<div style="text-align: justify;">Thirty-two black gram genotypes were evaluated using twelve quantitative and fifteen qualitative traits at Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, India to determine genetic divergence using important yield and yield contributing traits. The number of pods plant-1, peduncle length, harvest index and biomass yield plant-1 are important traits affecting grain yield response in black gram. The quantitative traits like; pod length, number of pods plant-1, 100-grain weight as well as qualitative traits like; stem pubescence, leaf pubescence, pod pubescence, pre mature pod colour and plant growth habit which have major contribution in the genetic divergence of black gram. The number of pods plant-1 is most important grain yield contributing and genetic divergence developing traits. The genotypes were classified into six clusters based on Euclidean distance. The genotypes belonging to cluster I, II and III were highly diverse than genotypes lies in cluster IV, V and VI. The genotypes IPU 99-176, UH 82-51, GE 154, IPU 99-3 and NG 2119 had good potential to develop high yielding transgressive segregants. The wide genetic diversity is present in black gram. The present study will be much helpful for selection of the parental lines to develop good grain yield producing black gram cultivar in accordance with changing climate. &nbsp;</div>

Divergence analysis of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) for grain yield and yield components

<div>The experiment comprising of four levels of phosphorus, i.e., 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1 and three levels of sulphur, i.e., 0, 15 and 30 kg ha-1, was conducted during summer of 2015-16 to investigate the interaction effect of phosphorus and sulphur application on nutrients uptake and yield of black gram cv. Uttara. The treatments were laid in randomized block design (Factorial) with three replications. The results revealed utmost concentration and uptake of phosphorus in seed (0.376% and 3.59 kg ha-1) and stover (0.266% and 6.38 kg ha-1) and sulphur in seed (0.397% and 3.79 kg ha-1) and stover (0.134% and 3.21 kg ha-1) with combined application of phosphorus 60 kg and sulphur 30 kg ha-1, indicating synergistic effect of phosphorus and sulphur on nutrient uptake, respectively. The results also revealed that combined application of phosphorus and sulphur showed synergistic effect on seed and stover yield of black gram with increasing levels of phosphorus and sulphur up to highest level as both the nutrients mutually help absorption and utilization by black gram probably due to balanced nutrition. The seed and stover yield were 955.50 and 2398.30 kg ha-1 with combined application of phosphorus 60 kg and sulphur 30 kg ha-1. The yield attributes of black gram viz., plant height, number of pods plant-1 and 100 seeds weight also increased significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus and sulphur up to highest level and the optimum values were recorded with combined application of phosphorus 60 kg and sulphur 30 kg ha-1. However, non-significant response of phosphorus and sulphur application has been observed in case of plant population (m-2).</div>

<div>Interaction effect of phosphorus and sulphur application on nutrient uptake, yield and yield attributing parameters of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]</div>

<div>Background: The main pulses grown in India are chickpea, arhar, lentil, black gram, mung bean, moth bean, horse gram, pea, khesari, cowpea, etc. Black gram is fourth major pulse crop in India, that contributes 13 and 10 per cent of total area and production respectively. This is annual plant that attains 30-100 cm height and its stem is covered with brown hairs and much branched from the base. The pods are long and cylindrical being 5-6 cm length and 4-10 seed in pods. The seeds are generally black, very dark brown. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted in kharif-2019 at research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture Dholi, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield parameters and the yield of black gram cv-PU-31, by the use different sources of nutrient in a integrated manner such as three level of fertilizer i.e. F1-75, F2-100 and F3-125% RDF and two levels of organic manure i.e. M1-control and M2-FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and three levels of biofertilizer i.e., B1-rhizobium, B2-nutrient mobilizer, B3-rhizobium+ nutrient mobilizer. The treatments were allocated in randomized block design (factorial) and replicated thrice.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that F3 produced taller plants, more dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR) yield attributes resulting higher yield of grain and straw (10.78, 22.61 q ha-1 respectively) which was statistically at par with plant height, dry matter, crop growth rate, yield attributes and yield of grain, straw and highest harvest index (10.73, 22.20 q ha-1 and 32.58% respectively) to F2. Among addition of organic manure significantly maximum plant height, dry matter and crop growth rate and yield attributes resulting maximum yield of grain, straw and harvest index (11.2, 22.79 q ha-1 and 33.31% respectively) was found in M2 over M1. In biofertilizer treatments, B3 recorded higher plant height, dry matter and crop growth rate, yield attributes resulting in significantly higher yield of grain, straw and harvest index (10.26, 21.90 q ha-1 and 31.92% respectively) over B1 and B2.</div>

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield Attributes and Yield of Black Gram Cv. Pu-31

Background: In India, black gram (Vigna mungo) is an important pulse crop that makes up an important proportion of the population&rsquo;s protein intake. However, low soil fertility specifically, deficiency in macronutrients and micronutrients like boron often limits its output. Foliar treatment of micronutrients, especially boron, has demonstrated potential to increase crop growth and production qualities. A field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of foliar boron application in combination with the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) on black gram growth and production.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted at the crop research centre (CRC), SGT University, Kaliawas, Gurugram, Haryana, in the summer of 2024. Seven treatments were replicated three times in this randomized block design (RBD) experiment. The experimental plot&rsquo;s soil had a sandy loam texture, slightly alkaline nature and low levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and micronutrients. Because of its consistent performance across all evaluated parameters, treatment combination T5 which included RDF +2% boron foliar application (F.A.) @ 30 and 45 days after sowing, showed significant result among all treatments. 
 
Result: Treatment combination T5 (RDF + foliar application of 2% boron at 30 and 45 DAS) recorded superior result for various growth and yield attributes like plant height (36.20 cm), number of branches per plant (28.12), number of trifoliate leaves per plant (36.86), number of pods per plant (18.00), number of grains per pod (8.20), test weight (42.22g), grain yield (12.54 q ha-1) and biological yield (32.36 q ha-1).

Effect of Different Levels of Boron on the Morphological Traits, Yield and Yield Components of Black Gram (Vigna mungo)

<div>Background: Excessive and unbalanced chemical fertilization in crop husbandry has attracted much attention because of soil health issues, reducing crop quality, increasing production cost and environmental risks. Organic farming is perceived as the best-known alternative method and has numerous environmental benefits. &ldquo;Vermiwash&rdquo; is liquid manure extracted from earthworms rich-vermicompost containing soluble nutrients, growth hormones, enzymes and many micro-organisms. As a result, the purpose of this study was to see how vermiwash affected the production and quality of black gram. 
 
Methods: During the kharif 2018, a field experiment was set up in a randomized block design to assess the effect of nine vermiwash treatments prepared from different organic wastes like cow dung, buffalo dung, green and dry field wastes and their combinations on growth, yield attributes and yield, nutrients and protein content of organic black gram (var. PU-31) and biochemical properties of vermiwash. 
 
Result: The neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7.72), E.C. (1.39 dSm-1) and maximum nutrients content, greatest average microbiological count (total number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and enzyme activity (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase) were significantly found in treatment (T1) among the various vermiwash treatments at 35 days after collection. Moreover, the foliar application of vermiwash treatment (T1) significantly recorded highest growth, seed yield, nutrients and protein content. Based on-field results, it is possible to infer that treatment T1 (foliar spray in two equal split applications at a rate of 10% at the onset of flowering and 15 days following the first spray) is a better fertilizer practice for organic black gram cultivation.</div>

​​Potential of Vermiwash Prepared from Different Combinations of Organic Wastes to Improve the Growth, Yield and Quality of Organic Black Gram

<div>Background: Black gram is one of the important pulse crops of the world and India is the major producer and consumer of pulses in the world. One of the main reason for low productivity of pulses is that they are cultivated mostly in areas with low soil moisture and poor soil fertility. In order to overcome such adverse conditions, low-cost techniques like seed hardening/pelleting are preferred. Seed pelleting provides package of nutrients that influences seed or soil at the seed-soil interface. Since the cost involved is very less, an attempt has been made to study the effect of botanical seed pelleting and foliar spary on growth and yield parameters in black gram cv. CO 6. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the cumulative effect of botanical seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150g kg-1 and foliar spray of prosopis and moringa leaf powders with different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) on morpho physiological, leaf chlorophyll, gas exchange and yield parameters in black gram cv. CO 6 in the study. The observations on morpho physiological, leaf chlorophyll, gas exchange and yield parameters were recorded, statistically analysed and discussed here. 
 
Result: From the results, it was found that among the treatments, seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg-1 + foliar spray of prosopis leaf powder @ 6% recorded higher morpho physiological parameters viz., plant height (48.73 cm), number of branches plant-1 (8.78), dry matter production (14.83 g plant-1), chlorophyll &lsquo;a&rsquo; (1.03 mg g-1), chlorophyll &lsquo;b&rsquo; (1.11 mg g-1) and total chlorophyll content (2.14 mg g-1), photosynthesis and transpiration rates (27.33 mg CO2 m-2 s-1 and 10.60 mg H2O m-2 s-1), intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance (274.30 &micro; mol mol-1 and 0.82 mol-2 s-1). This treatment also recorded lower number of days to first flowering (23.23 days), earliness in 50 per cent flowering (30.12 days) and also recorded higher yield parameters such as lengthier pods, more number of pods plant-1, pod yield plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed yield &nbsp;plant-1, seed yield ha-1 and hundred seed weight of 5.60 cm, 26.30, 8.20 g, 7.30, 5.30 g, 795.12 kg ha-1 and 5.83 g, respectively as compared to other treatments. To conclude, seed pelleting with pungam leaf powder @ 150 g kg-1 + foliar spray of prosopis leaf powder @ 6% proved to be the best in enhancing morpho physiological, growth and yield parameters.</div>

<div>Cumulative Effect of Botanical Seed Pelleting and Foliar Spray on Morpho Physiological, Leaf Chlorophyll, Gas Exchange and Yield Parameters in Black gram</div>

<div>Background: Black gram (Vigna mungo. L) is one of the most cultivated legume pulse crop with high nutritive value and Malabar neem (Melia dubia) is an emerging industrial agroforestry tree in Southern India. To maximize the land utilization with a field experiment was conducted at Western zone of Tamil Nadu to investigate the performance of black gram varieties under different spatial arrangements of Melia dubia plantations. 
 
Methods: An agroforestry trial was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications during kharif and rabi (2019-20) season. Black gram crop varieties (V1 - CO6 and V2 - VBN 6) were intercropped with M. dubia (1.5 year old plantation) with three different spacing of S1 (3&nbsp;x 1.5 m), S2 (3 x 3 m) and S3 (4 x 4 m) while S0 as open field (Sole crop of black gram) for both the season. 
 
Result: The results of pooled analysis of two season shown that, treatment S0V2 recorded plant height (49.96 cm), number of branches (3.76), number of leaves (259.75), number of flowers (53.44), number of pods (22.85), seed yield per plant (5.38 g) and seed yield per hectare (0.82 tonnes) in open condition. Similarly in intercropping the growth and yield attributes of black gram were minimum performance recorded in CO 6 at closer spacing (3 x 1.5 m). In tree growth maximum pooled height increment (1.57 m) was observed in closer spacing (3 x 1.5 m) and maximum diameter recorded in wider spacing of both varieties. Hence wider spacing of S3 (4 x 4 m) can be suggested for intercropping under M. dubia plantations upto 4 years.</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

Growth and Yield Performance of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Malabar Neem (Melia dubia) Plantations in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pulses are one of the most important legume crops in India contributing significantly high quality protein. Among the legumes, black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), is an important legume crop in our country belonging to the family leguminoceae. The low productivity in pulses may be due to the fact that they are normally grown in marginal lands with inadequate soil moisture and poor fertility status. To increase yield under these circumstances, integrated seed treatment is given as a presowing treatment. &nbsp; Hence, a study was attempted to find out the influence of integrated seed treatments on growth and yield parameters in black gram. The seeds of &nbsp;black gram cv VBN 4 were subjected to &nbsp;various seed &nbsp;treatments and treated seeds along with the control were evaluated for their seed quality, growth, gas exchange and yield parameters both in laboratory and field trials. The study revealed that seeds fortified with MgSO4 + polykote + carbendazim + dimethoate + bioinoculant (Pseudomononas fluorescens) + Rhizobium + Azophos + pelleting with DAP recorded higher seed yield and other parameters when compared to control.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of integrated seed treatments on growth, seed yield and&nbsp;quality parameters in black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]</div>

<div>
<div>Background:&nbsp;Composting is the process of breaking down of organic matter using living organisms which can be used as manure for soil conditioning. Vermicomposting is the rapid decomposition of biowastes using earthworm species which will enhance the growth and yield of plants. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The vermicomposting of vegetable and fruit wastes was carried out during summer season (May-July) and by using the vermicompost a pot culture experiment was conducted in black gram for three months from August to October, 2019. The treatments consist of combinations of vermicomposted wastes and cowdung along with bioinoculants, Soil served as control. The biometric parameters such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight on 15, 35, 55 DAS and yield characters like number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pods, pod length, weight of seed/pod, pod fresh weight and pod dry weight were recorded and statistically analysed. The present study has been attempted to convert the vegetables and fruit waste into compost as manure and analyse its effect on vegetative growth and yield parameters of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.). 
 
Result:&nbsp;The highest value of shoot length, root length, fresh weigh and dry weight were noted in fruit waste + cow dung +&nbsp;Pleurotus eous (APK1) +&nbsp;Trichoderma asperelloides&nbsp;+&nbsp;Eudrilus eugeniae on 15, 35 and 55 day after sowing (DAS) and the least was reported in control (only soil). The application of T8 treatment reported the highest yield characters which were followed by other treatments and control on 15, 35 and 55 DAS. The study concluded that T8 (F.W + cow dung + P. eous + T. asperelloides&nbsp;+&nbsp;Eudrilus eugeniae) is an effective biocompost for the growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) which is eco-friendly.</div>
</div>

Influence of Vegetable and Fruit Wastes Vermicompost on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Anthracnose of green gram caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus &amp; W.D. Moore occurs severely in Indo- gangetic plains every year. Experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) to assess yield losses to develop yield loss models. The linear regression models were developed by two parameters i. e. percent yield loss and avoidable yield loss as dependant variable and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) as independent variable. The two years pooled mean revealed that a drop of 0.3 to 0.33 qha-1 in pod yield and a drop of 0.16 to 0.20% in avoidable yield loss of pod yield due to every 1% increase in AUDPC. Three sprays of Propiconazole 25 EC (0.1%) at 10 days interval beginning from 20 days after sowing resulted in lowest anthracnose under moderate disease pressure and four sprays for high disease pressure resulted in highest pod yield of 5.17q/ha and 5.08q/ha respectively. Highest avoidable losses of pod yield and percent yield loss over potential yield due to anthracnose were 48.82% and 3.55% for three sprays and 49.74% and 1.77% for four sprays respectively. The result also showed that three sprays of fungicide (Propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1%) resulted in minimizing the disease and maximizing the profit by high benefit cost ratio (B:C) ratio.</div>

Divergence analysis of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) for grain yield and yield components

Interaction effect of phosphorus and sulphur application on nutrient uptake, yield and yield attributing parameters of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield Attributes and Yield of Black Gram Cv. Pu-31

Effect of Different Levels of Boron on the Morphological Traits, Yield and Yield Components of Black Gram (Vigna mungo)

Potential of Vermiwash Prepared from Different Combinations of Organic Wastes to Improve the Growth, Yield and Quality of Organic Black Gram

Cumulative Effect of Botanical Seed Pelleting and Foliar Spray on Morpho Physiological, Leaf Chlorophyll, Gas Exchange and Yield Parameters in Black gram

Growth and Yield Performance of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Malabar Neem (Melia dubia) Plantations in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu

Effect of integrated seed treatments on growth, seed yield and quality parameters in black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Influence of Vegetable and Fruit Wastes Vermicompost on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Measuring and assessing the yield loss and yield loss model of green gram due to Anthracnose of green gram (Vigna radiata)