<div>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising concern in the global aquaculture sector due to the rampant prophylactic use of antibiotics. This study is aimed to determine the AMR pattern in freshwater ornamental fishes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified from infected Guppy and Molly collected from ornamental fish farms. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (ABST) using disc diffusion with 36 antibiotics was performed following the disc diffusion method. The resistance gene cassettes such as Class 1 and Class 2 integron were also detected from resolved isolates.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. dhakensis, A. veronii, A. sobria, Bacillus subtilis, Comamonas testosteroni, Edwardsiella tarda, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Kurthia gibsonii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Shannon Weiner diversity index of resolved isolates was found to be 1.366 and 2.101 for Guppy and Molly, respectively. ABST results showed an elevated resistance pattern for A. veronii, E. faecalis (Guppy), K. aerogenes, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, C. testosteroni (Molly) with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (&gt;0.33). Meanwhile, all the recovered isolates were susceptible to sulphafurazole, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Detection of class 1 integron in genomic and plasmid DNA reminds the rapid spread of the AMR gene through horizontal gene transfer.</div>

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Gene Cassettes Detection in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fishes

<div style="text-align: justify;">The experiment was conducted with five bacterial wilt resistant genotypes viz. Ujwala. Anugraha, VKC 2, VKC 11 and VKC 76 were crossed in diallel design without reciprocals to obtain ten F1 hybrids. The good general combiner for the number of fruits per plant and yield was Anugraha. Ujwala and Anugraha were found to be good general combiners for the content of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and beta carotene. VKC 11 showed high general combining ability in fruit length, fruit girth, magnesium, iron, vitamin C and beta carotene. All the cross combinations showed earliness in flowering, Ujwala x VKC 11 were found best specific combiner for fruit width, fruit girth, average fruit weight, vitamin C and antioxidant activity. Ujwala x Anugraha was identified as best specific combiner for number of fruits per plant and green yield. The general and specific combining ability revealed that there was preponderance of non-additive gene action for plant height, number of branches, days to flower, days to harvest, days from flowering to harvest, fruit width, fruit girth, average fruit weight, yield per plant, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and antioxidant activity. Number of fruits per plant, capsaicin, vitamin C and beta carotene were governed by additive gene action. All the hybrids were found resistant to bacterial wilt in the field as well as when inoculated artificially with the pathogen.</div>

Combining ability in bacterial wilt resistant chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes&nbsp;

Background: This study investigates bacterial contaminants and pathogenic species isolated from fish pond wastewater (FPWW) in Bechar province, Southwestern Algeria and assesses their antibiotic resistance propfile. 
 
Methods: A total of 21 FPWW samples were analyzed using different culture media to isolate bacterial contaminants via the membrane filter technique. Following purification, all bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical tests and subjected to susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and the broth microdilution technique. Antimicrobial residue detection was also carried out using the microbiological tube test method (MTT). 
 
Result: We successfully isolated 68 bacterial isolates, classified into six bacterial groups: non-Enterobacteriaceae (41.18%), Enterobacteriaceae (38.24%), Streptococcaceae (8.82%), Pseudomonadaceae (7.35%), Erwiniaceae (2.94%) and Neisseriaceae (1.47%). According to the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, this distribution was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). The isolated species included Aeromonas hydrophila hydrophila, Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Kluyvera spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea spp., Chromobacterium violaceum, Salmonella choleraesuis and Vibrio spp. Susceptibility testing of the bacterial contaminants revealed variable responses among the strains, with increased resistance to &beta;-lactam antibiotics. Multidrug resistance results showed that 17 strains (25%) exhibited resistance to three to six different antibiotic classes, with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices ranging from 0.28 to 0.68. The variability in MAR indices among bacterial groups was statistically significant (ANOVA, p = 0.0498). Furthermore, no growth-inhibiting substances were detected in the wastewater samples using the MTT method.

Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic and Bacterial Contaminants Isolated from Fish Pond Wastewater in Bechar Province, Southwestern Algeria

<div>Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) gets affected by more than seventy diseases by the infection of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Among, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is the important disease around the rice cultivated areas and causing drastic yield losses ranging between 20 and 30 per cent. Among very few options for increasing yield potential in rice, genetic diversity among the genotypes plays an important role in selection of parents having wider variability for disease resistance.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Methods: The rice genotypes were screened using PDI for bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and subjected to D2 analysis for nine quantitative traits viz., plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, days to fifty per cent flowering, number of grains per panicle, thousand grain weight, grain length, grain breadth and single plant yield.&nbsp; 
 
Result: On the basis of Mahalanobis D2 statistics, the thirty five genotypes are grouped into VIII clusters. The highest intra cluster distance was recorded for cluster II (41.16) followed by cluster VI (37.73). Out of thirty five genotypes screened under field condition using percentage disease index (PDI), CR 1009 found to be resistant with the lowest PDI value of 9.67 per cent. The genotypes Karsamba, TPS 4 and Kaivara samba registered highest PDI value of 70.67, 67.22 and 66.67 respectively. The BLB resistance in genotype dependent and not cluster based. The resistant genotype CR 1009 under field screening was positioned in VI cluster. The cluster II had susceptible genotypes karsamba and kaivarasamba. Thus, the identified genotypes can be utilized in recombination breeding to provide BLB resistance segregants.</div>

​​Genetic Diversity Analysis for Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

<div>Background: Common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) has been recorded as one of the most important seed-borne destructive diseases of beans, affecting its production worldwide. Since chemical compounds cause serious damage to natural ecosystems and in some instances fail in controlling CBB, the use of genetically resistant cultivar is the most economically efficient and environmentally friendly measure in the control of CBB disease. The objective of this study was to assess the resistance reactions of widely grown and popular common bean cultivars against Xap under controlled conditions. 
 
Methods: In this study, 16 dry bean cultivars comprising eight widely grown dry bean varieties, six improved and promising genotypes and two known CBB susceptible varieties, were evaluated for their reaction to the CBB in a completely randomized design with three replications. The reaction of the bean cultivars to Xap was assessed using disease incidence, disease severity, per cent severity index, the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and incubation period.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Data analysis indicated that there were highly significant differences (p&le;0.01) among common bean cultivars for CBB disease incidence, disease severity, per cent severity index and AUDPC among cultivars. The cultivated varieties Noyanbey and &Ouml;zmen were identified as resistant cultivars. In addition, SAP6 and BAC6 resistance genes were found in these two cultivars. As a consequence, it was thought that these cultivars could be a potential source of disease resistance for CBB in breeding programs and sustainable, eco-friendly and good agricultural practices.</div>

​​Evaluation of Dry Bean Cultivars in Turkey for Resistance against Common Bacterial Blight Disease

<div>Background: Carbapenems are beta-lactam antibiotics that are considered as the last line of therapy against multidrug resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase. The resistance to carbapenems predominantly through carbapenemase is one of the most important emerging health problems worldwide in the therapy of clinical infections. The objective of the present study is to determine the presence of carbapenemase encoding genes among Gram- negative bacterial spp. associated with clinical infections in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 30 Escherichia coli, 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae and three Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine, swabs from lesional skin and anterior vagina of dogs presented with different clinical ailments formed the samples for the study. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect the presence of carbapenemase encoding genes viz., KPC, NDM, OXA, VIM and IMP among the isolates. 
 
Result: Out of the 44 Gram- negative isolates tested, 28 (76.3%) were positive for at least one tested carbapenemase gene. The highest frequency of carbapenemase recorded was for NDM followed by OXA-181, KPC, OXA-48 and VIM. Our study identified a high prevalence of carbapenemases among companion animals like dogs which could act as potential source of transmission of these resistance bacteria or their genomes to humans.</div>

<div>Molecular Detection of Carbapenem Resistant Gram Negative Bacterial Isolates from Dogs&nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: In the present study two hundred milk samples were collected from cows and buffaloes with no history of clinical mastitis in the ongoing lactation, from the Sirohi district of Southern Rajasthan. 
 
Methods: The pooled sample (collected from each quarter) and examined for the status of subclinical mastitis by Modified California mastitis test and Somatic cell count respectively. Positive samples were further investigated for isolation and identification of the major mastitis-causing pathogens: S. aureus, predominant Streptococcal species and E. coli for assessing antimicrobial resistance models in southern Rajasthan. 
 
Result: The results of the current study indicate high levels of multi-drug antibiotic resistance among bacteria that commonly cause mastitis, particularly ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and methicillin. However, the highest sensitivity was conferred to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and co-trimoxazole, suggestive of judicious use of these antibiotics in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Concurrent implementation of gradient PCR indicated the presence of mecA and blaZ genes in 51.9% and 81.4% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Meanwhile, 56.6% of the streptococcal isolate contained the tetracycline-conferring tetM gene and none of the streptococci contained the ermB gene. The 92.3% E. coli isolates contained the tetA gene and the tetB gene for tetracycline resistance.</div>

Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Isolates in Bovine Subclinical Mastitis from Southern Rajasthan

<div>SAR and ISR are key acquired resistances in plants that play major role in imparting resistance to plants against various pathogens namely bacteria, virus, nematodes etc. The increasing awareness towards chemicals has led scientists to work on new mechanism of resistances. Both SAR and ISR are of future perspective for disease management. SAR require salicylic acid as transport molecule along with other complexes that include reactive oxygen species, lipid molecules whereas ISR require Jasmonic acid as signal molecule. SAR is more long lasting and broad spectrum as compared to ISR. Non-pathogenic bacteria and insectivores induce ISR. In future, disease management will be more focused on ISR and SAR.</div>

​Systemic Acquired Resistance vs Induced Systemic Resistance: A Review

<div>Background:&nbsp;Salmonella is recognized as the most prevalent bacterial cause of foodborne diseases worldwide and animal-sourced foods have been reported as a common source of Salmonella infections among humans. 
 
Methods: The commercial chicken eggs, backyard chicken eggs, and duck eggs samples, 60 each, were processed for isolation and identification of Salmonella. All Salmonella isolates were further tested for resistance against six different antibiotics. The prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in the Salmonella isolates was determined by PCR. &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 28 Salmonella isolates were recovered with an overall prevalence of 15.6% and out of them, 11.1% and 4.4% were from eggshell and egg content, respectively. All the isolates were found sensitive to Gentamicin however maximum resistance was observed against Cefotaxime. PCR results revealed that 100% of the isolates were carrying the invA gene however stn gene was detected in 78.6% of isolates. Among presumptively identified &beta;-lactam-resistant Salmonella isolates, 100% and 50% isolates harbored blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, respectively whereas none of the isolates contained the blaSHV gene. All tetracycline-resistant isolates harbored the tetA gene whereas none of the isolates carried the tetB gene. 100% of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were carrying the gyrA gene however parC gene was present only in 60% of isolates. These results indicate that drug-resistant Salmonella spp. were prevalent in eggs sold in the study area which can pose a serious public health problem.</div>

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Distribution of Resistance Genes in Salmonella Isolated from Chicken and Duck Eggs in Chhattisgarh, India

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Greengram Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, is an important legume crop that serves as a low-cost source of protein. The bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.) is a serious storage pest affecting greengram and other pulse crops. Thus, a study was designed to investigate bruchid resistance (Callosobruchus chinensis) in inter sub-specific derived lines of greengram and to identify chemical compounds responsible for resistance. 
 
Methods: The experimental material comprised of 200 inter sub-specific derived lines of F9 generation of VBN (Gg) 2 (susceptible to bruchid) &times;&nbsp;Vigna radiata var. sublobata/2 (resistant to bruchid) and a susceptible check variety. The bruchid screening experiment was carried out in completely randomized design and replicated twice with 50 seeds in each replication by adopting no choice test. Out of 200 lines evaluated for bruchid screening, seed damage due to bruchid was less than 20 per cent in 11 lines, identified as resistant. However, three resistant lines viz., GGISC 124, GGISC 140 and GGISC 150 were taken for further confirmation for bruchid resistance and GC-MS analysis to discover the chemical compounds conferring resistance (Clarus SQ 8C, Perkin Elmer).&nbsp; 
 
Result: In confirmation screening, seed damage due to bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis) on 30th day was less than 20 per cent in three inter sub-specific lines viz., GGISC 124, GGISC 150 (17.00%) and GGISC 140 (18.00%), whereas the susceptible check [VBN (Gg) 2] reached 100 per cent adult emergence. The three inter sub-specific lines recorded susceptibility index of 0.046 (GGISC 124), 0.047 (GGISC 140) and 0.048 (GGISC 150) and classified as resistant. The susceptible check [VBN (Gg) 2] recorded the susceptibility index of 0.085. GC-MS study was carried out in resistant lines GGISC 124, GGISC 140, GGISC 150 and susceptible check VBN (Gg) 2. The results revealed that the existence of three compounds viz., 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 2-ethanediyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, 2-oxiranyl methyl ester in resistant lines conferred resistance against C. chinensis in greengram.</div>