<div>Background: Ketamine is rarely used alone because of its association with poor muscle relaxation, tachycardia, catalepsy or muscle rigidity and therefore commonly used in combination with alpha 2 agonist or opioid to minimize the untoward effects. The aim of the present anaesthetic study was to evaluate the clinico-physiological effects of ketamine alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine or butorphanol for inducing adequate anaesthesia in dogs. 
 
Methods: The present anaesthetic study was conducted on 18 (eighteen) healthy dogs of either sex and randomly divided into three groups (K, DK and BK) with six animals in each group. Atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/ kg was administered intramuscularly 15 minutes prior to anaesthetic study to all the animals. In group K, ketamine HCl alone was administered @ 5 mg/kg by slow i/v and kept as control. In group DK and BK, after administration of atropine sulphate 15 minutes later dexmedetomidine @ 10 &micro;g/kg i/m and butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg i/m were administered respectively. Ten minutes later ketamine HCl was administered @ 5 mg/kg slowly intravenously in both group DK and BK to induce surgical stage of general anaesthesia. The following clinical parameters were recorded viz., onset of sedation, onset of anaesthesia, degree of analgesia, extent of muscle relaxation, duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery. The physiological parameters (rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate) were recorded before anaesthetic study at 0 min. and at 10 minutes after preanaesthetic administration and then at 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after ketamine anaesthesia. All the data were analyzed using SPSS v 15.0 statistics software program and presented as mean&plusmn;Standard Error. 
 
Result: The onset of sedation was quicker in group DK followed by group K and BK. Duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery in group DK was significantly (p&lt;0.01) longer than in group K and BK. The degree of analgesia was excellent in group DK and good in group K and BK. The extent of muscle relaxation was excellent in group DK, good in group BK and was poor in group K. The physiological parameters showed transient changes which compensated and remained within normal range during the observation period. The above anaesthetic study suggests that ketamine in combination with dexmedetomidine or butorphanol can be safely used for inducing adequate anaesthesia in dogs. However, dexmedetomidine-ketamine can be used safely for longer duration of surgical procedures in dogs.</div>

Evaluation of Clinico-physiological Effects of Ketamine Alone and in Combination with Dexmedetomidine or Butorphanol in Atropinized Dogs

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of climatic variables on physiological responses and haematological parameters of crossbred cows in summer season. In this study 16 crossbred cows were selected and randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2). Cows of control group were housed in shed with sprinkler, whereas the cows of treatment group were housed in shed with fogger plus fans and mosquito net. Data on various physiological and haematological parameters were recorded and analysed statistically. &nbsp;Analysis revealed that, the maximum temperature and THI were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in treatment shed as compared to control shed. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher dry matter intake and milk yield in treatment (13.64&plusmn;0.44 and 18.18&plusmn;0.36 kg) as compared to control group (12.33&plusmn;0.37 and 15.94&plusmn;0.47 kg) were recorded during peak hot period. Rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in treatment (38.28&plusmn;0.05, 36.42&plusmn;2.98 and 78.65&plusmn;1.09 &deg;C) as compared to control group (38.57&plusmn;0.14, 51.15&plusmn;4.34 and 83.59&plusmn;0.83 &deg;C). However, haemoglobin concentration (g/dl) and white blood corpuscles (103/cmm) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in treatment (10.54&plusmn;0.36 and 12.35&plusmn;0.64) as copared to control group (9.52&plusmn;0.43 and10.88&plusmn;0.57). Therefore, it can be concluded that fogger with fans is the fundamental mean to protect the animals from thermal stress under loose housing during summer season.</div>

Effect of microclimatic variables on physiological and hematological parameters of crossbred cows in summer season &nbsp;

<div>Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major cereal staple food crops consumed by more than 50 per cent of the world&rsquo;s population. Due to global climatic changes, the crop has to withstand higher temperatures in the near future. In India, rice cultivation is more affected by climate change and it contributes to yield loss and in severe cases results in crop failure both of which leads to economic losses. Grain yield declined by 10% for each 1oC increase in minimum temperature in the dry season whereas the effect of maximum temperature was insignificant. Significant variation exists among rice germplasm in response to high temperature stress. Producing an economically significant yield under heat stress conditions depends on floral biology of rice and several plant physiological parameters and mechanisms that contribute to heat tolerance in the field, such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature depression and concomitant increases of transcripts coding for proteins involved in protection. According to the objectives of this study, the literature pertaining to the aspects of heat tolerance and effect of high temperature on floral biology and physiological parameters in rice is briefly reviewed.</div>

Heat Tolerance and Effect of High Temperature on Floral Biology and Physiological Parameters in Rice: A Review

Background: Timely feeding of adequate colostrum to new born calf is important to ensure transfer of passive immunity to prevent several infections. Present study has evaluated effect of time and amount of colostrum feeding on physiological parameters and health scores in Surti buffalo calves.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Based on amount and time of feeding colostrum after birth, 24 Surti buffalo calves were divided into four groups as T1 (7%; 0-4), T2 (7%; 4-8), T3 (10%; 0-4) and T4 (10%; 4-8). Physiological parameters (twice daily upto day 5) and naval, nasal, eye and faecal scores on day 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 were recorded. Lying behavior was recorded on day 2. 
 
Result: Significant (p&lt;0.05) interaction between treatment and weeks and nonsignificant effect of treatment was observed. Calves that received colostrum late had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher faecal score as well as evening heart and respiration rate. Calves that received colostrum early had significant (p&lt;0.05) higher lying time. Normal scores of naval, nasal, eye and faecal indicated good health of calves. It was concluded that early feeding of colostrum @ 7 or 10% body weight within 4 hours after birth is beneficial for optimum health in buffalo calves.

Effect of Time and Amount of Colostrum Feeding on Physiological Parameters and Health Scores in Surti Buffalo Calves

<div>Background: Black gram is one of the important pulse crops of the world and India is the major producer and consumer of pulses in the world. One of the main reason for low productivity of pulses is that they are cultivated mostly in areas with low soil moisture and poor soil fertility. In order to overcome such adverse conditions, low-cost techniques like seed hardening/pelleting are preferred. Seed pelleting provides package of nutrients that influences seed or soil at the seed-soil interface. Since the cost involved is very less, an attempt has been made to study the effect of botanical seed pelleting and foliar spary on growth and yield parameters in black gram cv. CO 6. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the cumulative effect of botanical seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150g kg-1 and foliar spray of prosopis and moringa leaf powders with different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) on morpho physiological, leaf chlorophyll, gas exchange and yield parameters in black gram cv. CO 6 in the study. The observations on morpho physiological, leaf chlorophyll, gas exchange and yield parameters were recorded, statistically analysed and discussed here. 
 
Result: From the results, it was found that among the treatments, seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg-1 + foliar spray of prosopis leaf powder @ 6% recorded higher morpho physiological parameters viz., plant height (48.73 cm), number of branches plant-1 (8.78), dry matter production (14.83 g plant-1), chlorophyll &lsquo;a&rsquo; (1.03 mg g-1), chlorophyll &lsquo;b&rsquo; (1.11 mg g-1) and total chlorophyll content (2.14 mg g-1), photosynthesis and transpiration rates (27.33 mg CO2 m-2 s-1 and 10.60 mg H2O m-2 s-1), intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance (274.30 &micro; mol mol-1 and 0.82 mol-2 s-1). This treatment also recorded lower number of days to first flowering (23.23 days), earliness in 50 per cent flowering (30.12 days) and also recorded higher yield parameters such as lengthier pods, more number of pods plant-1, pod yield plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed yield &nbsp;plant-1, seed yield ha-1 and hundred seed weight of 5.60 cm, 26.30, 8.20 g, 7.30, 5.30 g, 795.12 kg ha-1 and 5.83 g, respectively as compared to other treatments. To conclude, seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg-1 + foliar spray of prosopis leaf powder @ 6% proved to be the best in enhancing morpho physiological, growth and yield parameters.</div>

<div>Cumulative Effect of Botanical Seed Pelleting and Foliar Spray on Morpho Physiological, Leaf Chlorophyll, Gas Exchange and Yield Parameters in Black gram</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study was to assess the effect of modified housing system on physiological parameters like rectal temperature, skin temperature, plasma cortisol level, respiration rate and pulse rate (counts/min) of Murrah buffaloes during autumn and winter seasons. A total of 14 lactating Murrah buffaloes were randomly selected and divided into two groups, on the basis of age, body weight (BW) and parity (P). T1=First group (n=7; BW=544.86kg; P=2.14) of buffaloes was housed under existing loose housing system and T2=Second group (n=7; BW=547.71kg; P=2.28) of buffaloes was housed under modified shed. In the present study, in autumn and winter season the mean rectal temperature were (T1=101.56&plusmn;0.06 vs. T2=100.94&plusmn;0.12&ordm;F and T1=100.71&plusmn;0.10 vs. T2=100.22&plusmn;0.08&ordm;F), skin temperature were (T1=95.19&plusmn;0.61 vs. T2=93.01&plusmn;0.57 &ordm;F and T1=90.27&plusmn;0.23 vs. T2=89.06&plusmn;0.27 &ordm;F) and plasma cortisol level (T1=4.04&plusmn;0.23 vs. T2=3.31&plusmn;0.21 and T1=3.19&plusmn;0.12 vs. T2=2.70&plusmn;0.14 ng/ml) respectively. These parameters were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in buffaloes housed under T2 as compared to T1 in autumn season, respiration rate (T1=37.39&plusmn;1.02 vs. T2=30.99&plusmn;1.21 and T1=26.56&plusmn;0.84 vs. T2=23.81&plusmn;0.66 counts/min.) was significantly lower in autumn (P&lt;0.01) and winter season (P&lt;0.0) and pulse rate (T1=60.91&plusmn;1.17 vs. T2=52.52&plusmn;1.44 and T1=55.01&plusmn;0.52 vs. T2=51.27&plusmn;0.53 counts/min) was significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower in buffaloes housed under T2 as compared to T1 in both seasons. The Murrah buffaloes housed under modified shed were improved physiological reactions during the autumn and winter seasons.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of modified housing system on physiological parameters of Murrah buffaloes during autumn and winter season&nbsp;</div>

<div>The experiment was conducted at Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram with an objective to assess the effect of seed invigouration with ZnSO4 and borax alone and along with Trichoderma viride on physiological parameters and nodulation of grain cowpea. Seed invigouration treatments had significant effect on physiological parameters as well as nodulation parameters in grain cowpea. Leaf area index and total chlorophyll content were found to be higher in seeds primed in ZnSO4 0.025 and 0.05 per cent for 4h at both 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). From 30 to 60 DAS, crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were the highest in seeds pelleted with borax 50 mg kg-1 seed and from 60 DAS to harvest, seeds primed in ZnSO4 0.05 per cent for 4h registered the highest CGR and RGR. Total number of nodules and effective nodules per plant were found to be higher in seeds pelleted with borax 50 and 100 mg kg-1 seed. However, the nodule fresh and dry weight were the highest in seeds primed in ZnSO4 0.05 per cent for 4h. Hence it can be concluded that compared to seed pelleting with borax, seed priming with ZnSO4 was found better for nodulation as well as better expression of physiological parameters in grain cowpea.</div>

<div>Effect of Seed Invigouration Treatments on Physiological Parameters and Nodulation of Grain Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]</div>

<div>Background: The beneficial effects of myo-inositol to mammals on physiological and reproductive functions and treatments of malfunctions have been reported. The aims of present study were to assess the efficacy of myo-inositol supplementation on physiological and reproductive performances through blood parameters, oocyte quality and embryo transfer in mice. 
 
Methods: Seventy-five virgin female mice were classified into three equal groups; control group (T1) versus two myo-inositol groups (T2 receive 30 mmol/l and T3 receive 60 mmol/l). Changes of body temperature, blood oxygen and glucose, heart rate, blood parameters (RBCs, WBCs, hematocrit, glucose and total protein), oocyte quality (cumulus enclosed, diameter and brilliant cresyl blue stain) and reproductive performances (litter weight and size) were determined.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results indicated that myo-inositol supplementation resulted in significant increase in values of RBCs, WBCs, hematocrit and total protein in addition to significant hypoglycemia. The quality of oocytes in case of cumulus enclosed, diameter and brilliant cresyl blue staining and reproductive performances were improved due to myo-inositol supplementation. Furthermore, myo-inositol supplementation effectively alleviated hypothermia and hyperglycemia following general anaesthesia.</div>

<div>Effects of Myo-inositol on Physiological and Reproductive Traits through Blood Parameters, Oocyte Quality and Embryo Transfer in Mice</div>

Background: Among the North-Eastern states, Assam is the highest in terms of area of cultivation of rapeseed and has the potential to increase productivity to a great extent. To fulfil the increasing demand for edible oils, appropriate interventions must be paid for introduction of new oilseed varieties.The suitable genotype for a particular region has to be identified based on physiological efficiency and yield.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The field experiment was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, Assam during rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of 22 different genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica rapa, var. Toria), viz., TS-38 (Check), TS-46, TS-67, TS-36, TS-29, TS-75-1, TS-75-1TL, TS-75-2ME, TS-75-2-MM, TS-76-1, TS-76-2, JT-90-1, Panchali, Bhawani, CG Toria-4, TKM-20-1, TKM-20-2, JT-14-5, PT-2018-09, CG Toria-3, Tapeshwari and PT-303. The crops were grown following the recommended package of practice. All the parameters were taken following the standard methodologies. The parameters under study were plant height, number of primary branches, number of green leaves, stem diameters, root lengths and root volumes, proline content, nitrate reductase activity, protein content, oil content, specific leave weight, leaf area index, net assimilation rate and seed yield.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the study indicated a significant variation of all the morpho-physiological parameters among the genotypes. The genotype TS-75-2ME and TS-38 exhibited morpho-physiological superiority in terms of number of primary branches, green leaves and SLW. The same genotypes also recorded significantly higher seed yield.

Genotypic Variations of Morpho-physiological Parameters of Rapeseed (Brassica rapa var. Toria) under Rainfed Condition of Assam

<div style="text-align: justify;">Shelter management is the manipulation of microclimate of the animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to cost of construction. House should be designed to meet the requirements health and comfort to the animals, convenience and comfort of the operator, efficiency of labour and materials handling and compliance with applicable health regulation. Problems related with the cost of housing,ventilations, scare resources, hygiene, manifestationof disease,behavioural concerns etc. Amelioration of these problems could be achieved by management intervention with respect to various components of housing and installation of cooling system to reduce heat. The major physiological changes involved in this acclimation and acclimatization while animals do acclimatize by gradually adapting to such stressors within their natural environment. During extreme weather condition open sides of shed can be covered temporarily with gunny bags, plastic sheet, bamboo mats, straw panels etc. Area-wise housing strategies for different kinds of the animals can be indentified and evaluated of new housing design to suit for different local condition based on locality available resources in this context could be explored. Also some modification in loose house can be very useful for example, in summer the thatch roofing succeeded in ameliorating heat stress but in winters, modification of floor with sand or rubber mat improved productive performance of dairy animals. Mist foggers, mist fogger with heavy duty dairy fans and ceiling fans are used to reduce thermal load during ambient temperature when body thermoregulation mechanism are not able to maintain normal physiological parameters.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Physiological parameters of cattle and buffalo in different seasons under different housing modification systems-&nbsp;A review&nbsp;</div>