<div style="text-align: justify;">Investigation of the published data of a field experiment on assessment of damage due to leaf webber (Grapholita critica (Meyr.)Torticidae:Lepidoptera) under seven different sowing periods at weekly intervals between June IV to August II weeks of 2013-14 at Gulbarga (Karnataka) &nbsp;and observations &nbsp;on leaf webber damage recorded on weekly basis between 32 and 42 standard meteorological weeks (SMW) was done to demonstrate &nbsp;appropriate analytical methodology for an improved understanding of seasonal dynamics of &nbsp;G. critica damage and its relation to weather. Approach to analyses included reporting of calendar (SMW) based observations of G. critica damage on crop age basis, one way ANOVA for testing differences in damage levels amongst sowing periods, SMWs and crop age besides description of relations of damage with crop age and weather variables. &nbsp;Seasonal damage levels of G. critica for sowing periods were non-significant but significant (P&lt;0.05) across SMWs and crop age with reduced damage during early and late crop stages irrespective of sowing periods. Seven and four weeks of higher damage and &nbsp;the best fit of polynomial relations of second order in respect of crop age over calendar based periods signified crop stage dependent damage due to G. critica. While MLR revealed significant influence of all weather and crop age variables (R2: 0.79), non-parametric regression revealed that less than 30&deg;C of maximum temperature and greater than 23&deg;C of minimum temperature to be favourable for G. critica damage. Crop age and calendar based observations have their importance for an area wide and field basis management of G. critica respectively.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Approach to study of pigeonpea leaf webber [Grapholita critica (Meyr.)] damage dynamics and its relation to weather&nbsp;</div>

Increase in production of free radicals causes damage in lipids of cell membrane, weakening in functions of cell proteins and DNA damage. The aim of the present study was to determine the oxidative status, level of oxidative DNA damage and treatment effectiveness on these parameters on diarrheic calves. The study was conducted using 10 clinically holstein calves from 2-3 months of age. Antidiarrheic treatment containing Amonium sulphate &nbsp;(30mg/kg/day, Gabbrocol, Ceva Inc.), a mixture of Bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, pectin (10g/day, Bismol, Bioteknik Inc.), vitamin and mineral mixture (105g/day, Sky High Energy, Egevet Co.Ltd) as drugs orally administered to all calves for 3 days. Body temperature, feces and blood samples were taken before and after treatment. Dry matter measured (%) in feces, DNA damage level and some hematologic parameters, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and some biochemical parameters were measured from blood samples. HB, ALT, TP levels did not differ before and after treatment. However, body temperature (p&lt;0.01), WBC (p&lt;0.01), HCT (p&lt;0.05), GGT (p&lt;0.01), TOS (p&lt;0.05), DNA damage (p&lt;0.05) were decreased, dry matter in feces (p&lt;0.01), RBC (p&lt;0.05), AST (p&lt;0.01), Albumin (p&lt;0.01) and TAS (p&lt;0.05) were increased after treatment. The results of the study indicate that oxidative DNA damage increases with degenerative diseases such as diarrhea and decreases to the normal range after effective treatment. It can be suggested from these results that oxidative DNA damage might be a good indicator to reveal the degeneration level of diarrhea in animals and a good parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment in terms of cellular form.

Determination of pre and post treatment oxidative status and oxidative&nbsp;DNA damage in diarrheic calves

<div>Background: Salinity challenges legume production worldwide. To maintain the overall legume production, seed halopriming has been adopted as a cost-effective, farmer friendly technique, minimizing noxious effects of NaCl on plant growth. 
 
Methods: Nonprimed and haloprimed seeds were grown under different NaCl concentrations and harvested after 21 days. NaCl-induced alterations on physio-biochemical attributes and DNA damage were studied.&nbsp; 
 
Result: NaCl exposure in nonprimed seedlings exhibited growth inhibition, depletion in water contents, increased accumulation of H2O2, MDA and proline causing DNA damage. Conversely, in primed seedlings, these toxic effects were altered and extent of DNA damage reduced. Decreased catalase activity in nonprimed seedlings failed to detoxify the ROS generated under salinity inducing DNA damage whereas in NaCl-treated haloprimed seedlings, improved catalase activity helped to overcome such adversities favouring improved growth of all tested legume varieties.</div>

Halopriming Imparts Salt Tolerance by Reducing Oxidative, Osmotic Stress and DNA Damage in Five Different Legume Varieties

Gesonia gemma Swinhoe (1885) is a grey semi-looper and it has emerged as a serious threat to the soybean crop. This defoliator causes heavy damage to the crop in the form of loss in grain weight. Gesonia gemma population dynamics was studied in various districts of Maharashtra. Sequential covering algorithm (CN2 rule induction) has been proposed for rule induction model to generate a list of classification rules with target feature (G. gemma population) and the independent abiotic features. The classification rules have exhibited more accuracy and showed that maximum temperature and humidity with less number of rainy days has influenced the population of Gesonia gemma in Maharashtra. Hence, this rule induction model can be used to study the collected evidence for prediction and it will be helpful to the farmers to take necessary pest control strategy.

Study of population dynamics of soybean semi-looper Gesonia gemma&nbsp;Swinhoe by using rule induction model in Maharashtra, India

The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of E. purpurea extracts (EPE) against gamma (g-) radiation exposure (6Gy) induced biochemical alterations and oxidative tissue damage (liver and testes) in male rats given EPE (100 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) prior to g-irradiation. It has been found that g-irradiation led to hepatic and testicular oxidative stress with concomitant increase in liver function enzymes. Serum lipid profile and hormone level has also been found altered. Rats dosed with EPE before exposure to g-rays showed significantly less severe damage and remarkable improvement in all of the measured parameters when compared to irradiated rats. It could be concluded that EPE attenuates the deleterious effects of radiation-induced biochemical disorders and tissue damage (liver and testes).&nbsp;

The role of Echinacea extract to protect the damage effects of gamma&nbsp;radiation on some biochemical constituents in male albino rats

<div>Background: The present study on the topic &ldquo;Phytomorphology and nutrient dynamics of mulberry leaves&rdquo; revealed high variability among mulberry varieties. Internodes were largest in variety Tr4 (6.06%). Actual leaf area was high in variety S146 (275.57 cm2). Numbers of leaves per meter branch was largest in variety S1531 (20.9). During 5 periodic sampling from sprouting to maturity average fresh and dry leaf weight of 100 leaves was high (197.93g) and (60.24g) respectively during 5th sampling. Average moisture content was high (83.41%) during 1st sampling highest average chlorophyll content (SPAD value) was also observed during 4th sampling (40.01%). Acidity was also high in variety Tr4 during maturity. Sugar content was high in variety T1 (3.66%) during 1st sampling (15 days). Starch and ash content was high in variety S1708 (43.06%) and (32.50%) during 5th sampling. Nitrogen and protein content was highest in variety S1608 (5.02%) and (31.56%) respectively during 1st sampling.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In the field-laboratory investigation was conducted at Division of Sericulture,&nbsp;Division of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, SKUAST-J, Chatha, during spring 2013. Ten mulberry varieties T1, Tr4, V1, S146, S1708, S799, S1608, S1531, S41 and Sujanpur were evaluated for phytomorphological and nutrient dynamic studies. The experiment was laid in complete randomized block design with three replicates. Each variety was taken as treatment and observations were recorded after 15 days interval upto 75th day after sprouting.&nbsp; 
 
Result: On the basis of current result, parameter observed fluctuations from the date of sprouting till maturity. Varietal response to periodic sampling too varied. Protein decreases age along with sugar, nitrogen. On the contrary starch, biomass, ash, chlorophyll shown a gradual increase. This information can be utilized to harvest a particular type of leaf for a particular age and rearing.</div>

<div>Phytomorphology and Nutrient Dynamics of Mulberry Leaf</div>

<div>Background: Anestrus is one of the most commonly encountered infertility problems in cattle and buffalo in India. Jaffarabadi is one of the heaviest buffalo breeds of the world and is a native of Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The breed is known for poor reproductive efficiency. To improve its reproductive efficiency, this study was undertaken on acyclic Jaffarabadi animals employing double Ovsynch protocol and its assessment through ovarian dynamics and blood biochemical and endocrine profile on a farm.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study included acyclic post-pubertal Jaffarabadi heifers (age 42&plusmn;2 and 48&plusmn;2 months; Gr-I and Gr-II, n=6 each) and the postpartum lactating acyclic buffaloes (Gr-III, n=6) using a double Ovsynch protocol, which consisted of i/m injections of 20 &micro;g Buserelin acetate on days 0, 10, 17 and 26 and 500 &micro;g Cloprostenol sodium on days 7 and 24, with a timed insemination on day 27. Ovarian dynamics was monitored by performing ultrasonography using real-time B-mode ultrasound scanner together with blood sampling for hormonal and biochemical profile on each day of hormone therapy and then on days 0, 12, 21 and 35 post-AI. The animals inseminated at induced estrus/FTAI were followed for return to estrus, if any. Pregnancy was confirmed in non-return cases on day 35 by ultrasonography and on day 70 by per rectal examination. The findings on ovarian dynamics, plasma endocrine and biochemical profile were compared statistically between groups and periods and fertility rates between groups. 
 
Result: In animals of treatment group I and II, a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in numbers of small follicles was observed on day 26. Number of large sized follicles was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher on day 26 in comparison to day 0 and day 7 in group III animals. Large and subordinate follicular diameters increased gradually, but the differences between periods were significant (p&lt;0.001) only in group III with the highest diameter of large follicle on day 17. Plasma FSH and LH concentrations differed significantly (p&lt;0.001) among groups at all-time intervals. Plasma LH in group I and III differed significantly (p&lt;0.001). Plasma estrogen level was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in group II than group III. Plasma progesterone concentrations in group I and II animals were significantly higher on day 35 post-AI. Plasma insulin levels were significantly (p&lt;0.01) lower on all days for group III animals than group I and II. Blood glucose level was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in group I on day 17 as compared to group II and III. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in group III as compared to group I and II. The conception rates at first service/FTAI in double Ovsynch treated animals of group I, II and III were 66.66, 83.33 and 16.66 %, respectively. Thus it was concluded that ovarian structures and the plasma endocrine profile reflected the ovarian response to different hormonal injections and that double Ovsynch protocol could be a better choice for improving conception rate in post-pubertal acyclic Jaffarabadi buffalo heifers as compared to multiparous acyclic buffaloes.</div>

Evaluation of Double Ovsynch Protocol in Acyclic Jaffarabadi Heifers and Buffaloes with Respect to Ovarian Dynamics, Hormonal Profile and Fertility

<div>Background: The Egyption fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus, is considered a harmful pest that attacks agricultural crops, especially ripe fruits, causing economic losses. It is widespread in African sahara desert, Egypt, Pakistan and Northern India. This pest causes damage to many vegetables and fruits. The measuring of damage percentage will aid in the protection of these crops from bats attacking. 
 
Methods: The losses caused by Egyptian bats were estimated during two years (2019 and 2020) in many fruit orchards (date palm, citrus, apricot and mango) in reclaimed lands at Butt village, Dakhla Oasis, New-valley Governorate, to achieve integrated management of bat populations. 
 
Result: Only one species the Egyptian fruit bat, R. aegyptiacus, has been recorded with 167 individuals attacking fruit orchards. The highest average losses (11.1%) were found in date palms, from August to Oct., while the lowest (4.7%) were found in Apricot, during June and July. The second-highest losses were 7.6% in mango from June to August. The damage began from December to March in citrus with an average loss percent of 7.0%. Therefore, bat dens must be monitored and dealt with to limit their populations and reduce their losses to these value crops in El-Dakhla Oasis.</div>

Damage of the Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) at El-Dakhla Oasis, New-Valley Governorate, Egypt

<div>Background: Understanding of ovarian follicular dynamics and endocrine regulation is essential to design and use interventions to optimize reproductive efficiency. Bos indicus and Bos taurus cows have some differences in their follicular dynamics and ovarian steroidal hormones. The present study was planned to understand follicular dynamics vis-a-vis ovarian steroids profiles in Sahiwal cattle. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in normal cyclic, pluriparous, non-lactating Sahiwal cows (n=7). Trans-rectal ultrasonography was performed to record the location, size, number of follicles and size of corpus luteum (CL) from the beginning, till the end of experiment. The dataset was used to characterize the follicular wave emergence, growth, regression, time of selection and ovulation of the dominant follicle in each cow.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Three Sahiwal cows showed two wave and four cows showed three wave estrous cycles with mean interovulatory length of 20.33&plusmn;0.33 and 22.50&plusmn;0.28 days, respectively. No significant difference was recorded in the maximum diameter of corpus luteum, P4 and E2 plasma levels between 2-wave and 3-wave estrous cycles. The peak progesterone values of 6.00&plusmn;0.91 and 6.2&plusmn;1.2 ng/ml and peak estradiol values of 15.83&plusmn;0.60 and 14.31&plusmn;0.44 ng/ml were recorded in 2-wave and 3-wave estrous cycle, respectively. The results showed that Sahiwal cows had 2-wave and 3-wave estrous cycle and the 3-wave estrous cycle had comparatively longer inter-ovulatory period and smaller maximum diameter of second wave dominant follicle than 2-wave estrous cycle.</div>

Studies on Ovarian Follicular Dynamics and Steroid Profiles in Sahiwal Cattle

Bio-efficacy of various treatment schedules, viz T1 (phorate + chlorpyriphos + imidacloprid + cartap hydrochloride), T2 (imidacloprid + acephate + chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin), T3 (phorate + chlorpyriphos + azadirachtin + &nbsp;Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki), T4 (Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki + &nbsp;azadirachtin ), T5 (phorate + &nbsp;imidacloprid + chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin), T6 (phorate + azadirachtin + Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki) and T7 (control) were evaluated against Agrotis ipsilon (Hufner) and mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana, P.de. Beau. in single potato variety, Kufi Chandramukhi during rabi season of two potato-growing years in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 from November to February. The percentage of plant (shoot) damage was found low in T1 (5.82 &ndash; 5.87%), than by T3 (6.12 &ndash; 6.49%), T2 (6.86 &ndash; 6.92%), T5 (7.31 &ndash; 7.62%), T6 (8.21 &ndash; 8.81%), T4 (8.61 &ndash; 9.32%) and T7 (10.70 &ndash; 11.13%) respectively. Similarly percentage of tuber damage of potato was noted highest in T7 (34.29 &ndash; 43.90 %) and it was lowest in T2 (13.15&ndash;15.66 %). &nbsp;Maximum marketable yield (t/ha) of potato tubers was obtained in T2 (26.28&ndash;26.80 t/ha), which was succeeded by T1 (26.19 &ndash; 26.92 t/ha) than other treatments and it was recorded minimum in control T7 (11.17&ndash;12.69 t/ha). Maximum cost-benefit ratio (CBR) was recorded in T5 (1:2.03 &ndash; 1:2.04) while it was found minimum in T6 (1:1.11 &ndash; 1:1.17). Among the different treatment schedules T5 and T2 were most effective in increasing marketable yield of potato tubers and reduction of soil pest incidence over control T7 and also over other treatments.

Approach to study of pigeonpea leaf webber [Grapholita critica (Meyr.)] damage dynamics and its relation to weather

Determination of pre and post treatment oxidative status and oxidative DNA damage in diarrheic calves

Halopriming Imparts Salt Tolerance by Reducing Oxidative, Osmotic Stress and DNA Damage in Five Different Legume Varieties

Study of population dynamics of soybean semi-looper Gesonia gemma Swinhoe by using rule induction model in Maharashtra, India

The role of Echinacea extract to protect the damage effects of gamma radiation on some biochemical constituents in male albino rats

Phytomorphology and Nutrient Dynamics of Mulberry Leaf

Evaluation of Double Ovsynch Protocol in Acyclic Jaffarabadi Heifers and Buffaloes with Respect to Ovarian Dynamics, Hormonal Profile and Fertility

Damage of the Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) at El-Dakhla Oasis, New-Valley Governorate, Egypt

Studies on Ovarian Follicular Dynamics and Steroid Profiles in Sahiwal Cattle

Assessment and evaluation of different treatment schedules against plant and tuber damage caused by soil pests on potato