<div>Background: Present study on determining the region of origin of raw materials, the authenticity of organic food products is relevant. The determination of the natural content of stable isotopes are not able to answer these questions. The solution can be obtained by studying the ratios and fractionation of stable isotopes, which provide information on the transformations of chemical elements in biological, ecological and geochemical studies.</div>

<div> 
Methods: During 2020-2021 obtained data on the content of magnesium isotopes in apple fruits of 14 varieties from three growing regions of the Russian Federation. Previously, over 10 years, a database was formed of more than 500 samples on the level of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen cations, depending on the variety and phase of fruit development.&nbsp;</div>

<div> 
Result: Research presents the results of determining the natural content of stable magnesium isotopes in apples, the isotopic composition and their fixation, depending on different regions of the growth of raw materials. The isotopic composition of apples (26Mg/24Mg) varies from 0.1669047 to 0.1782649; the deviation of the magnesium isotopic composition from the conventional standard varies within 25.52-43.52; their chemical fractionation has value: in Central Zone of Russia-185.2-212.3; South of Russia-248.0-311.5; North Caucasus-182.7-214.8.</div>

Isotopic Composition and Fractionation of Stable Magnesium Isotopes in Relation to Fruits Growing in Different Regions of Russia

<div>Background: Cereal Cyst Nematodes (CCN) are prevailing in all type of agricultural lands and responsible for enormous losses of cereal crops. The understandings on population densities and management of these nematode are required to improve crop health and productivity. 
 
Methods: A study was designed to assess the incidence of cereal cyst nematodes in wheat and rice monoculture cropping regions of eight districts of Punjab province, viz., Jhang, Khushab, layyah, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Gujranwala and Sargodha in Pakistan. Population densities of cereal cyst nematodes were studied by extracting the cysts and second stage juveniles from soil samples and identified the nematode species.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The CCNs were found in 80% of the total 250 samples collected from wheat and rice monoculture fields of at least one crop. In the soil samples collected from wheat fields, an average of 7 to 38 cysts/100g of dry soil with eggs and J2 population of 142-771 were recorded. Whereas from the soil samples of rice fields, 17 to 25 cysts/100g soil were found with 345 to 508 eggs and juveniles. Among the wheat fields, the lowest incidence of 5.5% was recorded in kot&ndash;momin and highest incidence of 16.88% was recorded in Silanwali tehsils of Sargodha region. In rice fields, 24.69 to 27.00% incidence of CCNs was noticed in soil samples of various surveyed regions. Three different species of Heterodera genus were morphologically identified from the collections. The species includes Heterodera oryzae, Heterodera avenae and Heterodera graminophila. H. oryzae was more abundant in rice growing regions while H. avenae and H. graminophila were present dominantly in wheat growing regions. This study provides an inclusive information regarding cereal cyst nematode densities and species in wheat-rice growing regions of Punjab province of Pakistan.</div>

<div>Incidence of Cereal Cyst Nematode Prevailing in Wheat-rice Growing Regions of Punjab Province, Pakistan</div>

Background: Redgram is a contribute to nutritional and food security of India. India contributes more than eighty (80%) percentage of redgram production in globe. With respect to India, redgram growing in Maharashtra state followed by Madhya Pradesh (MP), Karnataka, Andra Pradesh (AP) Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and it have area 3.89 million hectares. The production of regram is more than 3.31 million tonnes and productivity on an average of 849 kg per hectare. In Karnataka state redgram crop have nearly 0.83 million hectares area and production 0.62 million tonnes. The average yield of redgram crop is 734 kg per hectare. The study conducted to know and understand the communication characteristics and information seeking behaviour of redgram growers.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Redgram&rsquo;s communicative characteristics and information-seeking behaviours are the subject of the research investigation. The research was done in three districts (Kalaburgi, Bidar, and Yadgiri) in the north-eastern regions of Karnataka state during 2019-22. Districts above were purposefully chosen based on the rankings in area and redgram output. For the study total 180 sample size were randomly selected from research area. 
 
Result: The results from the study reveals more than half (53.34 %) of the redgram geowers belonged to medium category of mass media utilization, 38.89 per cent of respondents had medium level of information seeking behaviour and more than 1/3rd (38.33 %) of redgram grwoers had medium level of cosmopoliteness.

A Study on Communication Characteristics and Information Seeking Behaviour of Red Gram Growing Farmers in North-eastern Region of Karnataka

<div>Background: Overexploitation of productive lands creates serious problem of lowering the fertility status of soil and it leads to deterioration of soil. The deficiency of nutrients directly affects on the growth of crops and crop response become poor. Pea crop, like other plants, need different nutrients in varying quantities to achieve optimum growth and productivity. Soil fertility and its productivity are mainly affected by soil properties and nutrient status. Hence, it is necessary to assess the fertility status of soil with the consideration of available nutrients in soils and to recommend the specific nutrients for the proper management of soil.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during 2017-2019, about 135 geo-referenced soil samples were collected from 49 pea growing locations/ villages of Gohar and Sundernagar blocks of Mandi district. The collected (0-15 cm) soil samples were analyzed for different soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon and available N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content. Different thematic maps were prepared using Arc-GIS software version 10.2.1. 
 
Result: The investigations revealed that the soils were acidic to neutral in soil reaction and are in safe limits of electrical conductivity as the values were less than 0.8 dS m-1. Soil organic carbon status was found to be medium to high in surface layer. About 94.8 and 22.2% soil samples were recorded deficient in available N and Zn, whereas K, Cu and Zn were moderate in 53.3, 28.1 and 55.6% samples, respectively. On the basis of coefficient of variation, the soil pH and exchangeable Ca are least variable, whereas, available nutrients like N, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn are moderately variable. However, electrical conductivity, OC, available P, K, S, Cu and Zn are highly variable in the samples under investigation. This information will also help to adopt effective strategy on fertilizer use and cropping pattern.</div>

<div>Soil Fertility Appraisal for Pea Growing Regions of Himachal Pradesh using GPS and GIS Techniques</div>

<div>Background: The topographic and morphometric anatomy of various foramina provides an easy approach in performing nerve blocks by their proper tracking for regional anesthesia in surgical interventions. There is no previously reported information on the applied anatomy and clinical significance of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Indian mithun. The present study was designed to provide important clinical landmarks related to tracking of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerves with its clinical significance in regional anesthesia in mithun.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland state of India and processed as per the standard maceration technique. Altogether, a total of twelve measurements were taken in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun by using a digital vernier caliper and the results were expressed as mean&plusmn;standard deviation. The obtained parameters from the present study can be useful for an extraoral and intraoral approach for nerve block of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerve in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters related to regional anesthesia showed a significant statistical difference (P&lt;0.01** and P&lt;0.05*) between the males and females of mithun. It can be concluded from the present study that the various applied parameters of the present study will aid the clinicians in the implication of regional anesthesia in the head region of mithun.</div>

<div>Applied Anatomy of the Maxillofacial and Mandibular Regions of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis) and its Clinical Significance in Regional Anesthesia</div>

Background: Growth factors are active substances secreted by a variety of cells, acting as messengers to regulate cell migration, proliferation or differentiation, which had important regulatory roles in the growth of individual cells, tissues or organs. Growth factors can regulate the proliferation and differentiation ability of cells, which keep the internal environment stable and affect the body size. 
 
Methods: In order to investigate the influence of the changes of growth factors contents on body size in Eothenomys miletus from Hengduan mountain regions, E. miletus in Dali (DL), Jianchuan (JC), Lijiang (LJ), Xianggelila (XGLL) and Deqin (DQ) were collected and their 7 morphological indicators and 9 growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), growth hormone release inhibitory factor (GRIF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transcription elongation factor1 (TCEA1), a disintegrin and metalloprotease17 (ADAM7), branched-chain amino acid transaminase1 (BCAT1), high mobility group protein1 (HMG1) were measured. 
 
Result: The results showed that body size of E. miletus among five regions had significant differentiated, body mass, body length, forelimb length, hind limb length, tail length, IGF, bFGF, EGF, PDGF, TCEA1 contents in DL, JC and LJ were greater than those of in XGLL and DQ and the contents of GRIF, ADAM7, BCAT1 and HMG1 were also different, decreasing with the increasing of regional latitude. Moreover, the increases in the contents of growth factors lead to the increase of body size in E. miletus, which does not support Bergman&#39;s law. Regional differences in body size of E. miletus in different regions may be related to the changes in body mass, morphological indicators and the content of growth factors. Moreover, growth factors may affect the body size of E. miletus by affecting the proliferation of bone, epidermis, muscle and differentiation of cells.

Body Size Effect in Eothenomys miletus of Different Regions from Hengduan Mountain Regions: Roles of Growth Factor Contents

<div style="text-align: justify;">The Bundelkhand is a major pulses growing region of India. The livelihood of farm households in the region dependent on the agriculture and particularly on pulses as one of the major cultivated crop. The Bundelkhand region comprises of 13 districts which includes 7 districts from Uttar Pradesh and 6 districts from Madhya Pradesh. The major growing pulse crops are pigeonpea, urdbean, and mungbean cultivated during kharif and chickpea, field pea and lentil in rabi season. The study was conducted among 650 farmers to know the extent of adoption of improved pulse production practices and constraints perceived by the farmers in cultivation of the pulses in Bundelkhand region. The study revealed that all the sampled farmers of Hamirpur district were using improved seed of pulses whereas fertilize was applied by all the sampled farmers of Chitrakut district. The plant protection measures used by all the selected farmers of Chitrakut, Jalaun and Mahoba districts. In Madhya Pradesh, about 90% selected farmers of Sagar and Tikamgarh district were using improved seed of pulses, application of DAP and pest management done by all the farmers. About 70% farmers of Jhansi and Mahoba district farmers faced the problem of &nbsp;assess to quality seed while 70 % sampled farmers of Madhya Pradesh reported lack of knowledge about quality seed, non availability of fertilizers in Tikamgarh district, problem in lentil crop. Problem of weed management reported by 60-80% of sampled farmers from all the district of M. P. Thus it can be concluded that assess to quality seed, insect damage loss and menance of blue bull were the major constraints adversely impacted &nbsp;the pulse production in Bundhelkhand region.</div>

Multidimensional study of pulse production in Bundelkhand region of India

<div>The hot arid regions in India is spread in an area of 31.7 m ha, majority area being in Rajasthan (61%). The great Indian Thar desert is also located in this region. This region receives vary low rain fall with erratic distribution. Presence of harsh climatic condition such as high evapotranspiration, low relative humidity, with high aridity index and high wind velocity are other disadvantages. The soils are also light textured, less fertile, and prone to wind erosion. About 90 per cent of the area is dependent on monsoon rain for growing of annual crops which often fails due to insufficient rain or improper distribution. Despite these limitations, the region has good floral and faunal diversity that supports high human and livestock population. Many drought hardy perennial fruits and vegetables are grown with annual crops to complement farm income. Certain fruit crops like pomegranate (Punica granatum), Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), aonla (Emblica officinalis), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and Citrus species are grown commercially in irrigated areas. Many underutilized fruit crops also grow naturally or are cultivated. These include kair (Capparis decidua), lasora (Cordia myxa) jhar ber (Ziziphus nummularia), bordi (Ziziphus rotundifolia) pilu (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis), Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos), karonda (Carissa carandas), prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), kachri (Cucumis melo var. callosus) and snap melon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) etc. Most of these species are drought hardy with less incidence of pests and diseases yet give good yield despite environmental constraints. They serve as a source of nutrition for rural people being rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres and other bioactive compounds. Germplasm collection, evaluation, conservation, ethnomedicinal values, improvement, propagation, agrotechniques, post-harvest management, value addition and future prospects of some of these crops are discussed in the paper.</div>

<div>Underutilized Fruits and Vegetables in Hot Arid Regions of India: Status and Prospects: A Review</div>

<div>The present work has been made an attempt to delineate the agricultural regions in the Chamarajangara district with using of 2016-17 period data. It gives information about share of net sown area, different combinations of crop growing regions, crop concentration regions and crop diversification of the study region. The entire study is based on secondary data which all collected from Government departments of Chamarajanagara district. Chamarajanagara District is the southern-most district in the state of Karnataka. Chamarajanagara district is consisting of 4 taluks namely Chamarajanagara, Gundlupet, Kollegala and Yelandur. There are eleven crops were taken to delineate the agricultural regions in the study area. They are namely jowar, food grains, paddy, pulses, oilseed, ragi, maize, fruits, vegetables, cotton and sugarcane. Weaver&rsquo;s method, Bhatia&rsquo;s method, Gibbs and Martin index method has been used for this study. In the district five, six and eleven crops combinations can be seen among the four taluks. Five crops were cultivated in Yalandurtaluk, six crops cultivated in Gundlupet and Kollegaltaluk, eleven crops cultivated in Chamarajanagarataluk. Crop diversification has been varied from one region to another. The advantage of this present study helps to do better plan in the agriculture sector and helps to understand the situation of all the taluks.</div>

A Geographical Analysis of Agricultural Regionalization using of Geographical Information System: A Case Study of Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka State

Background: Assessing the forest suitability of soils is one of the key areas of agroforestry science. Research in this direction makes it possible to characterize areas where tree and shrub vegetation does not grow under natural conditions. The research carried out makes it possible to assess the possibilities of afforestation in the area of interest; they contribute to the perception of landscape diversity in the context of the reclamation efficiency of the created systems of protective forest plantings, their productivity and durability. Identification of soil suitability for forests is closely related to the assessment of soil quality and fertility. The study of forest suitability of soils has a pronounced regional aspect. This article presents materials from cartographic studies of the dry steppe zone of the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation. The study region is characterized by a wide variety of soil cover. Dark chestnut, chestnut soils and light chestnut soils are common in this zone. The processes of erosion, salinizationand deflation make a great contribution to the diversity of soil complexes. 
 
Methods: In this work, the cartographic research method is the main one. Achieving the research goal, creating a cartographic model of the forest vegetation properties of the study area, was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the contours of the soil map at a scale of 1:400000 were classified into forest suitability groups. During the second stage, based on the functionality of the QGIS software package, new soil contours were created. At the third stage, area characteristics were taken, share parameters were calculated and an analysis of changes in soil cover was carried out in natural and economic areas. The research materials presented in this article were obtained during the implementation of the state task of the research work of the FSC of Agroecology RAS. The research period is from 2021-08 to 2023-11. 
 
Result: The result of the research is the creation of a cartographic model of the forest suitability of soils in the dry steppe zone of the Volgograd region. Based on measuring the areas of soil contours for each of the 17 administrative districts, the ratio of groups of forest suitability of soils was established. The revealed value of the share indicator for the study area as a whole is as follows: soils I, forest suitability groups occupy 10.4% of the territory; II -9.3%; III - 68.3%; IV - 12%. The data obtained are necessary for planning agroforestry work in the study area.