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Analysis of Genetic Variation and Correlation for Yield and its Component Traits among Different Genotypes of Yardlong Bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt]

D
Dhilip Chakkaravarthy Theenan1
0009-0004-8738-8585
R
Ravanachandar Adhikesavan1,*
0009-0008-1447-9274
R
Rameshkumar Durai1
0000-0003-3134-6605
S
Sathya Ramalingam2
0000-0002-4691-7872
1Department of Vegetable Science, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu-603 201, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu-603 201, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: Yardlong bean [Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt], is significant among legume vegetable crops. Due to seasonal variation, global warming and climate change can significantly impact its cultivation, yield and production. Considering this, the present study with 25-yard-long bean genotypes collected from various parts of Kerala was undertaken to estimate the genetic divergence for thirteen traits related to morphology and yield of yard long bean.

Methods: Thirteen quantitative traits were recorded in 25-yard-long bean genotypes under the design of randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The research trial was conducted during Kharif and Rabi season (Two season). Data analysed using R studio 4.4. To examine the data for correlation and variability, two programs are used.

Result: The study of 25 yardlong bean genotypes across two seasons (Kharif and Rabi) revealed significant genetic variation for yield and morphological traits. The traits include number of pods per plant, yield per vine, individual pod weight and yield per hectare showed high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and detected considerable variability. This indicates that these traits possess substantial genetic potential for improvement through selection. High broad-sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance (GAM) was observed for pod length, number of pods per plant, pod yield per vine, individual pod weight and yield per hectare. These results suggest these traits are primarily controlled by additive gene action, making them highly effective criteria for simple selection in breeding programs. Yield per hectare showed a positive association with pod yield per vine (r = 0.999 to 1.000) and strong associations with individual pod weight (r = 0.903 to 0.936) and number of pods per plant (r = 0.471 to 0.724). G19 was observed as a superior genotype recording the highest pod yield per vine (up to 1.36 kg), the highest yield per hectare (up to 25.17 t) and the highest 100-seed weight (up to 23.58 g) perform better than the check genotypes in yield attributing characters, which could be used as selection criteria to enhance yield in the yardlong bean breeding program.

INTRODUCTION

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp subsp. Sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt, commonly known as the yard-long bean (2n =22), is a cleistogamous plant species prevalent in countries such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka Sherly et al. (2025). In India, regions like Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, the North-Eastern Hill (NEH) area, West Bengal and Assam collectively cultivate this bean over approximately 18,560 to 20,160 hectares. The yardlong bean pods are eaten as vegetables by most people (Dwivedi et al., 2023) and it is known as the “poor man’s meat” because the vegetable contains digestible protein (23.5-26.3%), iron (0.47 mg/100 g), phosphorus (59 mg/100 g), magnesium (44 mg/100 g), calcium (50 mg/100 g), zinc (0.37 mg/100 g), copper (0.05 mg/100 g), selenium (5 g/100 g) and vitamins A (865 IU) and C (18.8 mg/100 g) (Benchasri et al. 2012; Jayasinghe et al. 2015).
       
Crop improvement programs rely on genetic diversity because it provides the variation necessary for selection processes such as mutation, selection, hybridization and recombination to work effectively. Yardlong beans, a crop suited to warm climates, can thrive in conditions of high humidity (Solankey et al., 2021). This study focused on yard-long bean genotypes, aiming to determine the most advantageous among 25 genotypes by highlighting genetic variation and divergence to enhance future crop development initiatives (Ano and Ubochi, 2008).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was conducted during Kharif and Rabi season (2025-2026) at the Department of Vegetable Science, located at College Orchard, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences in Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu. The experimental setup included twenty-two genotypes along with three check lines sourced from various origins, as detailed in Table 1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and a spacing of 60 cm between plants and rows under drip irrigation.

Table 1: List of genotypes assessed for yield and associated traits.


       
Data was collected on various parameters by selecting 10 plants per replication, including the number of days for germination, the count of primary branches on each vine, the time taken for the first flowering and the first harvest, pod length and girth (cm), the days required for pod setting, number of pods per plant, pod yield per vine (kg), number of seeds per pod, weight of individual pods (g), the weight of 100 seeds (g) and the yield per hectare (tons) Savithiri et al. (2018).
       
Different genetic parameters, such as genotypic variance, phenotypic variance, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genetic advance (GA), genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM) and correlation were determined using RStudio software (Popat et al., 2020).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mean performance of genotypes
 
The current study identified a significant range of variability for thirteen yield-related traits among the twenty-five yardlong bean genotypes shown in Table 2 (Sharma et al., 2025). Here the variation of several major attributes was described, number of days taken for germination ranged from S1: 3.15 days (G15) to 5.58 days (G22) with a mean of 4.28 days, S2: 2.94 days (G2) to 5.97 days (G22) with a mean of 4.24 days. Number of primary branches per vine was 5.60 (G7, G23) to 7.00 (G13, G14) with a mean of 6.26 in S1 and 5.29 (G7) to 7.21 (G13) with a mean of 6.22 in S2. Days to first flowering ranged from S1: 37.42 days (G7) to 50.37 (G24) with a mean of 40.00, S2: 36.11 days (G12) to 46.88 (G16) with a mean of 39.80. First harvest days varied from S1: 51.58 (G7) to 68.86 (G24) (mean: 57.59) and S2: 50.18 (G2) to 65.09 (G24) (mean: 57.26).  Pod length (cm) ranged from 17.89 (G6) to 47.12 (G25) with a mean of 30.18 for S1 and 16.66 (G6) to 47.85 (G16) with a mean of 30.96 for S2. Pod girth (cm) ranged from S1: 1.86 (G19) to 3.58 (G23) (Mean 2.43) and S2: 1.75 (G6) to 3.45 (G13) (Mean 2.56) (Asmare et al., 2024).

Table 2: Mean performance of twenty-five genotypes in 13 yield component traits.


       
Days to pod setting varied from 59.34 days (G12) to 87.98 (G13) with a mean of 75.74, 61.94 days (G12) to 84.08 (G13) with a mean of 74.82. Number of pods per plant ranged from S1: 27.73 (G3) to 67.36 (G10) with mean 50.92, S2: 30.94 (G3) to 70.98 (G21) with mean 53.68. Pod yield per vine ranged from S1: 0.29 kg (G6) to 1.12 kg (G19, G23) with a mean of 0.61, S2: 0.31 kg (G2) to 1.36 kg (G19) with a mean of 0.72. Number of seeds per pod varied from S1: 14.55 (G18) to 20.20 (G14) with a mean of 17.28, S2: 14.66 (G4) to 22.40 (G14) with a mean of 18.66. Individual pod weight varied from S1: 4.85 g (G6) to 22.70 g (G19) with average of 11.10, S2: 6.98g (G6) to 23.44 g (G19) with average of 13.26. Yield per hectare ranged from S1: 5.50 t (G5) to 21.06 t (G19) with mean of 11.33, S2: 5.80t (G2) to 25.17t (G19) with mean of 13.49. 100 seed weight ranged from S1: 13.37 g (G4) to 22.63 g (G19) with mean of 18.39, S2: 16.09 g (G4) to 23.58 g (G19) with mean of 19.26 (Afrose et al., 2023). The average performance of all the thirteen traits evaluated was found to be sufficiently variable, indicating that these features have space for improvement in the future (Mesera et al., 2022).

Variability studies
 
Genetic variability of these traits indicated significant variation among the traits, which suggests that selection and genetic improvement are possible. These traits may be influenced by the environment, since the PCV is greater than the GCV (Thangam et al., 2020; Basavaraja et al., 2021).
       
Significant genetic diversity was observed for pod length S1: PCV=24.79% and GCV=23.68%, S2: PCV= 21.49% and GCV=20.47% followed by number of pods per plant (S1: PCV=21.04% and GCV=20.27%), pod yield per vine (S1: PCV=42.51% and GCV=41.78%), weight of individual pods (S1: PCV=40.75% and GCV=39.88%, S2: PCV=31.12% and GCV=30.24%) and yield per hectare (S1: PCV=42.06% and GCV=41.34%, S2: PCV=41.14% and GCV=40.44%) (Table 3). So, genetics will be optimal for selection and improvement, of these features. The findings align with the studies by Kyada et al. (2022) regarding the number of pods per plant, Patel et al., (2021) concerning seed production and Shintawati et al., (2022) on the count of pods per plant.

Table 3: Estimate of variability and genetic parameters for yardlong bean genotypes.


       
Number of pods per plant (S2: PCV = 18.55% and GCV = 17.60%) followed by pod yield per vine (S2: PCV = 15.84% and GCV = 10.41%), Days to germination S1: (PCV = 14.83% and GCV = 13.54%, S2: PCV = 17.97% and GCV = 16.95%), pod girth (S1: PCV = 17.48% and GCV = 16.17%, S2: PCV = 15.08% and GCV = 13.73%), number of seeds per pod (S2: PCV = 13.50% and GCV = 11.99%) and 100 seed weight (S1: PCV = 13.34% and GCV = 11.76%, S2: PCV = 10.07%) exhibited moderate PCV and GCV values suggesting that these traits are influenced by environmental factors. Similar findings were also obtained by (Haque et al., 2021).
       
The number of primary branches per vine (S1: PCV = 8.55% and GCV = 5.8%, S2: PCV = 9.33% and GCV = 7.00%), days to first flowering (S1: PCV = 9.07% and GCV = 6.44%, S2: PCV = 8.73% and GCV = 6.14%), the days until the initial harvest (S1: PCV = 8.31% and GCV = 5.38%, S2: PCV = 8.12% and GCV = 5.25%), days to pod setting (S2: GCV = 8.24%) and the 100 seeds weight (S2: GCV = 7.80%) had low PCV and GCV, indicating strong environmental influence on these traits and selection would be ineffective. Similar findings were earlier studied by Berhanu et al., (2011) for days to first harvest.
 
Heritability and genetic advance
 
High GAM values indicate additive gene effect, whereas low GAM values indicate non-additive gene effect (Singh et al., 1991). The findings showed high broad-sense heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed among days to germination (S1: 25.44% and 83.26%, S2: 32.95% and 89.04%), pod length (S1: 46.59% and 91.24%, S2: 40.15% and 90.69%), pod girth (S1: 30.8% and 85.52%, S2: 25.75% and 82.91%), number of pods per plant (S1: 40.23% and 92.83%, S2: 34.42% and 90.08%), pod yield per vine (S1: 84.59% and 96.59%), individual pod weight (S1: 80.38% and 95.76%, S2: 60.53% and 94.41%), yield per hectare (S1: 83.72% and 96.63%), S2: 81.86% and 96.59%, number of seed per pod (S2: 21.92% and 78.85%) and 100 seed weight (S1: 21.34% and 77.62%, S2: 60.07%). The above stated results are strong heritability paired with high genetic progress as per cent of suggest that considerable phenotypic variance in these features is genetically controlled by additive gene action hence, easy selection may be followed to improve these characters. The present results concur with the findings of (Yohannes et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021). On the other hand, characteristics such as primary branches per vine (S1: 8.09% and 45.94%, S2: 10.82% and 56.31%), pod yield per vine (S2: 14.10% and 43.22%), days to first blooming (S1: 9.41% and 50.38%, S2: 49.41%), days to first harvest (S1: 7.16% and 41.85%, S2: 41.75%) and 100 seed weight (S2: 12.46%) showed low to moderate genetic progress as a percentage of the mean and moderate heritability. These above suggests character is controlled by both additive and non-additive gene action. Similar results by Rambabu et al., (2016).
 
Correlation studies
 
Correlation analysis revealed a moderate to strong connection between various factors affecting productivity when examining the relationship between yield and its contributing traits, as shown in Table 4 (Ramasamy et al., 2021).

Table 4: Genotypic correlation among yield and yield influencing traits of yardlong bean.


       
In this study, positively significant associations were observed between yield per hectare and several traits at both season I and II, pod yield per vine (r = S2= 1.00; S1 = 0.999), individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.903; S1 = 0.903), days to germination (r = S2= 0.626; S1 = 0.552), number of pod per plant (r = S2= 0.724; S1 = 0.471), pod length (r = S2= 0.479; S1 = 0.685) and the pod girth (r = S1= 0.414). Furthermore, there was a positively correlation between yield and the number of days for pods setting (r = S2= 0.085; S1 = 0.279), pod girth (r = S2= 0.381), days taken for first harvest (r = S1= 0.239) and days taken for first flowering (r = S2= 0.161; S1 = 0.218), indicating that improving these characteristics all at once can increase yield potential. These findings are consistent with the results of Thapa et al. (2021); Lokesh and Murthy (2017); Pandiyan et al., (2020) and Tambitkar et al. (2021) (Fig 1 and 2).

Fig 1: Estimates of correlation coefficient among 11 quantitative traits in 25 yardlong bean genotypes (Season-I).



Fig 2: Estimates of correlation coefficient among 11 quantitative traits in 25 yardlong bean genotypes (Season-II).


       
The correlation between days to germination and various yield components is notably positive, with the number of pods per plant (r = S1= 0.581; S2= 0.606), pod yield per vine (r = S1= 0.547; S2= 0.627) and individual pod weight (r = S1= 0.398; S2= 0.527 all showing positively significant relationships (Nanda et al., 2022). This suggests that prompt and enhanced germination fosters strong plant establishment, thereby boosting yield factors. Similar conclusions by Venkatesan et al. (2024) and Gogoi et al. (2024).
       
Number of primary branches per plant exhibited positive associations with days taken for first flowering (r = S2= 0.226), days taken for first harvest (r = S1= 0.065; S2= 0.053), number of days for pods setting (r = S2= 0.201; S1 = 0.088) and number of pod per plant (r = S2= 0.052) (Kumar et al., 2024).
       
The number of days to first flowering was significantly and positively correlated with number of days to first harvest (r = S1= 0.912), number of days to first harvest (r = S1= 0.221), pod length (r = S2= 0.324; S1 = 0.293), pod yield per vine (r = S2= 0.159; S1 = 0.221) and individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.150; S1 = 0.363). Pod length was positively and significantly associated with pod girth (r = S2= 0.406; S1 = 0.463), pod yield per vine (r = S2= 0.478; S1 = 0.693) and individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.519; S1 = 0.871). Pod girth was also found to be strongly and positively linked with both the pod yield per vine (r = S2= 0.382; S1 = 0.423) and the individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.430; S1 = 0.440) emphasizing the importance of pod girth as a key yield component. Similar results were found by (Paghadar et al., 2019) in yardlong bean.
       
The number of pods per plant was positively significant associated with pod yield per vine (r = S1= 0.459; S2= 0.724), individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.443) and positively associated individual pod weight (r = S1= 0.200) indicating that plants with a higher pod count generally produce more (Bhagavati et al., 2019). Furthermore, the pod yield per plant (r = S1= 0.906; S2= 0.936) were positively significant correlated with pod yield per hectare, similar findings were observed in cowpea by (Snehal et al., 2021) as well as in yardlong bean by (Noru and Thomas, 2025).

CONCLUSION

The study revealed that the 25 yardlong bean genotypes exhibit significant genetic variation, especially with regard to yield-related characteristics. Because they show a high genotypic coefficient of variation, genetic progress and heritability, traits including number of pods per plant, pod weight, pod yield per plant and yield per hectare are useful factors for choosing and enhancing yardlong bean varieties. Furthermore, the greatest positive and direct influence on yield comes from the quantity of pods per plant and seeds per pod. In order to create high-yielding varieties, it is recommended that certain characteristics be given priority throughout the selection process.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to various district farmers of Kerala, KAU-Thrissur for providing valuable yardlong bean genotypes and Department of Vegetable Science, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu dt. Tamil Nadu, which contributed to the completion of this research.
 
Disclaimers
 
The opinions and findings presented in this article are the writers’ own and may not necessarily reflect those of the organizations with which they are affiliated. The writers disclaim any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content, however they are accountable for the accuracy and completeness of the information presented.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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    Analysis of Genetic Variation and Correlation for Yield and its Component Traits among Different Genotypes of Yardlong Bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt]

    D
    Dhilip Chakkaravarthy Theenan1
    0009-0004-8738-8585
    R
    Ravanachandar Adhikesavan1,*
    0009-0008-1447-9274
    R
    Rameshkumar Durai1
    0000-0003-3134-6605
    S
    Sathya Ramalingam2
    0000-0002-4691-7872
    1Department of Vegetable Science, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu-603 201, Tamil Nadu, India.
    2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu-603 201, Tamil Nadu, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Yardlong bean [Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt], is significant among legume vegetable crops. Due to seasonal variation, global warming and climate change can significantly impact its cultivation, yield and production. Considering this, the present study with 25-yard-long bean genotypes collected from various parts of Kerala was undertaken to estimate the genetic divergence for thirteen traits related to morphology and yield of yard long bean.

    Methods: Thirteen quantitative traits were recorded in 25-yard-long bean genotypes under the design of randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The research trial was conducted during Kharif and Rabi season (Two season). Data analysed using R studio 4.4. To examine the data for correlation and variability, two programs are used.

    Result: The study of 25 yardlong bean genotypes across two seasons (Kharif and Rabi) revealed significant genetic variation for yield and morphological traits. The traits include number of pods per plant, yield per vine, individual pod weight and yield per hectare showed high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and detected considerable variability. This indicates that these traits possess substantial genetic potential for improvement through selection. High broad-sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance (GAM) was observed for pod length, number of pods per plant, pod yield per vine, individual pod weight and yield per hectare. These results suggest these traits are primarily controlled by additive gene action, making them highly effective criteria for simple selection in breeding programs. Yield per hectare showed a positive association with pod yield per vine (r = 0.999 to 1.000) and strong associations with individual pod weight (r = 0.903 to 0.936) and number of pods per plant (r = 0.471 to 0.724). G19 was observed as a superior genotype recording the highest pod yield per vine (up to 1.36 kg), the highest yield per hectare (up to 25.17 t) and the highest 100-seed weight (up to 23.58 g) perform better than the check genotypes in yield attributing characters, which could be used as selection criteria to enhance yield in the yardlong bean breeding program.

    INTRODUCTION

    Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp subsp. Sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt, commonly known as the yard-long bean (2n =22), is a cleistogamous plant species prevalent in countries such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka Sherly et al. (2025). In India, regions like Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, the North-Eastern Hill (NEH) area, West Bengal and Assam collectively cultivate this bean over approximately 18,560 to 20,160 hectares. The yardlong bean pods are eaten as vegetables by most people (Dwivedi et al., 2023) and it is known as the “poor man’s meat” because the vegetable contains digestible protein (23.5-26.3%), iron (0.47 mg/100 g), phosphorus (59 mg/100 g), magnesium (44 mg/100 g), calcium (50 mg/100 g), zinc (0.37 mg/100 g), copper (0.05 mg/100 g), selenium (5 g/100 g) and vitamins A (865 IU) and C (18.8 mg/100 g) (Benchasri et al. 2012; Jayasinghe et al. 2015).
           
    Crop improvement programs rely on genetic diversity because it provides the variation necessary for selection processes such as mutation, selection, hybridization and recombination to work effectively. Yardlong beans, a crop suited to warm climates, can thrive in conditions of high humidity (Solankey et al., 2021). This study focused on yard-long bean genotypes, aiming to determine the most advantageous among 25 genotypes by highlighting genetic variation and divergence to enhance future crop development initiatives (Ano and Ubochi, 2008).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    The research was conducted during Kharif and Rabi season (2025-2026) at the Department of Vegetable Science, located at College Orchard, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences in Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu. The experimental setup included twenty-two genotypes along with three check lines sourced from various origins, as detailed in Table 1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and a spacing of 60 cm between plants and rows under drip irrigation.

    Table 1: List of genotypes assessed for yield and associated traits.


           
    Data was collected on various parameters by selecting 10 plants per replication, including the number of days for germination, the count of primary branches on each vine, the time taken for the first flowering and the first harvest, pod length and girth (cm), the days required for pod setting, number of pods per plant, pod yield per vine (kg), number of seeds per pod, weight of individual pods (g), the weight of 100 seeds (g) and the yield per hectare (tons) Savithiri et al. (2018).
           
    Different genetic parameters, such as genotypic variance, phenotypic variance, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genetic advance (GA), genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM) and correlation were determined using RStudio software (Popat et al., 2020).

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Mean performance of genotypes
     
    The current study identified a significant range of variability for thirteen yield-related traits among the twenty-five yardlong bean genotypes shown in Table 2 (Sharma et al., 2025). Here the variation of several major attributes was described, number of days taken for germination ranged from S1: 3.15 days (G15) to 5.58 days (G22) with a mean of 4.28 days, S2: 2.94 days (G2) to 5.97 days (G22) with a mean of 4.24 days. Number of primary branches per vine was 5.60 (G7, G23) to 7.00 (G13, G14) with a mean of 6.26 in S1 and 5.29 (G7) to 7.21 (G13) with a mean of 6.22 in S2. Days to first flowering ranged from S1: 37.42 days (G7) to 50.37 (G24) with a mean of 40.00, S2: 36.11 days (G12) to 46.88 (G16) with a mean of 39.80. First harvest days varied from S1: 51.58 (G7) to 68.86 (G24) (mean: 57.59) and S2: 50.18 (G2) to 65.09 (G24) (mean: 57.26).  Pod length (cm) ranged from 17.89 (G6) to 47.12 (G25) with a mean of 30.18 for S1 and 16.66 (G6) to 47.85 (G16) with a mean of 30.96 for S2. Pod girth (cm) ranged from S1: 1.86 (G19) to 3.58 (G23) (Mean 2.43) and S2: 1.75 (G6) to 3.45 (G13) (Mean 2.56) (Asmare et al., 2024).

    Table 2: Mean performance of twenty-five genotypes in 13 yield component traits.


           
    Days to pod setting varied from 59.34 days (G12) to 87.98 (G13) with a mean of 75.74, 61.94 days (G12) to 84.08 (G13) with a mean of 74.82. Number of pods per plant ranged from S1: 27.73 (G3) to 67.36 (G10) with mean 50.92, S2: 30.94 (G3) to 70.98 (G21) with mean 53.68. Pod yield per vine ranged from S1: 0.29 kg (G6) to 1.12 kg (G19, G23) with a mean of 0.61, S2: 0.31 kg (G2) to 1.36 kg (G19) with a mean of 0.72. Number of seeds per pod varied from S1: 14.55 (G18) to 20.20 (G14) with a mean of 17.28, S2: 14.66 (G4) to 22.40 (G14) with a mean of 18.66. Individual pod weight varied from S1: 4.85 g (G6) to 22.70 g (G19) with average of 11.10, S2: 6.98g (G6) to 23.44 g (G19) with average of 13.26. Yield per hectare ranged from S1: 5.50 t (G5) to 21.06 t (G19) with mean of 11.33, S2: 5.80t (G2) to 25.17t (G19) with mean of 13.49. 100 seed weight ranged from S1: 13.37 g (G4) to 22.63 g (G19) with mean of 18.39, S2: 16.09 g (G4) to 23.58 g (G19) with mean of 19.26 (Afrose et al., 2023). The average performance of all the thirteen traits evaluated was found to be sufficiently variable, indicating that these features have space for improvement in the future (Mesera et al., 2022).

    Variability studies
     
    Genetic variability of these traits indicated significant variation among the traits, which suggests that selection and genetic improvement are possible. These traits may be influenced by the environment, since the PCV is greater than the GCV (Thangam et al., 2020; Basavaraja et al., 2021).
           
    Significant genetic diversity was observed for pod length S1: PCV=24.79% and GCV=23.68%, S2: PCV= 21.49% and GCV=20.47% followed by number of pods per plant (S1: PCV=21.04% and GCV=20.27%), pod yield per vine (S1: PCV=42.51% and GCV=41.78%), weight of individual pods (S1: PCV=40.75% and GCV=39.88%, S2: PCV=31.12% and GCV=30.24%) and yield per hectare (S1: PCV=42.06% and GCV=41.34%, S2: PCV=41.14% and GCV=40.44%) (Table 3). So, genetics will be optimal for selection and improvement, of these features. The findings align with the studies by Kyada et al. (2022) regarding the number of pods per plant, Patel et al., (2021) concerning seed production and Shintawati et al., (2022) on the count of pods per plant.

    Table 3: Estimate of variability and genetic parameters for yardlong bean genotypes.


           
    Number of pods per plant (S2: PCV = 18.55% and GCV = 17.60%) followed by pod yield per vine (S2: PCV = 15.84% and GCV = 10.41%), Days to germination S1: (PCV = 14.83% and GCV = 13.54%, S2: PCV = 17.97% and GCV = 16.95%), pod girth (S1: PCV = 17.48% and GCV = 16.17%, S2: PCV = 15.08% and GCV = 13.73%), number of seeds per pod (S2: PCV = 13.50% and GCV = 11.99%) and 100 seed weight (S1: PCV = 13.34% and GCV = 11.76%, S2: PCV = 10.07%) exhibited moderate PCV and GCV values suggesting that these traits are influenced by environmental factors. Similar findings were also obtained by (Haque et al., 2021).
           
    The number of primary branches per vine (S1: PCV = 8.55% and GCV = 5.8%, S2: PCV = 9.33% and GCV = 7.00%), days to first flowering (S1: PCV = 9.07% and GCV = 6.44%, S2: PCV = 8.73% and GCV = 6.14%), the days until the initial harvest (S1: PCV = 8.31% and GCV = 5.38%, S2: PCV = 8.12% and GCV = 5.25%), days to pod setting (S2: GCV = 8.24%) and the 100 seeds weight (S2: GCV = 7.80%) had low PCV and GCV, indicating strong environmental influence on these traits and selection would be ineffective. Similar findings were earlier studied by Berhanu et al., (2011) for days to first harvest.
     
    Heritability and genetic advance
     
    High GAM values indicate additive gene effect, whereas low GAM values indicate non-additive gene effect (Singh et al., 1991). The findings showed high broad-sense heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed among days to germination (S1: 25.44% and 83.26%, S2: 32.95% and 89.04%), pod length (S1: 46.59% and 91.24%, S2: 40.15% and 90.69%), pod girth (S1: 30.8% and 85.52%, S2: 25.75% and 82.91%), number of pods per plant (S1: 40.23% and 92.83%, S2: 34.42% and 90.08%), pod yield per vine (S1: 84.59% and 96.59%), individual pod weight (S1: 80.38% and 95.76%, S2: 60.53% and 94.41%), yield per hectare (S1: 83.72% and 96.63%), S2: 81.86% and 96.59%, number of seed per pod (S2: 21.92% and 78.85%) and 100 seed weight (S1: 21.34% and 77.62%, S2: 60.07%). The above stated results are strong heritability paired with high genetic progress as per cent of suggest that considerable phenotypic variance in these features is genetically controlled by additive gene action hence, easy selection may be followed to improve these characters. The present results concur with the findings of (Yohannes et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021). On the other hand, characteristics such as primary branches per vine (S1: 8.09% and 45.94%, S2: 10.82% and 56.31%), pod yield per vine (S2: 14.10% and 43.22%), days to first blooming (S1: 9.41% and 50.38%, S2: 49.41%), days to first harvest (S1: 7.16% and 41.85%, S2: 41.75%) and 100 seed weight (S2: 12.46%) showed low to moderate genetic progress as a percentage of the mean and moderate heritability. These above suggests character is controlled by both additive and non-additive gene action. Similar results by Rambabu et al., (2016).
     
    Correlation studies
     
    Correlation analysis revealed a moderate to strong connection between various factors affecting productivity when examining the relationship between yield and its contributing traits, as shown in Table 4 (Ramasamy et al., 2021).

    Table 4: Genotypic correlation among yield and yield influencing traits of yardlong bean.


           
    In this study, positively significant associations were observed between yield per hectare and several traits at both season I and II, pod yield per vine (r = S2= 1.00; S1 = 0.999), individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.903; S1 = 0.903), days to germination (r = S2= 0.626; S1 = 0.552), number of pod per plant (r = S2= 0.724; S1 = 0.471), pod length (r = S2= 0.479; S1 = 0.685) and the pod girth (r = S1= 0.414). Furthermore, there was a positively correlation between yield and the number of days for pods setting (r = S2= 0.085; S1 = 0.279), pod girth (r = S2= 0.381), days taken for first harvest (r = S1= 0.239) and days taken for first flowering (r = S2= 0.161; S1 = 0.218), indicating that improving these characteristics all at once can increase yield potential. These findings are consistent with the results of Thapa et al. (2021); Lokesh and Murthy (2017); Pandiyan et al., (2020) and Tambitkar et al. (2021) (Fig 1 and 2).

    Fig 1: Estimates of correlation coefficient among 11 quantitative traits in 25 yardlong bean genotypes (Season-I).



    Fig 2: Estimates of correlation coefficient among 11 quantitative traits in 25 yardlong bean genotypes (Season-II).


           
    The correlation between days to germination and various yield components is notably positive, with the number of pods per plant (r = S1= 0.581; S2= 0.606), pod yield per vine (r = S1= 0.547; S2= 0.627) and individual pod weight (r = S1= 0.398; S2= 0.527 all showing positively significant relationships (Nanda et al., 2022). This suggests that prompt and enhanced germination fosters strong plant establishment, thereby boosting yield factors. Similar conclusions by Venkatesan et al. (2024) and Gogoi et al. (2024).
           
    Number of primary branches per plant exhibited positive associations with days taken for first flowering (r = S2= 0.226), days taken for first harvest (r = S1= 0.065; S2= 0.053), number of days for pods setting (r = S2= 0.201; S1 = 0.088) and number of pod per plant (r = S2= 0.052) (Kumar et al., 2024).
           
    The number of days to first flowering was significantly and positively correlated with number of days to first harvest (r = S1= 0.912), number of days to first harvest (r = S1= 0.221), pod length (r = S2= 0.324; S1 = 0.293), pod yield per vine (r = S2= 0.159; S1 = 0.221) and individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.150; S1 = 0.363). Pod length was positively and significantly associated with pod girth (r = S2= 0.406; S1 = 0.463), pod yield per vine (r = S2= 0.478; S1 = 0.693) and individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.519; S1 = 0.871). Pod girth was also found to be strongly and positively linked with both the pod yield per vine (r = S2= 0.382; S1 = 0.423) and the individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.430; S1 = 0.440) emphasizing the importance of pod girth as a key yield component. Similar results were found by (Paghadar et al., 2019) in yardlong bean.
           
    The number of pods per plant was positively significant associated with pod yield per vine (r = S1= 0.459; S2= 0.724), individual pod weight (r = S2= 0.443) and positively associated individual pod weight (r = S1= 0.200) indicating that plants with a higher pod count generally produce more (Bhagavati et al., 2019). Furthermore, the pod yield per plant (r = S1= 0.906; S2= 0.936) were positively significant correlated with pod yield per hectare, similar findings were observed in cowpea by (Snehal et al., 2021) as well as in yardlong bean by (Noru and Thomas, 2025).

    CONCLUSION

    The study revealed that the 25 yardlong bean genotypes exhibit significant genetic variation, especially with regard to yield-related characteristics. Because they show a high genotypic coefficient of variation, genetic progress and heritability, traits including number of pods per plant, pod weight, pod yield per plant and yield per hectare are useful factors for choosing and enhancing yardlong bean varieties. Furthermore, the greatest positive and direct influence on yield comes from the quantity of pods per plant and seeds per pod. In order to create high-yielding varieties, it is recommended that certain characteristics be given priority throughout the selection process.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The authors are thankful to various district farmers of Kerala, KAU-Thrissur for providing valuable yardlong bean genotypes and Department of Vegetable Science, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu dt. Tamil Nadu, which contributed to the completion of this research.
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The opinions and findings presented in this article are the writers’ own and may not necessarily reflect those of the organizations with which they are affiliated. The writers disclaim any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content, however they are accountable for the accuracy and completeness of the information presented.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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      Indian Journal of Agricultural Research

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