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Research Article

Agricultural Science Digest, volume 42 issue 4 (august 2022) : 444-448

​​Genetic Diversity Analysis for Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

J.R. Jerish1,*, R. Narayanan1, S. Murugan1
1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Jerish J.R., Narayanan R., Murugan S. (2022). ​​Genetic Diversity Analysis for Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) . Agricultural Science Digest. 42(4): 444-448. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5365.

ABSTRACT

Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) gets affected by more than seventy diseases by the infection of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Among, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is the important disease around the rice cultivated areas and causing drastic yield losses ranging between 20 and 30 per cent. Among very few options for increasing yield potential in rice, genetic diversity among the genotypes plays an important role in selection of parents having wider variability for disease resistance.                             

Methods: The rice genotypes were screened using PDI for bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and subjected to D2 analysis for nine quantitative traits viz., plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, days to fifty per cent flowering, number of grains per panicle, thousand grain weight, grain length, grain breadth and single plant yield. 

Result: On the basis of Mahalanobis D2 statistics, the thirty five genotypes are grouped into VIII clusters. The highest intra cluster distance was recorded for cluster II (41.16) followed by cluster VI (37.73). Out of thirty five genotypes screened under field condition using percentage disease index (PDI), CR 1009 found to be resistant with the lowest PDI value of 9.67 per cent. The genotypes Karsamba, TPS 4 and Kaivara samba registered highest PDI value of 70.67, 67.22 and 66.67 respectively. The BLB resistance in genotype dependent and not cluster based. The resistant genotype CR 1009 under field screening was positioned in VI cluster. The cluster II had susceptible genotypes karsamba and kaivarasamba. Thus, the identified genotypes can be utilized in recombination breeding to provide BLB resistance segregants.

INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple food for more than half of the world’s population and hence, is referred to as “Global Grain” (Prasad et al., 2018). Globally it is cultivated over 167 million hectares with the production of 780 million tonnes (FAOSTAT, 2017). It gets affected by more than seventy diseases by the infection of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Among, them bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is the important disease around the rice cultivated areas (Khan, 1996; Gautam et al., 2015). Disease incidence occurs in all growth stages of rice crop, causing drastic yield losses ranging between 20 and 30 per cent (Noh et al., 2007). The disease severity can cause a yield loss up to 80 per cent and is influenced by various crop stages, environment (28 to 34oC) and degree of susceptibility of the genotypes (Shin et al., 1992; Laha, 2017). Since yield of rice is highly affected by BLB current growth status of rice production can’t meet the demand projections in near future, which in coming years is going to be a challenge due to decreasing sources of water, arable land and fertilizer input (Marcaida et al., 2014). Among very few options for increasing yield potential in rice, improvement of genetic potential of the crop cultivars is one of the best. Rice is endowed with rich natural genetic diversity and there is tremendous scope to exploit diversity for improvement of desired traits through goal directed breeding. Genetic divergence among the genotypes plays an important role in selection of parents having wider variability for different characters (Nayak et al., 2002). Genetic diversity is a prerequisite for any crop improvement program and it helps in the development of superior segregants. The importance of genetic diversity in selecting parents to recover transgressive segregants has been repeatedly emphasized by many workers (Devi et al., 2017). Thus, present investigation was carried out to study genetic divergence for BLB disease resistance in rice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted during Navarai season of 2020 on D Block at Plant Breeding Experimental Farm of Annamalai University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chidambaram. The screening was conducted in the paddy field at maximum tillering stage under natural environment condition to check the host pathogen interaction without using any BLB inoculums and there was no artificial favourable condition given to promote the pathogen growth.
       
Each germplasm is evaluated for the BLB resistance by calculating per cent disease index (PDI) and by giving scales to the respective PDI reading. For one genotype, five plants are taken for evaluating the BLB resistance. The PDI and scales for evaluating the BLB resistance was analysed based on the method suggested by Nagendran et al., 2013.
 
  
 
Scoring system used to evaluate breeding lines for BLB resistance in the field (IRRI, 2006 and Rafi et al., 2013).
 

       
The genetic divergence among thirty five genotypes were estimated by Mahalanobis (1949) D2 statistics for nine quantitative characters. The D2 values were calculated using GENRES software. The computed values are tested for significance. The average inter and intra cluster distance tables were obtained from table output. The grouping of the genotypes into cluster was done using Toucher’s method (Rao et al., 2002).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Screening for BLB
 
The morphological screening of thirty five rice genotypes against the bacterial leaf blight (BLB) pathogen under field condition was carried out using PDI (Percentage disease index). Among the genotypes CR 1009 found to be resistant with the lowest PDI value of 9.67 per cent. The genotypes Karsamba, TPS 4 and Kaivara samba registered highest PDI value of 70.67, 67.22 and 66.67 respectively. The result of this screening of rice genotypes based on field screening was presented in the Table 1. Of the genotypes three per cent were resistant, forty-six per cent were found to be moderately resistant, thirty seven percent were moderately susceptible and fourteen per cent were susceptible to rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) which was presented in the Fig 1.
 

Table 1: Score for BLB resistance under field screening.


 

Fig 1: Distribution of the genotypes in different BLB grads.


       
Tamilarasan et al., (2018) morphologically screened one hundred and fourteen rice varieties against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) using PDI and concluded that genotypes CR 1009, PY 5, Kadaikannam, ADT 41, ACK 13005, ACK 12001, Mulampunchan and Veethiruppu were resistant against rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB). Further grouped the genotypes using D2 statistics and mentioned the position of the resistant genotypes in the respective clusters also pointed out that the BLB resistance is genotype dependent and not cluster based.
 
D2 analysis
 
An effort was made by using D2 statistic proposed by Mahalanobis (1949), to assess the nature and magnitude of thirty five rice genotypes and to select the suitable genotypes for further utilization in breeding programme. In the cluster diagram formed by the Tocher’s method, eight major clusters were formed. The maximum number of genotypes was depicted in cluster I which comprised of ten genotypes followed by cluster VI and II with nine and six genotypes respectively, whereas cluster III, IV, V, VII and VIII comprised two genotypes each. It is presented in the Table 2. The pattern of group constellation proved the existence of significant amount of variability. Similar findings were also reported by Dey et al., 2020.
 

Table 2: Composition of D2 cluster for rice genotypes.


       
The highest intra cluster distance was recorded for cluster II (41.16) followed by cluster VI (37.73) and lowest intra cluster average distance was recorded by cluster III (16.76) and IV (18.65) which is furnished in Table 3 and Fig 2. The genotypes belonging to the clusters separated by high genetic distance could be used in hybridization programme for obtaining a wide spectrum of variation among the segregants (Solanki et al., 2019). Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between VII and VIII (60.80), followed by cluster VI and VII (57.06). The minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters III and IV (22.03) and this was followed by the clusters V and III (27.14). Among the nine traits studied, maximum contribution was made by single plant yield (66.72%) which is in agreement with Banumathy et al., 2010. The cluster mean for all the nine biometric traits were studied character wise and furnished below in Table 4. Hybridization among the genotypes which had the maximum inter-cluster distances could produce heterotic combinations and wide variability in segregating generations for many beneficial traits (Anandan et al., 2011).  Thus, the divergence of the thirty five rice genotypes used in the study may be due to involvement of different ancestral pedigree or uncommon parentage.
 

Table 3: Inter and intra cluster distances for rice genotypes.


 

Fig 2: Cluster Diagram by Tocher Method.


 

Table 4: Cluster means among rice genotypes for various biometric traits.

                   
       
On the basis of Mahalanobis D2 statistics, the thirty five genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. The BLB resistance in genotype dependent and not cluster based. The resistant genotype CR 1009 under field screening was positioned in VI cluster. The cluster II had susceptible genotypes karsamba and kaivarasamba.

CONCLUSION

Since rice is highly affected by bacterial leaf blight (BLB), genetic diversity is tremendous scope to exploit diversity for improvement of disease resistance through goal directed breeding. Thus studies on genetic divergence for BLB disease resistance in rice is one of the important objective in rice breeding. Among thirty five rice genotypes studied for bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease resistance, CR 1009 found to be resistant under field screening with the lowest PDI value of 9.67 per cent while genotypes Karsamba, TPS 4 and Kaivara samba registered highest PDI value of 70.67, 67.22 and 66.67 respectively. On the basis of Mahalanobis D2 statistics, the resistant genotype CR 1009 under field screening was positioned in VI cluster, the cluster II had susceptible genotypes karsamba and kaivarasamba. Thus, the identified genotypes with wider variability for disease resistance can be utilized in recombination breeding to provide BLB resistance segregants.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

REFERENCES


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