation though there was no significant variation in grain yield achieved with the other 5 genotypes except HD 3171.</div>

<div>Growth and Yield Performances of Wheat Genotypes under Restricted Irrigation in Eastern Sub-Himalayan Plains</div>

Background: A field experiment entitled &ldquo;Performance of Sulphur and boron on growth and yield of Urd bean (Vigna mungo L.) was carried out during Zaid season 2023 on the farms of Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab. 
 
Methods: The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block design having ten treatments which are replicated three times. The treatments include T1: Control, T2: RDF + 0.1% Boron, T3: RDF +&nbsp; 0.2% Boron, T4: RDF + 0.3% Boron., T5: RDF +&nbsp; 17.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur, T6: RDF +&nbsp; 35 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur, T7: RDF +&nbsp; 52.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur, T8: RDF +&nbsp; 0.1% Boron + 17.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur, T9: RDF +&nbsp; 0.2% Boron + 35 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur, T10: RDF +&nbsp; 0.3% Boron + 52.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur. 
 
Result: The results of study indicated that the agronomic characteristics of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) crop were significantly maximum in plots treated with 0.2% Boron + 35 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur along with RDF and gave maximum growth and yield. The seed yield of 10.95 q ha-1, stover yield of 24.03 q ha-1&nbsp;and 31.30% harvest index with net return of Rs. 51668.67 ha-1&nbsp;and B:C ratio of 1.62. Thus, it is suggested that the 0.2% Boron + 35 kg ha-1&nbsp;Sulphur along with recommended dose of fertilizer (12: 25 kg NP ha-1) would be useful in achieving maximum growth and yield of black gram under similar agro-climatic conditions and soil properties. 
&nbsp;

Performance of Sulphur and Boron on Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field investigation was conducted during the kharif season of 2014 to optimize N doses and planting densities for enhanced growth and yield performance of maize under rainfed conditions of Nagaland. &nbsp;Application of N @ 80 kg/ha resulted in higher N uptake and enhanced growth of maize ultimately expressing superior yield attributes and registering the highest grain and stover yields of 3518.5 and 6976.01 kg/ha respectively. Maintaining a planting density of 55,555 plants/ha at a spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm was found to provide optimum crop stand in maize resulting in higher N uptake and favourable growth consequently recording better yield attributes and maximum grain yield of 2941.66 kg/ha. However, higher planting density of 74,074 plants/ha at a spacing of 45 cm x 30 cm was found to be more effective for higher stover yields up to 6772.63 kg/ha.&nbsp;</div>

Assessment of nitrogen doses and planting densities for optimizing growth and yield performance of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.)

<div>Background: Indian agriculture continues to be a gamble with monsoon, Direct seeded rice (DSR) can prove to be a promising method technically and economically, which is an achievable alternative to transplanted rice. On the other hand, the soil has become dilapidated of late due to ill-agricultural practices. Therefore, soil fertility and productivity restoration are in dire need, which can be done through integrated nutrient management. 
 
Methods: The investigation was conducted to assess the impact of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield performance of direct seeded rice in dyrtrudepts of Nagaland at the experimental farm of the School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Medziphema Campus, Nagaland University, during kharif season of 2019 and 2020. A randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments was applied for the trial.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Application of 100% RDF + 2 t FYM ha-1 + PSB (T5) significantly increased the growth parameters, yield attributes&nbsp;and yield of direct seeded rice which was at parity with T4 (100% RDF + 2 t FYM ha-1) in both the years of cultivation. Therefore, the integrated use of nutrients favored the growth and yield characteristics of direct-seeded rice.</div>

Assessing the Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Growth and Yield Performance of Direct Seeded Rice in Dystrudepts of Nagaland

Background: The increasing pressure on land resources, climate variability and need for sustainable intensification, cultivating pulses with fingermillet appears as a practical and ecologically sound strategy in rainfed agriculture. Legume inclusion provides sustainability to non-legume cereal components by enriching soil fertility, increasing system productivity and economic returns. Fingermillet + pulses intercropping system helps to conserve moisture, improve soil physical properties and buildup soil fertility. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted in randomized block design on the Experimental Farm of the College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Science, CAU(I), Kyrdemkulai, Meghalaya during kharif season of 2023 and 2024 to assess the performance of fingermillet + kharif pulses intercropping system as well as growth and yield behaviour of intercrop kharif pulses viz., greengram and blackgram as intercrops with different row ratios.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the fingermillet + greengram intercropping treatments, the highest value of growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of greengram were found with fingermillet + greengram at 3:3 row ratio followed by 2:2. Similarly, under differnent fingermillet + blackgram intercropping treatments, 3:3 row ratio recorded highest values of growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of blackgram. However, fingermillet + greengram at 4:2 row ratio registered significantly more FMEY (3.2 t ha-1) and LER (1.34) as compared to sole fingermillet among the different fingermillet pulses intercropping system. Furthermore, fingermillet + kharif pulses intercropped treatments were able to maintain higher levels of available soil N after completion of the two years experiment.&nbsp;

Growth and Yield of Intercrop Kharif Pulses and Performance of Fingermillet + Kharif Pulses Intercropping System as Influenced by Different Row Ratios

<div>The present investigation was undertaken in randomized block design with two replications during rabi-2018 at Instructional-cum-Research Farm, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. A set of 15 germplasm of French bean viz. Phule Suyash, Phule Surekha, Contender, Sevil, Arka Suvidha, Arka Komal, IC -039081, IC -28008, EC -28304, EC -500354, EC -500377, Selection -9, Falguni, Vaishnavi and EC -530909 was evaluated. The data indicated the &nbsp;significant differences with respect to growth and yield among the various germplasm of french bean. The earliest 50% flowering was seen in Contender (33.13 days) whereas the maximum number of days required for 50% flowering was in IC- 0339081 (45.60 days) closely followed by Falguni (42.20). As far as the numbers of primary branches per plant, Arka Suvidha had 2.70 at 30 DAS and 3.80 at 45 DAS while the germplasm IC-28008 recorded the highest number of secondary branches per plant (6.80 and 8.60) at 45 and 60 DAS, respectively. The tallest plants &nbsp;were observed in Phule Surekha (22.90 cm) &nbsp;at 30 DAS while at 45 and 60 DAS, taller plants were noticed in IC-28008 (78.70 and 93.75cm, respectively). The number of pod cluster per plant was found to range from 28.60 (EC-28304) to 12.00 (Selection-9). The highest pod length and width were noticed in Selection -9 and Phule Surekha (14.29 cm and 1.51cm, respectively) whereas the least pod length was found in Phule Surekha and Vaishnavi (9.21cm and 0.69cm, respectively). The highest number of pods per plant (162.40), individual pod weight (3.85g) and number of seeds per pod (7.60) were higher in EC -500354 which resulted in higher yield per hectare &nbsp;(34.73 t) followed by Arka Komal (24.22 t) and Phule Surekha (21.42 t.).&nbsp;</div>