Labeo rohita were used to investigate effect of nickel induced toxicity. For this two groups, control groups (N=50) and experimental groups (N=50) were further divided into group 1-4, on the basis of dosage of nickel and blood sampling. Body weight of animals was noted before and after dose treatment. It was found that body length in the experimental group did not show marked increase throughout experimental period while the effect of nickel toxicity was observed on body weight. The weight of experimental fish decreased in experimental group significantly (p&lt;0.05) from first dose to the last dose. Blood plasma was analyzed for biochemical parameters (Total proteins, AST, ALT, and ALP). AST, ALT and ALP levels increased remarkably in experimental fish as compared to the control one, while the levels of total proteins decreased significantly from group 1-4. Results of the present study suggest hepatotoxicity caused by metal and role of nickel as endocrine disrupter in fish body. Nickel also causes changes in growth parameters of animal by affecting their body weight with increased dosage of metal.

Effect of nickel toxicity on growth parameters and hepatic&nbsp;enzymes in major carp

<div>Background: Heavy metals may adversely affect the aquatic flora and fauna. Industrial effluents contributing heavy metals on entering into aquatic environment causes biochemical alterations in the fish. Heavy metals are natural components of the aquatic environment, but heavy metal levels have increased due to anthropogenic sources like industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and wastes of mining activities. All the pollutants affect the physicochemical characteristics of the water bodies, sediment and biological components and thus the quality and quantity of fish stocks.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was to assess the protein, amino acid, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels in muscle and liver tissues of Channa striata, exposure to sublethal (15, 20 and 30 mg/L) concentrations of zinc sulphate for the period of 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. Protein levels were estimated by Lowry et al. (1951). Method free amino acids were estimated by Moore and Stein (1954). Method the enzymes ALT and AST were estimated by the strategy of Rietman and Frankel (1957) as described by Bergmeyer (1965). 
 
Result: The fish exposed to zinc sulphate showed a decrease in the protein levels and increase in the amino acid, AST and ALT levels for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days in muscle and liver tissues. The observed mean data were statistically significant at P&lt; 0.05 of Student&#39;s &lsquo;t&rsquo; test. The present study indicated alterations in biochemical parameters of Channa striata due to intoxication of zinc sulphate.</div>

<div>An Evaluation of Zinc Sulphate Toxicity on Protein, Amino Acid and Transaminase Levels in Freshwater Fish, Channa striata (bloch)</div>

Background: The therapeutic potential of naturally occurring flavonoids, particularly in managing diabetes-related complications, has garnered significant attention. This study explores the impact of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive compound found in green tea, on the activity of key metabolic enzymes like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver, gills and kidneys of zebrafish. The experimental design included four groups: Control, diabetic, diabetic treated with EGCG and control treated with EGCG, with enzyme activities assessed on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. 
 
Methods: Zebrafish were categorized into four groups: control, diabetic, diabetic administered EGCG and control administered EGCG. Enzyme activity of ALT, AST and ALP in liver, gill and kidney tissues were assessed on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. 
 
Result: The diabetic group demonstrated a substantial elevation in ALT, AST and ALP activities in all tissues, with ALT activity increased by 30.67% in the liver, 39.67% in the gills and 5.39% in the kidneys on day 21 relative to the control group. EGCG administration in the diabetic group markedly decreased metabolic enzyme activity, signifying a therapeutic impact. Analogous trends were noted for AST and ALP, indicating the therapeutic efficacy of EGCG in addressing diabetes-related metabolic disorders. EGCG exhibits potential as a protective agent with practically curative effects in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic zebrafish model, highlighting its ability to alleviate diabetes-related complications. 
&nbsp;

<div>Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Metabolic Enzymes Activity in Streptozotocin-induced Zebrafish Model of Diabetes</div>

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of single subcutaneous melatonin administration on body weight, libido and serum biochemical profile in Magra rams during non-breeding season. 
 
Methods: Magra (n=12) rams, (average age: 26 months, Avg. body weight: 35 kg) were randomly divided in to two groups and rams received single subcutaneous melatonin @18 mg/ram dissolved in 1 ml corn oil were considered as treatment group (n=6) and ram received corn oil (1 ml) sans melatonin were considered as control group (n=6). Post four weeks of experiment, reaction time was observed during the semen collection @ once in a week for next six consecutive weeks for quantification of libido. Initial and final body weight was recorded to evaluate the effect of melatonin on the body weight gain. Blood was collected at fortnightly intervals i.e., 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75th day of experiment to evaluate serum biochemical profiles. 
 
Result: In the present study, overall mean values of reaction time were observed significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in treatment group as compared to control group, however, mean values during weeks didn&rsquo;t differ significantly between groups. Analysis of variance didn&rsquo;t reveal significant interaction between the mean values of reaction time and weeks in both groups. The mean values of initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, daily weight gain, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), AST/ALT ratio, A/G ratio and cholesterol didn&rsquo;t differ significantly between groups. The overall mean values of serum total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in treatment as compared to the control group. Analysis of variance didn&rsquo;t reveal significant interaction between serum total protein, albumin globulin and weeks in rams of both groups. The results of the study inferred that subcutaneous administration of melatonin (@18 mg/ram) ameliorated the libido, serum total protein, albumin and globulin but has no significant effect on the body weight gain, AST, ALT, AST/ALT ratio, A/G ratio and cholesterol of Magra rams during non-breeding season.

Effect of Melatonin Administration on Libido, Body Weight and Serum Biochemical Profile in Magra Rams During Non-breeding Season

<div>Background: The industrial hub of Punjab, Ludhiana is polluted with heavy metals. The dairy animals experience stress due to pollution of heavy metals as well as the hot summer season. The stressors lead to disturbance in metabolic profile and affect milk production. The present study aimed at evaluation of detrimental effect of environmental heavy metal pollution on the metabolic profile of buffaloes during summer and winter seasons in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. A total of 100 buffaloes were randomly selected from heavy metal exposed (n=60) and control area (n=40) during summer and winter seasons.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The location of the experimental area surveyed on the basis of levels of heavy metals. The dairy farms are located in and around Ludhiana, Punjab were identified with levels of heavy metal above the permissible limits (FSSAI, 2010) viz. Chromium-0.05 &micro;g /ml; Nickel-0.02 &micro;g /ml; Arsenic-0.05 &micro;g /ml and Lead -0.05&micro;g /ml. The plasma samples were analyzed for metabolic profile. The water levels of heavy metals were below the permissible limits; therefore, it was taken as uncontaminated or control area. 
 
Result: Buffaloes of heavy metal exposed areas exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels as compared to control area. A significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease was observed in plasma total protein, albumin, A:G ratio, BUN: creatinine ratio in the buffaloes of exposed area as compared to the control area. However, significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels were observed during summer as compared to winter season in both exposed and control areas. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin and BUN: Creatinine ratio were observed in the buffaloes during summer as compared to winter in both exposed and control areas. The Cr, Ni, As and Pb levels showed highly significant (P&lt;0.01) positive correlation with plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST, CK and GGT. Highly significant positive relationship (P&lt;0.01) was observed among plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, ALP, CK and GGT whereas, plasma BUN had highly significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with plasma total protein and A:G ratio considering both the areas together. Plasma levels of total protein showed significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with all other metabolic profile constituents of both control and heavy metal exposed areas. Thus it may be concluded that the metabolic disturbance in heavy metal exposed buffaloes may have been mediated by heavy metal pollution.&nbsp;</div>

​​Effect of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution on Metabolic Profile of Buffaloes in Ludhiana

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using different extenders viz. Androhep, Safecell Plus and SUS during cryopreservation on quality of frozen-thawed boar semen. Semen volume, sperm motility, sperm concentration, percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa, total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate and activity of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assessed in fresh semen collected from 39 fertile AI boars. Semen from each boar was divided into three portions and diluted 1:1.5 in extender Androhep, Safecell Plus and SUS and keep at 17&deg;C for 15-h holding time before cryopreservation. Then sperm was cryopreserved. Straws were thawed in a water bath at 38&deg;C for 40s and post-thaw sperm motility with AST activity was assessed. &nbsp;Significant difference in post-thaw sperm motility was found between extender Androhep and Safecell Plus (P&lt;0.05). AST activity did not differ significantly between tested extenders (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that using Safecell Plus extender during holding period before cryopreservation significantly affected post-thaw sperm motility.

Effect of different extenders on quality of frozen-thawed boar semen

<div style="text-align:justify">Fucoidan is a sulfate polysaccharide extracted from brown algae. Fucoidan has various pharmacological properties, such as anti-tumor, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-fibrogenic activity and anti-complementary activities Objective: This study was aimed to explore the effect of fucoidan on biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, GGT, total protein, albumin, globulin) and protein fractions in hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in rats. Materials and Methods: The rats used in the study were randomly divided into four groups of 8 rats each: Control group, fucoidan group, fucoidan+CCl4 group and CCl4 group. After 24 hours from the process of an eight-day experiment, blood samples were taken. The analysis of ALT, AST, GGT activities and total protein, albumin, globulin levels were done by an autoanalyser and serum protein fractions (albumin, &aacute;1- globulin, &aacute;2-globulin &acirc;- globulin, &atilde;- globulin and A/G ratio) were electrophoretically determined. Results: In the group of fucoidan+CCl4, it was determined that the levels of AST (p&lt;0.001), GGT (p&lt;0.001), total protein (p&lt;0.01), globulin (p&lt;0.01), &nbsp;&acirc;-globulin % (p&lt;0.01), &atilde;-globulin &nbsp;% (p&lt;0.001) statistically decreased compared to CCl4 group. Conclusion: It can be said that fucoidan has the property of hepatoprotectant by looking to some biochemical parameters and changes in protein fractions that examined in hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The effect of fucoidan on the changes of some biochemical parameters and protein electrophoresis in hepatotoxicity induced by carbontetrachloride in rats</div>

Background: Exertional myopathy (EM), also referred to as capture myopathy, is a fatal, stress-induced, non-infectious metabolic disorder that affects a wide range of wild mammals and birds following events involving intense physical exertion or psychological stress. In India, species such as spotted deer (Axis axis) and barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) are frequently subjected to stressful conditions including rescue, capture, translocation, physical restraint and transportation, which predispose them to EM. However, limited research exists on the clinicopathological aspects of EM in these free-ranging cervid species. 
 
Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the serum biochemical alterations associated with EM in spotted deer and barking deer under field conditions. Free-ranging cervids (spotted deer, n = 26; barking deer, n = 7) with a history of trauma, dog attack, vehicular collision, physical restraint, or capture were assessed during rehabilitation. Serum samples were analysed for key muscle injury biomarkers, including creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). 
 
Result: Significantly elevated levels of LDH and AST were consistently observed in animals exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of EM, whereas CK showed variable elevations. Among the three markers, LDH emerged as the most reliable indicator of muscular damage. This study provides the first systematic documentation of serum biochemical changes associated with EM in free-ranging spotted and barking deer. The findings highlight the diagnostic utility of LDH, CK and AST as biomarkers for EM and emphasize the need for precautionary measures to reduce stress during wildlife handling operations to prevent exertional fatalities in vulnerable cervid populations.

Serum Biochemical Alterations Associated with Exertional Myopathy in Free-ranging Spotted Deer (Axis axis) and Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak)

Background: Liver is considered as the main detoxification organ of human body. Hepatic inflammation is a key mechanism under many liver diseases. The present study suggested that TRA-017, a tranilast derivative, protective effects against hepatic inflammation in animal model. Therefore, TRA-017 is potential chemical or drugs treating liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. 
 
Methods: The study was performed on Swiss albino mice brought from Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: Veh, TRA-17, LPS and Treatment. To investigate the effects of TRA-017 on hepatic inflammation, we injected mice with LPS (2.5 mg/kg) every day for 5 consecutive days to induce hepatic inflammation model. TRA-017 (20 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered 1h prior to every LPS treatment. After that, we evaluated TRA-017-induced amelioration effects via investigating biochemical markers (AST, ALT, cytokines and XOD activity levels) oxidative stress markers (ROS) and H and E histopathological characteristics. 
 
Result: Our results suggested that LPS significantly increase AST, ALT, cytokines (IL-6, TNF-&alpha;, IL-1&beta; and IFN-&gamma;) and XOD activity levels (p&lt;0.01 vs. corresponding Veh) and that pre-treament with TRA-017 significantly attenuated LPS-induced increase of AST, ALT, cytokines (IL-6, TNF-&alpha;, IL-1&beta; and IFN-&gamma;) and XOD activity levels (p&lt;0.01 vs. corresponding LPS group). LPS also remarkably increased ROS formation (p&lt;0.01 vs. corresponding Veh). Pre-treatment with TRA-017 significantly attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress burden in the liver (p&lt;0.01 vs. corresponding LPS group). Administration with LPS induced remarkably changes on histopathology of mouse liver. Pre-treatment with TRA-017 showed counteractive effects against LPS-induced histopathological changes. In conclusion, treatment with TRA-017 attenuated LPS-induced hepatic inflammation.

TRA-017, A Derivative of Tranilast, Protects against Hepatic Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Administration

Background: The present investigation was carried out to analyze the biochemical and haematological parameters in response to experimental coccidian infection in Barbari and Jamunapari goat breeds under semi-arid tropics and to study the poor growth, diarrhoea, decrease in production, high morbidity and mortalities caused by different Eimeria species in goats. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Twenty four goats (Barbari-18 and Jamunapari-6) selected and divided into three groups i.e. control Barbari group (3), Barbari group (15) and Jamunapari group (6). A dose of 3x104&nbsp;sporulated oocysts of different eimeria sps. were inoculated via drenching during morning hour to each animal and blood samples were collected at before infection, during infection and after anticoccidial treatment. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Haematological values of goats before infection showed that RBC, Hb, MCH and granulocyte were significantly higher in control group (P&lt;0.05) as compared to other groups, while the value of lymphocyte was found higher in Jamunapari groups. While, in infected coccidiosis groups WBC, lymphocytes and monocytes were (P&lt;0.05) higher in Jamunapari as compared with other groups, although granulocyte was found higher in control groups. However, after treatment groups show WBC, lymphocyte and monocyte were (P&lt;0.05) higher in Jamunapari as compared to the other groups, while granulocyte were found higher in control groups. Biochemical values in goats before infection showed that; AST, urea and potassium levels were observed (P&lt;0.05) higher values in control group with compared to other. The Albumin and A/G ratio had (P&lt;0.05) observed higher in Jamunapari. During infection observed; AST (P&lt;0.05) had observed higher value in control group as compared with other. Albumin recorded (P&lt;0.05) higher in Jamunapari groups. After treatment group showed; Creatinine, albumin and A/G ratio (P&lt;0.05) was higher in Jamunapari as compared with other. The value of Sodium observed that (P&lt;0.05) higher in control group. The observations of haematological value rise in RBC, Hb MCH, granulocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte and biochemical value such as, AST, urea, potassium ion, sodium ion, albumin, A/G ratio and creatinine found both in Jamunapari as well as control groups during study period.

Effect of nickel toxicity on growth parameters and hepatic enzymes in major carp

An Evaluation of Zinc Sulphate Toxicity on Protein, Amino Acid and Transaminase Levels in Freshwater Fish, Channa striata (bloch)

Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Metabolic Enzymes Activity in Streptozotocin-induced Zebrafish Model of Diabetes

Effect of Melatonin Administration on Libido, Body Weight and Serum Biochemical Profile in Magra Rams During Non-breeding Season

Effect of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution on Metabolic Profile of Buffaloes in Ludhiana

Effect of different extenders on quality of frozen-thawed boar semen

The effect of fucoidan on the changes of some biochemical parameters and protein electrophoresis in hepatotoxicity induced by carbontetrachloride in rats

Serum Biochemical Alterations Associated with Exertional Myopathy in Free-ranging Spotted Deer (Axis axis) and Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak)

TRA-017, A Derivative of Tranilast, Protects against Hepatic Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Administration

Analyses of Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Experimental Coccidiosis in Barbari and Jamunapari Goats in Semi-arid Tropics