<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc enriched Farm Yard Manures (FYM) on zinc deficient loamy sand soil and yield of mungbean[Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.]. Treatments consisted of 15 combinations of three levels of FYM i.e. F0 (no FYM), F1 (FYM @ 5 t ha-1) and F2 (FYM @ 10 t ha-1) and five treatments of enrichment i.e. Zn enrichment (EnZn1, EnZn2, and EnZn3) at three levels of Zn (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha-1) @ 500 kg ha-1 FYM and without enrichment (Zn0 and Zn1) at two levels of Zn (inorganic salts) i.e. 0 kg and 5 kg Zn ha-1, replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design (FRBD)during 2012. The enrichment process was started 50 days before their use in kharif season experiment on mung bean.The average improvement in seed yield of mungbean was 1179 kg ha-1. Zinc-enriched FYM and their straight application produced (10983kgha-1) 31.86 and 22.83% higher grain yield, respectively, relative to control Zn0 (8959kg ha-1).The yield was increased due to enrichment and it was achieved by 9.04 % over straight application of zinc. Zn uptake was recorded significantly higher under the EnZn2 (143.96 g ha-1) which was at par with EnZn3 (148.23 g ha-1) followed by EnZn1 (118.50 g ha-1) all these values are significantly higher than Zn0 (92.02 g ha-1).The average improvement in total uptake of Zn by mungbean was 48.71%higher due to zinc enriched FYM than the straight application of zinc. The application of zinc enriched FYM significantly increased available N, organic carbon andDTPA-extractable Zn with increasing the level of enrichment.The application of zinc enriched FYM had non-significant effect on bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture retention at 1/3 and 15 bar and CEC than control.Application of 2.5 kg Zn ha-1which wascomparable to enriched with FYM,in terms of higher seed yield of mungbean.</div>

Effect of zinc enriched farm yard manures on yield of mung bean and Physico-Chemical Properties of soil

<div><strong>Background:</strong> The uncertainty of groundnut productivity in the rainfed areas could be minimized by <em>in situ </em>conserving the soil moisture received through precipitation during the cropping period and improving the nutrient status.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu during 2014-2015 rabi season to find out the effect of charred rice husk and other organic materials enriched with or without fertilizer nutrient on the moisture retention and nutrient supply during the deficit period of crop growth. The treatment consists of charred rice husk, biochar, lignite and farm yard manure alone and enriched with the recommended dose of nitrogen (10 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and phosphorus (10 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) fertilizer and compared with the absolute control and recommended dose of fertilizer (10:10:45 kg NPK ha<sup>-1</sup>).<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The structural morphology of organic materials was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the particles of charred rice husk were uneven and the diameter varied from 3-4 &igrave;m with clod and block appearance, the particles of biochar were irregular in shape, uneven sized and diameter varied from 2-3 &igrave;m with block appearance and the lignite particles found spherical and aggregated. The chemical composition of organic manure with nutrient examined under SEM-EDAX revealed that the charred rice husk contains 64.31% carbon, 28.42% oxygen and 5.96% silica. Results of the study revealed that, application of enriched FYM at 5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> recorded significantly higher pod yield (2190 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>). The enriched biochar and charred rice husk produced comparable pod yield of 2010 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> and 1983 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively.</div>


<div>Enriched Charred Rice Husk to Improve the Nutrient Management in Rainfed Groundnut</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Foam fractionation technology works on the adsorptive bubble separation principle. This technique involves adsorption of the surface-active substances on to a gas-liquid interface and separation of these components from the liquid along with bubbles as foam. The foam separation technology has been successfully utilized in the recovery of proteins from solutions containing either a single protein or binary mixtures. To develop a foam fractionation technology for selective enrichment and recovery of whey proteins, it is essential to investigate the effect of different feed and process variables that affect the foam fractionation process. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of two important feed variables, such as pH and initial protein concentration on recovery and enrichment of total whey proteins as well as &alpha;-lactalbumin and &beta;-lactoglobulin.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> All the experiments were conducted in Agriculture and biosystems engineering lab and Alfred Dairy Science lab at South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota during 2011-2013. The experiments used four levels of initial protein concentration and five levels of feed pH. Yield and enrichment ratios were determined for total whey proteins, &alpha;-Lactalbumin (&alpha;-La) and &beta;-Lactoglobulin (&beta;-Lg).&nbsp;<br /><strong>Result:</strong> Whey protein yields ranged from 51.58 to 90.92%, while the enrichment ratios were between 1.2 to 5. The yield of &alpha;-La varied from 59 to 94% and the highest enrichment ratio of 8.45 was obtained with the treatment combination of initial protein concentration of 109 mg/L and pH of 5.1. Selective enrichment of &alpha;-La over &beta;-Lg was observed at a pH of 4.65 with &alpha;-La to &beta;-Lg ratio of 0.49. These findings will be helpful in selective enrichment and recovery of valuable proteins from Cheddar cheese whey using the foam fractionation process.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Foam Fractionation Technology for Enrichment and Recovery of Cheese Whey Proteins</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>A reliable method for controlling the sex of farm animals has the potential to revolutionize dairy farming. This can only be achieved by use of a method capable of separating X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa at lower cost and causing no significant damages to sperm viability. Realizing significance of buffaloes in Indian dairy farming, present study was aimed to develop appropriate density gradient model for enrichment of X chromosome bearing spermatozoa population in semen of Murrah buffalo bull.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Density gradient centrifugation (DGC) technique was employed for enriching X chromosome spermatozoa in buffalo bull semen using four gradient media <em>viz</em>., Percoll, Optiprep, Ficoll and Sucrose. Percentage enrichment of X chromosome bearing spermatozoa in all the DGC models was determined by SYBR green based Real Time PCR.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Our investigations revealed that number of layers and centrifugation speed (g) factors in a density gradient centrifugation model, have significant effect on the percentage enrichment of X chromosome content in semen samples.Three layers, four layers and five layers density gradient centrifugation models showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in the sex ratio towards X spermatozoa population in semen (61.72%&plusmn;0.81, 64.55%&plusmn;0.26 and 67.31&plusmn;0.33%) respectively. Density gradient centrifugation models with centrifugation speed (g) 200x g and 300x g also showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in the sex ratio towards X spermatozoa population in semen (66.36%&plusmn;0.25 and 62.69&plusmn;0.22%) respectively. Out of all DGC models, Optiprep density gradient model with 5 layers and centrifugation at 200xg (O3) yielded maximum enrichment (72.4%&plusmn;1.38). In conclusion, O3 poses to be a promising model for enrichment of X spermatozoa in buffalo bull semen.</div>


<div>Five Layered Optiprep based Density Gradient Model is a Promising Model for Enrichment of Viable X Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa in <em>Bubalus bubalis</em></div>


<div>The flowering process at single plant level in soybean is a continuous dynamic system. Whether a flower can survive to mature depends on where it is located and when it is initiated. A field experiment was conducted to analyse the effect of flowering asynchrony on single flower survival and response of flowers or pods distribution to light enrichment. Our data suggest that early flowers (number 1-5) definitely survive and develop into mature pod because they don&rsquo;t encounter fierce assimilates competition from other flowers or pods. Later flowers are usually prone to abortion, especially when five or more flowers at the same node in two soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr. namely, Heinong35 and Kennong18). The flowers on sub-raceme frequently fail to develop into pods. Compared with the flowers on main-raceme, that on sub-raceme maybe have weak competitive ability to assimilation. Most flowers on bottom branches successfully develop into pods due to the strong supply of assimilation from the leaves of branches. Light enrichment significantly increase the number of flowers or pods across the main axis. However, the rate of flower abortion is still relatively high by observing the distribution curves of flowers or pods under light enrichment. Soybean plant has the characteristic of excessive flower production and flower abscission is more likely to be expression of biological adaptability. &nbsp;</div>


<div>Light Enrichment, Flowering Asynchrony and Reproduction Success in Two Field-Grown Soybeans in Northern China</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>For the successful adoption of organic farming especially under protected cultivation conditions there is a dire need to enrich and fortify the different composts for meeting out the requirements of crops. Experiments were conducted at Model Organic Farm, Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSKHPKV, Palampur and at farmers field in Akrot, Una and Rajol Kangra of HP with an objective to evaluate different enriched composts under protected organic farming conditions.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The experiments were conducted with 9 treatments <em>viz</em>. Matka khad (M) + Rock phosphate (RP), Matka khad + Gypsum (G), Matka khad + Patent kali (PK), Matka khad + Lime (L), Matka khad + control, Matka khad + Combination of RP,G,PK,L + <em>Tricoderma </em>+ <em>Rhi/Azoto</em> + PSB, Panchgavya + Combination of RP,G,PK,L + <em>Tricoderma</em> + <em>Rhi/Azoto</em> + PSB, Jeevamrit + Combination of RP,G,PK,L + Tricoderma + Rhi/Azoto + PSB and Vermicompost. These treatments were selected after preparation of enriched and fortified FYM and its evaluation by microbial and nutrient analysis. Pea crop variety Pb-89 and Capsicum crop variety California wonder were selected for the experiments under polyhouse at research farm and at farmer&rsquo;s field.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Results showed that inoculation of biomass with matka khad along with additives <em>i.e.</em> rock phosphate, gypsum, patent kali and lime @ of 1% and fortification with <em>Tricoderma</em>, suitable biofertilizer (<em>Rhizobium/Azotobacter</em>) along with PSB increased the yield of Pea crop more than &nbsp;40% at organic farm and farmers fields, whereas in case of capsicum the increase in yield was to the tune of 14% at model organic farm and more than 40% at &nbsp;two different sites of farmers field.</div>


<div>Evaluation of Different Enriched Composts under Protected Organic Farming in Capsicum-pea based Cropping System</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">In cattle, sex selection has a significant economic impact when it improves herd capacity of milk or meat production and is commonly used for the production of calves of the desired gender. &nbsp;New separation techniques which present both better accuracy and low costs are necessary. Density gradient centrifugation might be an approach to sexing spermatozoa because of the additional DNA content and volume of X-bearing sperm head. The present study was designed to apply the modified percoll discontinuous density gradient for X-sperm enrichment in cross bred bovine semen. We attempted to amplify the level of X-sperm enrichment by using double centrifugation in percoll gradient. In addition, effect of percoll density gradient on fertility of semen was also evaluated at three stages; before centrifugation (stage I), after 1st centrifugation (stage II) and after 2nd centrifugation (stage III) respectively and ultrasonography was carried out to confirm the sex of fetus at 60-90 days post AI. Semen was collected from two cross bred bovine bulls and 34 cows were inseminated with liquid X-sperm enriched semen after double centrifugation in percoll gradient. 22 cows were inseminated with non-sexed fresh liquid semen (control). Results showed that the volume, progressive motility, live sperms, concentration and HOST reactive sperms significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased at stage II and stage III compared to stage I. However, no significant (P&gt;0.05) change was observed in pH and mass motility of semen at all three stages. There was non-significant effect on per cent spermatozoa with intact acrosomal membrane and fully damaged acrosomal membrane at all three stages however, partially damaged acrosomal membrane sperms were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased at Stage II and Stage III compared to Stage I. The conception rate significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased with X-enriched semen (41.17%) compared to non-sexed liquid semen (59.09%). The female sex ratio of calves significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased to 66.66% with X- sperm enriched semen compared to the male percentage of 33.33% with sexed semen and female percentage of 46.15% with non-sexed semen.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">X-sperm Enrichment of Bovine Semen by Percoll Density Gradient Method and Its Effect on Semen Quality, Sex Ratio and Conception Rate</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) are essential plant nutrients and their deficiency in soils has the adverse effect on the crop productivity, moreover the antagonistic effect of P on Zn is also important study aspect. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of phospho enriched compost and zinc on productivity, nutrient content and uptake of Blackgram (<em>Vigna mungo</em>&nbsp;L.) in Sub-humid Southern Hills and Aravalli region of Rajasthan.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The experiment was undertaken during <em>Kharif </em>2018 at Rajasthan College of agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan). The treatments comprised of four levels of phospho enriched compost (PEC)<em> i.e</em>. control, PEC @ 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and four levels of zinc <em>i.e</em>. control, Zn @ 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The increasing levels of phospho enriched compost and zinc upto 4 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and 4 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively increased significantly (P=0.05) the number of nodules per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight, seed yield, stover yield, nutrient content (N, K and Zn) and uptake (N, P, K and Zn) in seed and stover of blackgram. Whereas, the application of zinc significantly decreased the phosphorus content in seed and stover as compared to control. However, the combined application of phospho enriched compost @ 6 t ha<sup>-1</sup> along with zinc @ 6 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> was found to record higher seed and stover yield. The application of phospho enriched compost @ 4 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and zinc @ 4 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> along with the recommended dose of fertilizer results in significantly higher productivity, nutrient content and uptake of blackgram under Typic Haplustepts soil.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Effect of Phospho Enriched Compost and Zinc on Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Blackgram (<em>Vigna mungo</em> L.) in Sub-humid Southern Hills and Aravalli Region of Rajasthan&nbsp;</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of floor enrichment with rubber mattress of calving pen on prepartum calving behaviour of Tharparkar cow during the winter season.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> A total 28 Tharparkar cows were taken in study during winter season (November to March) and divided into two groups each contain 14 animals. One group placed in floor enriched with rubber mattress and other group kept on bare concrete floor calving pen. Preparturient behaviours like lying time, standing time, lying bout duration, number of lying bouts, rumination time ,rumination bouts, self grooming and frequency of self grooming were evaluated on -12 hr, -7<sup>th</sup> day, -14<sup>th</sup> day and -21<sup>st</sup> day prepartum for period of 12 hr in a day. Repeated Meausures ANOVA was used for the analysis of the data.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> It was found that lying time, lying bout duration was significantly more in rubber mattress group as compare to concrete floor. However, 12 hr before parturition standing time was significantly high compare to any other observational day within the group. Similarly, rubber mattress had positive effect on rumination time, lying duration and self grooming frequency as compare to bare concrete floor. It was concluded that rubber mattress had beneficial effect in calving pen of Tharparkar cow during winter season due to its softness and insulating property. It provided comfort and warmth to the parturient cows. which was evident by increase in rumination time, more lying duration and reduced self grooming frequency.</div>


<p>Effect of Floor Enrichment with Rubber Mattress of Calving Pen on Prepartum Behaviour of Tharparkar Cow during Winter Season</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Enriched composts supply the plant nutrients and add a sufficient amount of organic matter to the soil, which helps in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. It helps to maintain and sustain soil fertility for enhancing crop productivity and also acts as a recess for microbes and enriches the soil with a variety of the indigenous micro-flora and fauna. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of fertility levels and enriched compost on productivity, quality and profitability of soybean (<em>Glycine max</em> L.) in sub-humid southern plain and Aravalli hills region of Rajasthan.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The experiment was undertaken during <em>kharif</em> 2018 at Rajasthan College of agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan) in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three levels of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (control, 50% RDF and 100% RDF) and four levels of enriched compost (control, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 t ha<sup>-1</sup>).&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The increasing fertility levels upto 100% RDF and enriched compost upto 4 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, significantly increased (P=0.05) the plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield, haulm yield and protein and oil content in seed of soybean. However, the combined application of 100% RDF along with 6 t ha<sup>-1</sup> enriched compost recorded higher seed and haulm yield. The results further revealed that the application of 100% RDF and 4 t ha<sup>-1</sup> enriched compost significantly improved the productivity, quality and profitability of soybean under Typic Haplustepts soil.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Study on Productivity, Quality and Profitability of Soybean (G<em>lycine max</em> L.) as Influenced by Fertility Levels and Enriched Compost in Typic Haplustepts Soil</p>


Effect of zinc enriched farm yard manures on yield of mung bean and Physico-Chemical Properties of soil

Enriched Charred Rice Husk to Improve the Nutrient Management in Rainfed Groundnut

Foam Fractionation Technology for Enrichment and Recovery of Cheese Whey Proteins

Five Layered Optiprep based Density Gradient Model is a Promising Model for Enrichment of Viable X Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa in Bubalus bubalis

Light Enrichment, Flowering Asynchrony and Reproduction Success in Two Field-Grown Soybeans in Northern China

Evaluation of Different Enriched Composts under Protected Organic Farming in Capsicum-pea based Cropping System

X-sperm Enrichment of Bovine Semen by Percoll Density Gradient Method and Its Effect on Semen Quality, Sex Ratio and Conception Rate

Effect of Phospho Enriched Compost and Zinc on Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) in Sub-humid Southern Hills and Aravalli Region of Rajasthan

Effect of Floor Enrichment with Rubber Mattress of Calving Pen on Prepartum Behaviour of Tharparkar Cow during Winter Season

Study on Productivity, Quality and Profitability of Soybean (Glycine max L.) as Influenced by Fertility Levels and Enriched Compost in Typic Haplustepts Soil