Background: In most developing countries poultry farming is owned by small business owners, farmers and their families. The broiler industry has fewer climate restrictions and more adaptability and in this sector entrepreneurial activities are still unexplored in India. The purpose of this study was to look into the production performance, income and employment generation of broiler production in Morena district of M.P. 
 
Methods: The broiler farms of the Morena district were identified with the help of Veterinary department personnel, commercial hatchery persons and poultry feed manufacturers and a list of 50 farms, was prepared. The list was arranged in the ascending order of the number of birds kept on a farm. From this list, 30 such farms were selected that were continuously in production for at least one year and where proper records were maintained. The list was divided into three categories based upon the number of birds viz. small farm group (below 1999 birds), medium farm group (2000 to 4999 birds) and large farm group (5000 and above birds). 5 farms were selected randomly from each farm category. Information was gathered by visiting selected chicken farms and interviewing the owners using a prepared questionnaire. The research study was conducted under the Department of A.H. and Dairying, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.). The data were collected for the duration 2019-20. 
 
Results: The present study documented the mean feed conversion ratio, mean Livability percent, mean weight and age at marketing of broilers as 1.83, 95.82 percent, 2.38 kg and 43.8 days respectively for sample as a whole. The average total cost per bird was Rs 161.35. The gross return and net return per bird is found as Rs 185.27 and Rs 23.92 respectively. The benefit-cost ratio is worked out to be 1.15 for the sample as a whole. Rs 6.84 is spent on labour per bird in one production cycle of 56 days. Thus Rs 65664 per farm is spent on employment of labour in 56 days. On the basis of 8 hours working, 3.43 persons have been employed per farm. The statistical analysis using ANOVA found that there is a significant relationship between income and farm size, BCR and farm size.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Production Performance, Income and Employment Generation through Broiler Business: Revelations in Morena District of Madhya Pradesh

<div style="text-align:justify">Dry flowers have been used as commercial art for many years, with an immense business enterprise throughout the world. Beautifully arranged dried flowers may be a little bit pricier, but they are quite long-lasting and can last for many years. The dry flower industry is offering a big opportunity for the national economy in diversified dimensions by creating job opportunities and entrepreneurial development. Dry flowers are modest, extensive and hold their aesthetic worth regardless of the period. Air drying, press drying, embedded drying in desiccants, hot air oven drying, microwave oven drying, glycerine drying and skeletonization are among the techniques used to create dried appealing plant material. The dried flowers obtained using the aforementioned drying procedures can be used to make a variety of value-added products, including greeting cards, photo frames, tablemats, coasters, wall hangings, landscapes and different types of flower arrangements.</div>

Dry Flower Technology in Intensifying Livelihood and Employment Generation: A Review

<div>Background: Greengram or mungbean is a diploid (2n=22) autogamous leguminous crop. The average global yield is low and stagnant over years in the entire tropical and subtropical Asia. Any improvement in the yield is hard, predominantly because of pest infestation and diseases. Viral diseases result in significant financial losses due to drop in seed yield and quality in many important crops including greengram. Mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD) can lead to yield loss up to 85% in greengram in epidemic conditions. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University during the period August-October 2020 in three crosses of greengram viz., PLM 506 x IC 76417, PLM 506 x IC 76381 and IC 398746 x IC 76417. The mean data of five basic generations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2 and F3 of three crosses were evaluated. Populations were screened for MYMV disease resistance by employing infector row method. Scaling test was done using the mean values of various generations for the characters. Significance of scale C suggested dominance x dominance (l) type of gene interaction, whereas the significance of scale D showed additive x additive (i) type of gene interaction. The significance of any of the scaling tests proposes inefficacy of simple additive-dominance model. Five genetic effects viz., mean effect (m), additive (d), dominance (h), additive x additive (i) and dominance x dominance (l) was estimated. 
 
Result: Hundred-seed weight showed additive-dominance model in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76417. The additive as well as additive x additive type of gene action were in control of number(s) of clusters per plant, percentage of disease infection and most of yield components in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76417. Hence, selection at a later generation is effective to improve these traits. Pod length was controlled by additive gene action in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76381, whereas percentage of disease infection showed additive-dominance model. The additive as well as additive x additive type of gene action were in control of plant height and most of yield components in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76381. In the case of other traits, epistatic model was evidenced. Hence, selection needs to be postponed to a later generation. Based on gene action, these crosses may be employed to evolve high yielding plants with MYMV disease resistance.</div>

Generation Mean Analysis for Yield, its Components and MYMV Disease Resistance in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was done to determine the types and magnitude of gene effects and heritability of some yield and physiological traits in melon (Cucumis melo L.). After generating of F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations from the meeting of the two parents, Tashkandi (P1) and Alien (P2), the six generations were used in the generation mean and variance analysis. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that, additive gene effect was significant for fruit length, seed length and TSS. The significant additive and dominance effects was observed in fruit diameter, fruit length/diameter ratio, flesh thickness and skin thickness. Significant additive&times;additive effects was detected for all traits except TSS. Additive&times;dominance gene effects was significant for fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit length/diameter ratio and seed length. Dominance&times;dominance significant effects were detected for flesh thickness, skin thickness and TSS. The additive genetic variance estimates for fruit length, fruit length/diameter ratio, flesh thickness, skin thickness and seed length were positive and the dominance variance estimates for these traits were negative or small. In contrast, in fruit diameter and TSS dominance variances were high. So, narrow sense heritability was high for all traits except fruit diameter and TSS. These results indicate that selection may be more effective for improving traits of genotypes in early generations</div>

Estimation of some genetic parameters through generation mean analysis in melon

<div>Hybrid seed production technology requires cross pollination between parents of choice. Several physical and chemical techniques including manual or mechanical emasculation and male gametocide chemicals have been introduced each with respective disadvantages. Easy and quick technique such as environment sensitive male sterility is effected by environmental irregularities. Identification of commercial use of genetic means of male sterility systems like GMS and CGMS have brought revolutionary benefits to hybrid seed industry in many crops to feed an ever increasing human population. However, these strategies are complicated, laborious and require more cropping area for parental increase and maintenance including employment of sophisticated backcross breeding for line conversion and search for suitable restorers. The biotechnological methods (BMS) simplified the strategies each in its own approach, though having certain disadvantages too as for example, dual component Barnase/Barstar and Cystein protease/Cystatin approach needed herbicidal spray. The next generation hybrid breeding systems were developed utilising GMS system under nuclear control avoiding search for suitable restorers and cytoplasm-nuclear interactions. The era of genomics assisted breeding has facilitated well characterised study of several crop genes including male fertility genes which is a never ending approach. In combination with transgenic and genome editing approaches, the next generation hybrid breeding systems such as &ldquo;Seed Production Technology&rdquo; (SPT), &ldquo;Multi Control Sterility&rdquo; (MCS) and &ldquo;MGM-Maintainer approach&rdquo; have provided easy and well defined mode of utilising male sterility for hybrid seed production bypassing all the complications of traditional techniques.</div>

Next Generation Hybrid Seed Production Methods-Superior and Beneficial Biotechnological Approaches: A Review

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Urdbean is a prominent legume crop with excellent nutritive value that is utilized in many ways throughout India. To fulfill the increasing demand, production must be enhanced through the use of breeding procedures which leads to production of high yielding cultivars. This necessitates a thorough examination of the gene action involved in the regulation of yield and its attributing traits, which can be accomplished by generation mean analysis. 
 
Methods: In present investigation, generation mean analysis was employed for 11 characters by using six-parameter model to determine the nature and magnitude of gene action of yield and its component traits in six inter-varietal crosses of urdbean. 
 
Result: Simple scaling test revealed that the digenic model (additive-dominance model) was inadequate for most of the traits, confirming the existence of non-allelic interactions for all of the crosses. Duplicate type of epistasis was reported for three traits in HimMash-1xSirmour-2 (days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, harvest index), Palampur-93xKullu-4 (days to 50% flowering, podlength, 100-seed weight) and Palampur-93xChamba-8 (days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, podlength). Two in HimMash-1xKullu-4 (days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity), HimMash-1xChamba-8 (days to 50% flowering, 100-seed weight) and Palampur-93xSirmour-2 (branches/plant, 100-seed weight). Hence, it was evident from the study that the bi-parental mating trailed by selection in advanced generations should be employed for harnessing desirable recombinants.&nbsp;</div>

Genetic evaluation of yield and its component traits by using generation mean analysis in inter-varietal crosses of urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

<div>Background: Induced mutagenesis was employed in horse gram cv. CRIDA 1-18R with an objective of evolving mutants with increased yield potential.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Based on preliminary study, the variety has been irradiated with desirable doses of gamma rays (200 Gy and 300 Gy), electron beam (100 Gy and 200 Gy) and its combination (100 Gy) and the material were forwarded to M2 generation following parent-progeny row basis. The genotypes exhibiting superior yield than control were further forwarded to M3 generation. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine the induction of micro-mutants for 11 quantitative traits. 
 
Result: The reduction in mean value over control was observed for most of the yield component traits at M2 generation. Among the mutagenic treatments, combination of gamma rays with electron beam registered high mean values for pod length (5.05 cm), number of pods per plant (54.42) and single plant yield (25.68 g) at M3 generation. Non-significant skewness and / or kurtosis at M3 population denoted the absence of epistatic interactions for plant yield. An increase in variability pattern, H2 and GAM at M3 generation indicated the scope for trait (plant height, number of seeds per pod, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, biological yield and single plant yield) improvement through selection.</div>

<div>Generation of Micro-mutants for Yield and Component Traits in Horse Gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.]</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Commercial crop diversity is currently an important approach for increasing agricultural profitability and reducing the risk of crop failure. Diversification can also be used to aid in poverty reduction, employment planning and environmental conservation. Growing a variety of crops does not guarantee increased returns, though it may help to stabilise them. Diversification leads to profit maximisation by taking use of complementary relationships. Agricultural diversification has been stressed at the national level as a strategy for increasing income and creating employment. Many countries have tried crop diversification to increase productivity and cultivate high value crops in order to address the challenges of a globalising agricultural market as well as the expanding and changing requirements of the people, with favourable results. These countries are gradually diversifying their crop sectors in favour of high-value items including fruits, vegetables and spices. Here, we review this under three main sections: the impact of agricultural diversification on farm income, the impact of agricultural diversification on employment and the factors influencing the implementation of crop diversification.</div>

Agricultural Diversification and its Impact on Income and Employment of the Farmers: A Review

<div>Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], also known as green gram is cultivated on area of 4.75 million ha in kharif and rabi/ spring seasons as monocrop or intercrop in India. It serves as a major source of dietary protein for the vast majority of vegetarian people in the country. Mungbean contributed 10.03 per cent of total pulses production (23.40 million tonnes) in the country with productivity level of 494 kg ha-1 in 2018-19. The pulses cultivation in Haryana is almost eliminated in kharif season owing to deviation of area towards cotton, cluster bean and pearlmillet because of low profitability. However, the new window opens for cultivation of mungbean in rice-wheat cropping system in summer season to generate additional farm income and to improve soil health. The area under summer mungbean in state was around 64 thousand ha with the production of 50 thousand tonnes and the average productivity of 780 kg/ha during 2017-18. Although rice-wheat system provides better farm returns, but it has imposed threat to soil health, availability and contamination of ground water, weed and biotic stress management.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The data &nbsp;pertains to costs and returns from &nbsp;summer mungbean cultivation was gathered from &nbsp;60 mungbean cultivators of Hisar, Kurukshetra and Panipat districts of Haryana having adequate irrigation water availability adopting personal interaction approach in 2018-19. Simple budgeting technique was employed to draw practical implications which ultimately help to take favourable policy decisions for enhancing acreage of summer mungbean. 
 
Result: The inquiry profound that mungbean cultivation in summer season particularly in rice-wheat was established as additional income generation farm enterprise. The net benefits accrued from short duration varieties of mungbean over variable cost was Rs. 31831 ha-1 &nbsp;with time span of 60-70 days by utilizing fallow land in summer season. The B-C ratio toiled considering expenses incurred on variable resources with value of 2.99 divulges economic viability of mungbean cultivation in the study area. It is imperative from results that cultivation of short duration cultivars of mungbean is viable option to enhance farm income, restoration of diminishing soil fertility owing to adoption of continuous rice-wheat rotation by inherent characteristics of converting atmospheric nitrogen. Distinctive efforts are essential to evolve mungbean cultivars suitable to prevailing cropping system in Haryana and assure market procurement. The exploration of mungbean cultivation will reduce dependency on import and improve net availability of pulses in India.</div>

<div>Additional Income Generation from Cultivation of Summer Mungbean in Rice-Wheat System of Haryana</div>

<div>Background: Indirect selection for yield contributing traits in segregating generation is practiced to realize the potential yields. However, the effectiveness of selection either in early or late segregating generation is a debatable issue in self pollinated crops. The issue is addressed in chickpea by analyzing four segregating generations of a cross in the same season.&nbsp; 
 
Method: A bold seeded desi chickpea variety BGD 103 crossed with JAKI 9218. The segregating generations were advanced up to F5 without selection and retaining part of the seeds in each generation. The populations comprised of 162 F&shy;2 plants, 162 F3, F4 and F5 progeny rows were evaluated during rabi 2018-19. The observations on seed traits were recorded and data was subjected to statistical analyses to estimate correlation among the traits in each generations, inter-generation correlation and heritability. 
 
Result: The range of variation for the traits narrowed with advancement of the generations. The heritability decreased for seed weight, increased for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant with the advancement of generation. In all the four generations, seed yields were associated with number of pods per plant, seeds per plant and seed weight. The change in association among seed traits different generations and estimates of inter-generation correlations suggest that simultaneous improvement of seed weight, seed number and seed yield could be achieved by selection in F3 and F4 generations.</div>