<div>Background:&nbsp;The abdominal wall defects require urgent medical attention owing to the voluminous visceral content and uneven wound edges, which remains a clinical challenge for the surgeon. In the present study, xenogenic porcine and caprine acellular pericardium matrix was evaluated for surgical reconstruction of the induced abdominal wall in rabbits. 
 
Methods: All total eighteen adult rabbits were divided into three equal groups. The defects were corrected with acellular caprine and porcine pericardium matrix in Group A and B, respectively and Group C was kept as control. Various parameters viz clinical, gross evaluation of surgical wound, degree of adhesion and histopathological changes were evaluated as per standard methods. 
 
Result: Clinical parameters and gross changes of the surgical wound showed significant changes on the 3rd and 5th day in all the groups. TLC, Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Total Protein showed significant variation in Group A and B on the 10th day. Macroscopic and histopathological evaluation of implanted mesh has shows better host tissue proliferation in both the groups. Acellular caprine and porcine pericardium can be good options as bio-mesh for the repair of the abdominal wall and the subject may be considered for in-depth studies and further research programs.</div>

Xenogenic Acellular Pericardium Matrix of Caprine and Porcine Origin for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction in Rabbits

Transgenic &nbsp;food &nbsp;animal &nbsp;production &nbsp;is one &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;potential and &nbsp;need &nbsp;oriented &nbsp;research &nbsp;to &nbsp;mitigate &nbsp;the &nbsp;food &nbsp;crises &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;world. &nbsp;In &nbsp;vitro &nbsp;gene &nbsp;silenced &nbsp;animal &nbsp;cells &nbsp;and &nbsp;making &nbsp;use of &nbsp;these &nbsp;cells &nbsp; for &nbsp;transgenesis &nbsp;one of the suitable way to produce &nbsp;productive animals. &nbsp;Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, has the potential to increase the muscle mass upon its silencing. Four Hush 29-mer &nbsp;anti- myostatin (MSTN) &nbsp;shRNA &nbsp;constructs &nbsp;were checked for myostatin &nbsp;gene silencing in caprine foetal fibroblast cells &nbsp;and &nbsp;its &nbsp;subsequent effect &nbsp;on &nbsp;basic &nbsp;helix&ndash; loop&ndash;helix (bHLH) transcription &nbsp;factors. These factors are necessary for the terminal differentiation, proliferation, and homeostasis of muscle development. Different &nbsp;shRNA constructs displayed 55.1 &nbsp;to &nbsp;91.5% (p&lt; 0.01) of &nbsp;myostatin &nbsp;silencing &nbsp;in &nbsp;caprine &nbsp;foetal &nbsp;fibroblast &nbsp;cells &nbsp;and &nbsp;upregulation of &nbsp;myogenic gene. Upregulation of 7.97 &nbsp;to &nbsp;111.67 % &nbsp;for MyoD, 77.0 % &nbsp;to &nbsp;319.47 % for myogenin, &nbsp;16.67 % &nbsp;to &nbsp;138.0 % &nbsp;for Myf5 were observed . The &nbsp;Pearson &nbsp;correlation &nbsp;established &nbsp;a &nbsp;negative &nbsp;correlation &nbsp;between &nbsp;myostatin &nbsp;and &nbsp;genes under study. &nbsp; Result &nbsp;suggests &nbsp;that &nbsp;knockdown &nbsp;of &nbsp;MSTN a &nbsp;potential approach &nbsp;to &nbsp;improve &nbsp;caprine musculatures.

Myostatin silencing effect on basic helix&ndash;loop&ndash;helix transcription factors in caprine foetal fibroblast cells

<div>Background: Nanotechnology is used in stem cell culture as well as in vivo delivery and tracking of stem cells. Graphene oxide (GO) is a carbon based nanomaterial and it has large surface area as well as good biocompatibility and heteroatoms doped GO exploit its properties. Hybrid GO (hGO) nano structures biocompatibility is depends on its size, dose and exposure time as well as in vitro cell models and hence, need thorough cytotoxicity studies in different species in vitro cell models.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Caprine Wharton&rsquo;s jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) were isolated, characterized and dose dependent (100, 50, 25, 10 and 0&micro;g /ml) in vitro cytotoxicity of &nbsp;three different hGO nano structures (phosphorus doped graphene oxide titanium oxide tubes, rods and sheets) were &nbsp;analysed in caprine WJ-MSCs by studying cell cytotoxicity assays. &nbsp; 
 
Result: All three hGO nano structures were damaged cell morphology at 100 and 50 &micro;g /ml doses, however, morphologically more good cells were observed in hGO tubes treated group than hGO rods and hGO sheets at 25 and 10 &micro;g/ml doses as compared to control. Cell viability percentage was significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased at dose 100 &micro;g/ml and it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased at 25 &micro;g/ml dose as compared to 50, 10 and 0 &micro;g/ml doses. But, hGO tubes significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased cell viability % as compared to hGO rods and hGO sheets. Cell population doubling time (PDT) was not altered significantly by all hGO nano structures, but 100 and 50 &micro;g/ml doses significantly (P&lt;0.01)increased cell PDT as compared to 25, 10 and 0 &micro;g/ml doses. All hGO nano structures were non significantly altered growth curve, however, all hGO nano structures at 25 &micro;g /ml dose altered (inclined) shape of growth curve, while 100 and 50 &micro;g /ml doses significantly declined growth curve shape as compared to 10 and 0 &micro;g /ml doses. Cell proliferation % was significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased at 25 and 10 &micro;g/ml doses, while, it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased at 100 &micro;g /ml dose as compared to 50 and 0 &micro;g /ml. However, there was no significance difference was observed in cell proliferation % in groups treated by different hGO nanostructures. In last, it was concluded as, hGO nano structures cytotoxicity was dose dependent and hGO nano tubes were least cytotoxic in caprine WJ-MSCs.&nbsp;</div>

<div>In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Hybrid Graphene Oxide (hGO) Nano Structures in Caprine Wharton&rsquo;s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs)</div>

<div>Mycoplasma infection of the respiratory tract of goats is prevalent worldwide including the South Asian sub-continent. Owing to intensive and large scale goat farming, the incidence of the disease is on an increase. Among various species of mycoplasma, Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies Capri pneumoniae is increasingly incriminated in Contagious Caprine Pleurapneumonia (CCPP) in goat populations with considerable economic fallout in the form of high morbidity and mortality. The disease manifestations in caprines are recorded as anorexia, high febrile reaction and respiratory embarrassment in the shape of clinical dyspnoea, polypnea, paroxysmal cough and sero-purulent nasal discharges. The disease is thus contracted by the healthy animals through aerosol, contaminated feed and water sources in the herd premises, without a protective immunity and that the conferred immunity in recovered cases being short-lived. The true lesions of CCPP are confined to the lung alveolar tissues of infected goats, which distinguish it from other respiratory diseases of small ruminants caused by the members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster.&nbsp;Atypical pneumonia caused by the mycoplasma infection of goats, also known as Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been more often reported from Africa and Asia than Europe. Classical, acute CCPP attributed to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capri pneumoniae, originally known asthe F38 biotype (World Organisation for Animal Health, 2008) causes heavy kid mortality. Two other organisms in this group, M. mycoides subsp.&nbsp;capri and&nbsp;M. mycoides subsp.&nbsp;mycoides large-colony type, can cause disease in small ruminants that clinico-pathologically mimics CCPP&nbsp;but may have extra pulmonary signs and lesions, sometimes. Mycoplasma Capri pneumoniae and other members of the M. mycoides cluster cross-react in serological tests and share biochemical and genetic similarities. The most favourable epidemiological scenario in the Sub-continent is the hot humid climate during monsoons. The diversity and multi-etiological subspecies involved in the disease is detrimental in the development of an effective vaccine even though in some places a liquid vaccine is presently in use. At other places, anti-mycoplasmal antibiotics of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone and perhaps the macrolide groups remain to be the main option in preventing flock mortalities.</div>

​Caprine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia CCPP)- A Global Perspective of the Disease, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Immunization: A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of ascorbic acid on in vitro maturation of caprine oocytes under normal and elevated temperatures. Goat ovaries were collected at slaughter and both A and B grade cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were aspirated out and were matured in vitro under normal (38.5&deg;C) and elevated temperatures (41&deg;C). On the basis of cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation, the maturation competencewere compared with and without ascorbic acid supplementation (100 &micro;M). Heat stress significantly (P&pound; 0.01) reduced cumulus expansion, maturation rate and lowered metaphase stage II of nuclear maturation. Ascorbic acid improved developmental competence of oocytes during heat stress (41 &deg;C) and ascorbic acid supplemented COCs demonstrated significantly (P&pound; 0.05) higher maturation rates when compared to non-supplemented groups.</div>

Effect of antioxidant ascorbic acid on in vitro maturation of Caprine oocytes under normal and elevated temperatures

<div>Background: Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi among goat in field is still challenging due to scarce information on clinical manifestation and non availability of rapid reliable diagnostics. Molecular test such as PCR employed to diagnose the T. evansi with accuracy in both blood and tissues. Limited reports are available from different parts of the country on natural infection of T. evansi in goat. Mainly subclinical form of disease occurred in goats owing to low level of parasitaemia of T. evansi.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A Jamunapari goat aged 1.5 years and weighing ~25 Kg was suffering from circling movement, pale conjunctiva and anorexia and was found positive for T. evansi by buffy coat examination and polymerase chain reaction. Diminazene aceturate was given intramuscularly as 7% water solution at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. After 3 days, blood smear and buffy coat were negative for T. evansi and no band was found after running the product on 1.7% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study reveals first time report on caprine trypanosomosis from central India by conventional and PCR technique and placed on record. Hence, the goat should also be taken into consideration for control of trypanosomosis as goats are an important source of infection to other animals due to their reservoir nature for T. evansi.</div>

First Molecular Study of Caprine Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Central India

The present study was conducted on Sirohi and Barbari goat breeds to investigate the association of polymorphic variants with gastrointestinal nematode resistance in these goats. A total of 60 animals comprising 30 each of the two breeds selected randomly were included in the study. Genomic DNA isolated from venous blood was amplified for caprine lymphocyte antigen-DRB3 gene with specific primer by standardizing and optimising the PCR protocols. The PCR product of genomic DNA isolated from kids of Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat on digestion with restriction enzyme Pst1 revealed three genotypes viz., AA, AB and BB with genotypic frequencies of 0.53, 0.37 and 0.10, respectively in Sirohi and 0.73, 0.20 and 0.07 in Barbari breed. The frequencies of A and B alleles were 0.72 and 0.28 in Sirohi and 0.83 and 0.17 in Barbari breed, respectively. Both the breeds were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for these variants and were homogeneous with respect to their distribution. The effects of breed, genotype as well as their interaction were found to be non-signinficant. There were no significant association between genotypes at CLA-DRB3 locus and eggs per gram (EPG) count in both the breeds. It was concluded that this CLA-DRB3 gene locus cannot be used for selection of goats for nematode resistance in the present herd.

Association of caprine lymphocyte antigen-DRB3 gene with gastrointestinal nematode resistance in Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat

<div>Background: Respiratory diseases are very common in goats and cause severe economic loss to the rural poor farmers. Proper identification of the actual pathogen(s) responsible for the respiratory infections is critical for timely and proper management of those diseases. The present communication describes the spontaneous occurrence of concurrent Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia (CCPP) in a goat flock. 
 
Methods: An outbreak of respiratory disease in a goat flock consisting of 45 Tellicherry cross bred animals in varying age groups was investigated during the month of February 2019 in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. Information of disease outbreak and flock details were collected. Samples from live (nasal, ocular and rectal swabs) and dead (lung, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes) were collected for detection of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp.capripneumoniae (MCCP) antigen by polymerase chain reaction. Tissues from heart, lung, liver, kidney, intestine, spleen and lymph node were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examination. 
 
Result: Out of 45 goats at risk, 23 showed clinical signs and 17 died of disease conditions with morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of 51.11%, 37.77% and 73.91% respectively. PPR was confirmed by RT-PCR with M gene specific primers (191bp) and CCPP was confirmed by PCR with 16S rRNA gene fragment (316 bp). Affected animals showed clinical signs of pyrexia, anorexia, marked depression, mild erosions in the oral mucosa, nasal and ocular discharge, coughing and diarrhoea. Necropsy examination revealed congested oral mucosa, extensive pleuritis with large fibrin clots on lung surface and greyish pink consolidation of cranial lobes and anterior parts of diaphragmatic lobes. On section, consolidated areas were granular in appearance. Histopathology of lung revealed thickening of pleura, interlobular septa and alveolar wall by fibrin deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells. &nbsp;Pulmonary congestion, infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, syncytial cell formation with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions were also noticed. Visceral organs showed degenerative and necrotic changes.</div>

<div>Pathomorphology of Concurrent Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in a Cross Breed Goat Flock</div>

A 2 year old female goat weighing roughly 20 kg was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Complex at College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry in Jalukie, Nagaland, with a complaint of reduced appetite for the last three days, the detailed clinical examination revealed tick infestation, elevated body temperature, swollen pre-scapular lymph node and ocular discharge, the goat had regular deworming history. Peripheral blood samples were collected for parasitological examination. 2 ml of whole blood was drawn from the cephalic vein into an EDTA vacutainer for hematological analysis, ticks were also collected for morphological studies. Haematological findings indicated a slight reduction in hemoglobin count with neutrophilia. Microscopically, a blood smear examination revealed the presence of Theileria luwenshuni. The goat was treated with a combination of Buparvaquone and Oxytetracycline drugs, along with other supportive supplements and fluid therapy, resulting in relieving the clinical symptoms and clearing the blood of Theileria luwenshuni organism from the animal.

Theileriosis in Caprine: The First Recorded Case in Nagaland, India

Background: The current study aims to assess the management techniques, phenotypic variability, morphometric characteristics and performance traits of the Zokel indigenous goat of Mizoram. This documentation is crucial for breed registration and the conservation of the breed via suitable breeding programs.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A comprehensive investigation was conducted, involving a sample of 300 indigenous goats gathered from 64 villages. Goat rearing farmers often rely on natural grazing and locally available forages as the primary nutrition source for their herds. Various physical and biometric traits were recorded at different ages for the phenotypic characterization of the goats. These traits included body weight, body length, chest girth, height at withers, horn length, ear length and tail length, which were measured to assess the overall physical development and variations within the herd. The data were collected following the prescribed format recommended by the ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources, Karnal, for breed characterization. The collected data were then analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Zokel goats were found to have a small to medium body size (90-95%) and a short stature with a cylindrical body shape. The body colour of Zokel varied in different colors, which included white (45-58%), black (27-33%), brown (6-12%) and a mixed color (7-11%). Foreheads were narrower, straight and somewhat depressed in the middle (92-96%), whereas 2-5 percent had flattened and straight foreheads. Female goats have small horns with black and brown (90-93%), grey (2-6%) and mixed color (1-5%) and a little curve and slight bend at the ends upwards and backwards. Ears were small to moderate in size and oriented horizontally or drooping in a few cases. The average body length, chest girth, height at wither, horn length, ear length and tail length were 57.34&plusmn;0.75 cm, 72.12&plusmn;0.32 cm, 50.80&plusmn;0.51 cm, 8.89&plusmn;1.03 cm, 13.97&plusmn;0.21 cm and 17.78&plusmn;0.11 cm, respectively. The measurements of all morphometric traits were higher than the Assam Hill goats. The reproductive data indicates age at first mating, viz., 225.2&plusmn;8.04 days and higher kidding intervals, i.e., 232.5&plusmn;8.09 days. The results indicated that the Zokel goats showed comparable physical and morphometric traits but significant variations in proportions of these attributes compared to the other goat breeds.

Xenogenic Acellular Pericardium Matrix of Caprine and Porcine Origin for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction in Rabbits

Myostatin silencing effect on basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors in caprine foetal fibroblast cells

In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Hybrid Graphene Oxide (hGO) Nano Structures in Caprine Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs)

Caprine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia CCPP)- A Global Perspective of the Disease, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Immunization: A Review

Effect of antioxidant ascorbic acid on in vitro maturation of Caprine oocytes under normal and elevated temperatures

First Molecular Study of Caprine Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Central India

Association of caprine lymphocyte antigen-DRB3 gene with gastrointestinal nematode resistance in Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat

Pathomorphology of Concurrent Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in a Cross Breed Goat Flock

Theileriosis in Caprine: The First Recorded Case in Nagaland, India

Phenotypic Characterization of Zokel Goat: A Lesser Known Caprine Genetic Resource of Mizoram, India